Eurovision Song Contest 1975
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox song contest
The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was the 20th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 22 March 1975 in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Stockholm, Sweden and presented by Karin Falck. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (SR), the contest was held in Sweden following the country's victory at the Template:Escyr with the song "Waterloo" by ABBA. Nineteen countries were represented at the contestTemplate:Snda new record number of participants. Template:Esccnty made its first entry in the contest, and Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty returned after a one- and two-year absence, respectively. Template:Esccnty, after participating for the first time in the previous year's event, opted not to participate in 1975, due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.
The winner was the Template:Esccnty with the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Dick Bakker, written by Template:Ill and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by the group Teach-In. This was the Netherlands' fourth contest victory, matching the record number of contest wins previously set by France and Template:Esccnty. Having been the opening song of the contest, it was also the first time that a country had won from first position in the running order. The Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, France and Luxembourg rounded out the top five positions, with the UK achieving a record-extending ninth second-place finish. A new voting system was introduced at this contest; each country gave 12 points to its favourite, 10 points to its second favourite, and then 8 points to 1 point to other countries in descending order of preference. This numerical order of awarded points has since been used in every subsequent edition of the contest.
LocationEdit
The 1975 contest took place in Stockholm, Sweden, following the country's victory at the Template:Escyr with the song "Waterloo" performed by ABBA. It was the first time that Sweden had hosted the event.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="recall" /> The chosen venue was the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, an exhibition centre in the Älvsjö district of southern Stockholm opened in 1971; in 1976 the venue was renamed to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="recall" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Dead link</ref>
The Swedish broadcaster {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (SR) had initially been reluctant to stage the event, mainly due to the high costs that came with it which would have been placed on the organisation. There had also been considerable pressure and disquiet from left-wing groups in the country that initially opposed the amount of money being spent by the public broadcaster on a commercial event, which subsequently developed into a wider protest against the general commercialisation of music in Sweden;<ref name="recall" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> this led to street protests and a counter-festival, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Gloss), being held during the week of Eurovision 1975.<ref name="SR">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SR had attempted to negotiate with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and other participating broadcasters to enact a form of cost-sharing to fund the event, however a solution failed to materialise prior to the contest and SR was ultimately faced with funding the contest alone. These discussions, however, did eventually lead to the introduction of a new financing system for Template:Escyr and future events, with the running costs of the event being split across all participating countries.<ref name="recall" />Template:Sfn However, fears of the potential costs required to host the event should Sweden have won again, coupled with the pressure from left-wing groups, meant that SR ultimately decided not to participate in the 1976 event.<ref name="recall" /><ref name="SR" />Template:Sfn
ParticipantsEdit
Template:Further Template:Interlanguage link info Template:ESC 1975 participants
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A total of 19 countries participated in the 1975 contestTemplate:Snda new record number of participants. This included the first ever appearance of Template:Esccnty, and entries from Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty, which last participated in Template:Escyr and Template:Escyr, respectively.<ref name="recall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ESC1975">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Broadcasters in Template:Esccnty, which participated for the first time in Template:Escyr, and Template:Esccnty, last seen in the contest in 1972, had also considered participating in the contest, however no entries from these countries were ultimately submitted;Template:Sfn<ref name="ESC1975" /> Greece had reportedly decided against participating at a late stage, and may have opted to refuse to compete alongside Turkey following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Ellen Nikolaysen competed in the contest for a second time, having previously participated for Template:Esccnty as a member of the Bendik Singers.Template:Sfn Additionally, John Farrar, a member of the Shadows, had previously supported the Template:Esccnty as a backing vocalist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Production and formatEdit
The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was produced by SR.<ref name="ESC1975" /> Template:Ill served as executive producer, Template:Ill served as producer and director, Template:Ill served as production designer and Mats Olsson served as musical director, leading the orchestra.Template:Sfn A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not send their own conductor.Template:Sfn On behalf of the contest organisers, the EBU, the event was overseen by Clifford Brown as scrutineer.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration.<ref name="HowItWorks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Rules">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As in 1973 and 1974, artists were able to perform in any language, and not necessarily that of the country their represented.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance.<ref name="HowItWorks" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.Template:Sfn
Rehearsals in the contest venue for the competing entries began on 19 March 1975, with each participating act having a 50-minute slot on stage to perform through their entry with the orchestra.Template:Sfn The first full rehearsals for all entries were held over two days on 19 and 20 March and conducted without their stage costumes.Template:Sfn A second round of rehearsals, this time in full costume, was held for all acts on 21 March, with each country given 20 minutes on stage.Template:Sfn This was followed that evening with a general dress rehearsal, including a dummy voting process.Template:Sfn Technical rehearsals and a final dress rehearsal were held on the morning of 22 March.Template:Sfn During the dress rehearsals some of the artists performed their songs in different languages to that which they would be presented during the live broadcast; specifically, the Yugoslav and Portuguese acts performed their entries in English in the dress rehearsal, and then in Slovene and Portuguese in the final, respectively.Template:Sfn The Dutch entrants were given an additional rehearsal shortly before the live transmission; this was requested by Dick Bakker, the composer of the Dutch song. Bakker felt that during the general rehearsals the sound quality was noticeably poorer during their entry, the first to perform each time, and that the sound technicians needed time to fix their equipment, which was generally done during their rehearsal slot.Template:Sfn
There was a tight security situation at the venue in the run-up to, and during, the event;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="VrijeVolk" /> the Swedish Security Service ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) had received intelligence reports that the contest may become a target of the West German far-left militant group the Red Army Faction (RAF). The threat to the contest did not ultimately materialise, however one month after the event the RAF targeted the West German embassy in Stockholm.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Voting procedureEdit
Template:Further Following the abandoned attempt at introducing a new voting system at the previous year's event, plans for a new system to replace both the system used between 1971 and 1973 and that used in 1974 came to fruition in autumn 1974. A sub-group, comprising individuals from Germany's ARD, Sweden's SR, and Finland's YLE, was set-up, and various new voting systems were proposed: ARD suggested that each country should identify its top nine entries and award points ranging between 1 and 10, while YLE proposed a scoring system to award points to eight countries, with the favourite of each country given 14 points, then 10, 7 and 5–1. The Finnish broadcaster also proposed as a compromise awarding to nine countries 10 and 8–1 points. Based on the above ideas, the UK's BBC proposed the 12, 10 and 8–1 pattern which was later adopted for this contest, and which had been used in all subsequent editions Template:As of.<ref name="ESC1975" />Template:Sfn
Each country had a jury of eleven members ranging from ages 16 to 60, with a recommendation that there should be a balance between the sexes and that half should be under 25 years old. Each jury member awarded all songs a score between one and five immediately after they had been performed, with no abstentions allowed and without voting for the country they represented. The song which gained the most votes received 12 points, followed by 10 points to the song which got the second highest number of votes, and then between 8 and 1 points for the third- to tenth-placed songs. Ties for any of the positions would be decided by a show of hands.<ref name="ESC1975" />Template:Sfn The order of presenting the points by each country's spokesperson was done in performance order; it would not be until Template:Escyr that the points would be awarded in ascending order, starting at 1 point and finishing with 12 points.<ref name="recall" />Template:Sfn
Contest overviewEdit
Template:Multiple image The contest was held on 22 March 1975, beginning at 21:00 (CET) and lasting 2 hours and 12 minutes.<ref name="ESC1975" />Template:Sfn The contest was presented by the Swedish television presenter, producer and director Karin Falck.<ref name="recall" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the confirmation of the 19 participating countries, a draw was held in Geneva on 24 January 1975 to determine the running order (R/O) of the contest.Template:Sfn
The contest was opened by a film montage portraying various cultural stereotypes of Sweden and the Swedish people. Each entry was preceded by a video postcard, which served as an introduction to that country's entry and to create a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the postcards showed each country's entrant backstage painting a portrait of themselves and the flag of their nation onto a blank canvas.<ref name="contestAV" />Template:Sfn The interval act was entitled "The World of John Bauer" (Template:Langx), comprising a montage of examples of the Swedish illustrator's work, particularly from his anthology Among Gnomes and Trolls, set to music from the orchestra.<ref name="contestAV">Template:Cite AV media</ref>Template:Sfn The medallions awarded to the winning songwriters were presented by the Secretary-General of the European Broadcasting Union Template:Ill.<ref name="contestAV" />Template:Sfn
The winner was the Template:Esccnty represented by the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Bakker, written by Template:Ill and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by Teach-In.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was the Netherlands' fourth contest win, following victories in Template:Escyr, Template:Escyr and Template:Escyr; the Netherlands thus joined Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty as the countries with the most contest wins at that point.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was additionally the first time that the song which was performed first had gone on to win the contest.<ref name="recall" />Template:Sfn The UK came second for a record-extending ninth time, and Malta, which had come last in its two previous contest appearances, achieved their best result to date with a twelfth-place finish.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey, meanwhile, finished in last place on its debut appearance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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| Template:Abbr | Country | Artist | Song | Points | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Template:Esc | Teach-In | "Ding-a-dong" | 152 | 1 |
| 2 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | "That's What Friends Are For" | 68 | 9 |
| 3 | Template:Esc | Nicole | lang}}" | 91 | 4 |
| 4 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | lang}}" | 15 | 17 |
| 5 | Template:Esc | Géraldine | lang}}" | 84 | 5 |
| 6 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | "Touch My Life with Summer" | 11 | 18 |
| 7 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | "Mikado" | 77 | 6 |
| 8 | Template:Esc | lang}}Template:Efn | lang}}" | 22 | 13 |
| 9 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | "Let Me Be the One" | 138 | 2 |
| 10 | Template:Esc | Renato | "Singing This Song" | 32 | 12 |
| 11 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | lang}}" | 17 | 15 |
| 12 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | lang}}" | 40 | 11 |
| 13 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | lang}}" | 3 | 19 |
| 14 | Template:Esc | Sophie | lang}}" | 22 | 13 |
| 15 | Template:Esc | lang}} | "Old Man Fiddle" | 74 | 7 |
| 16 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | lang}}" | 16 | 16 |
| 17 | Template:Esc | Sergio and Estíbaliz | lang}}" | 53 | 10 |
| 18 | Template:Esc | Template:Sortname | "Jennie, Jennie" | 72 | 8 |
| 19 | Template:Esc | Wess and Dori Ghezzi | lang}}" | 115 | 3 |
SpokespersonsEdit
Each participating broadcaster appointed a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for its respective country.<ref name="HowItWorks"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Known spokespersons at the 1975 contest are listed below.
- Template:FlaguTemplate:SndKaarina PönniöTemplate:Sfn
- Template:FlaguTemplate:SndJosé María ÍñigoTemplate:Sfn
- Template:FlaguTemplate:SndSven LindahlTemplate:Sfn
- Template:FlaguTemplate:SndRay MooreTemplate:Sfn
Detailed voting resultsEdit
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.Template:Sfn The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in performance order.Template:Sfn<ref name="contestAV" /> The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below, with voting countries listed in the order in which they presented their votes.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan="19" Template:Vert header | Netherlands | 152 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 12 | 1 | |
| Ireland | 68 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 4 | |||||||
| France | 91 | 8 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |||||||
| Germany | 15 | 8 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Luxembourg | 84 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 10 | |||||||
| Norway | 11 | 2 | 2 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Switzerland | 77 | 7 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 12 | ||||||
| Yugoslavia | 22 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | 138 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 3 | |||
| Malta | 32 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
| Belgium | 17 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Israel | 40 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 2 | |||||||
| Turkey | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Monaco | 22 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | ||||||||||||
| Finland | 74 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||
| Portugal | 16 | 2 | 12 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Spain | 53 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 6 | |||||||||
| Sweden | 72 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | |||||||
| Italy | 115 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 1 | |||
12 pointsEdit
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. The Netherlands received the maximum score of 12 points from six of the voting countries, with the UK receiving four sets of 12 points, Finland and France each receiving two sets of maximum scores, and Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Switzerland receiving one maximum score each.<ref name="results" /><ref name="scoreboard" />
| N. | Contestant | Nation(s) giving 12 points |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Template:Esc | Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc |
| 4 | Template:Esc | Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc, Template:Esc |
| 2 | Template:Esc | Template:Esc, Template:Esc |
| Template:Esc | Template:Esc, Template:Esc | |
| 1 | Template:Esc | Template:Esc |
| Template:Esc | Template:Esc | |
| Template:Esc | Template:Esc | |
| Template:Esc | Template:Esc | |
| Template:Esc | Template:Esc |
BroadcastsEdit
Broadcasters competing in the event were required to relay the contest via its networks; non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest. Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.<ref name="Rules" />
In addition to the participating nations, the contest was also reportedly aired, live or deferred, by broadcasters in Eastern European countries via Intervision, and in Australia, Denmark, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Japan, Jordan, Morocco and South Korea.<ref name="recall" />Template:Sfn<ref name="Aragón">Template:Cite news</ref> The contest was reported to have had a possible maximum audience of over 700 million people.<ref name="VrijeVolk">Template:Cite news</ref>
A planned broadcast in Chile by its public broadcaster {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was prevented by SR, following pressure from the Swedish Musicians' Union in opposition to the Chilean military dictatorship.<ref name="HS" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rolf Rembe, spokesman for the union, said that broadcasting the festival to Chile "would give the impression that relations between Chile and world artists are normal".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.
| Country | Broadcaster | Channel(s) | Commentator(s) | Template:Refh | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagu | ORF | FS2 | Ernst Grissemann | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | DR | DR TV | Per Møller Hansen | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| Template:Flagu | EIRT | EIRTTemplate:Efn | Template:N/A | <ref name="Rizospastis">Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | MTV | MTV1Template:Efn | Template:N/A | <ref name="Hungary">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | RÚV | lang}}Template:Efn | Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir | <ref name="Timarit">Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | TP | TP1Template:Efn | Template:N/A | <ref name="Dziennik">Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | TVR | lang}}Template:Efn | Template:N/A | <ref name="Scînteia">Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Template:Flagu | KBS | KBSTemplate:Efn | Template:N/A | <ref name="Chosun">Template:Cite news</ref> |
Notes and referencesEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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External linksEdit
Template:Eurovision Song Contest 1975 Template:Eurovision Song Contest Template:Portal bar