ExoMars
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox spaceflight
ExoMars (Exobiology on Mars) is an astrobiology programme of the European Space Agency (ESA).
The goals of ExoMars are to search for signs of past life on Mars,<ref name="NYT-20160912">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> investigate how the Martian water and geochemical environment varies, investigate atmospheric trace gases and their sources and, by doing so, demonstrate the technologies for a future Mars sample-return mission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first part of the programme is a mission launched in 2016 that placed the Trace Gas Orbiter into Mars orbit and released the Schiaparelli EDM lander. The orbiter is operational but the lander crashed on the planet's surface. The second part of the programme was planned to launch in July 2020, when the Kazachok lander would have delivered the Rosalind Franklin rover on the surface, supporting a science mission that was expected to last into 2022 or beyond.<ref name="NYT-20161019">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ESA signed">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="On track">Template:Cite news</ref> On 12 March 2020, it was announced that the second mission was being delayed to 2022 as a result of problems with the parachutes, which could not be resolved in time for the launch window.
The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and a test stationary lander called Schiaparelli were launched on 14 March 2016.<ref name="NYT-20160314" /> TGO entered Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 and proceeded to map the sources of methane (Template:Chem2) and other trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere that could be evidence for possible biological or geological activity. The TGO features four instruments and will also act as a communications relay satellite. The Schiaparelli experimental lander separated from TGO on 16 October and was maneuvered to land in Meridiani Planum, but it crashed on the surface of Mars.<ref name="NYT-20161021">Template:Cite news</ref> The landing was designed to test new key technologies to safely deliver the subsequent rover mission.<ref name="AP-20140327">Template:Cite news</ref>
In June 2023, a Roscosmos lander named Kazachok ("little Cossack", referring to a folk dance),<ref name="SPC-20190321">Template:Cite news</ref> was due to deliver the ESA Rosalind Franklin rover to the Martian surface.<ref name="ESA signed" /><ref name="LaunchMoved2020">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="still keen">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Selding">Template:Cite news</ref> The rover would also include some Roscosmos built instruments. The second mission operations and communications would have been led by ALTEC's Rover Control Centre in Italy.<ref name="ALTEC's role in ExoMars">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 17 March 2022, ESA suspended the mission due to the ongoing invasion of Ukraine by Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ESA expects that a restart of the mission, using a new non-Russian landing platform, is unlikely to launch before 2028.<ref name="sn-20220503">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of April 2024, the mission has received new funding to restart construction and delivery of the Rosalind Franklin rover and NASA has agreed to provide the launch, currently scheduled for late 2028.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Since its inception, ExoMars has gone through several phases of planning with various proposals for landers, orbiters, launch vehicles, and international cooperation planning,<ref name="ExoMars">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as the defunct 2009 Mars Exploration Joint Initiative (MEJI) with the United States.<ref name="CNet">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cancellation">Template:Cite news</ref> Originally, the ExoMars concept consisted of a large robotic rover being part of ESA's Aurora Programme as a Flagship mission and was approved by the European Space Agency ministers in December 2005. Originally conceived as a rover with a stationary ground station, ExoMars was planned to launch in 2011 aboard a Russian Soyuz Fregat rocket.<ref name="Europe's ExoMars rover">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ExoMars began in 2001 as part of the ESA Aurora program for the human exploration of Mars.<ref name="esa.int">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That initial vision called for rover in 2009 and later a Mars sample-return mission.<ref name="esa.int"/> Another mission intended to support the Aurora program is a Phobos sample return mission.<ref name="esa.int"/> In December 2005, the different nations composing the ESA gave approval to the Aurora program and to ExoMars.<ref name="ReferenceA">European ministers approve the Aurora Exploration Programme and give green light for the ExoMars mission, ESA, 12 December 2005</ref> Aurora is an optional program and each state is allowed to decide which part of the program they want to be involved in and to what extent (e.g. how much funds they want to put into the program).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Aurora program was initiated in 2002 with support of twelve nations: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Canada<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
In 2007, Canadian-based technology firm MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA) was selected for a one-million-euro contract with EADS Astrium of Britain to design and build a prototype Mars rover chassis for the European Space Agency. Astrium was also contracted to design the final rover.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In July 2009 NASA and ESA signed the Mars Exploration Joint Initiative, which proposed to utilise an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the ExoMars mission. On 19 June, when the rover was still planned to piggyback the Mars Trace Gas Orbiter, it was reported that a prospective agreement would require that ExoMars lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with a NASA orbiter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Then the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft mission divided over two Atlas V-launches:<ref name="oct-proposal">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=oct12 >Template:Cite news</ref> the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, piggybacking a stationary meteorological lander slated for launch in January 2016. It was also proposed to include a second rover, the MAX-C.
In August 2009 it was announced that the Russian Federal Space Agency (now Roscosmos) and ESA had signed a contract that included cooperation on two Mars exploration projects: Russia's Fobos-Grunt project and ESA's ExoMars. Specifically, ESA secured a Russian Proton rocket as a "backup launcher" for the ExoMars rover, which would include Russian-made parts.<ref name=avio >Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=red >Template:Cite news</ref>
On 17 December 2009, the ESA governments gave their final approval to a two-part Mars exploration mission to be conducted with NASA, confirming their commitment to spend €850 million ($1.23 billion) on missions in 2016 and 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to cancel the accompanying MAX-C rover, and fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept.<ref name="single rover">Template:Cite news</ref> One suggestion was that the new vehicle would be built in Europe and carry a mix of European and U.S. instruments. NASA would provide the rocket to deliver it to Mars and provide the sky crane landing system. Despite the proposed reorganisation, the goals of the 2018 mission opportunity would have stayed broadly the same.<ref name="single rover" />
Under the FY2013 Budget President Obama released on 13 February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope.<ref name="Feb 14">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With NASA's funding for this project completely cancelled, most of these plans had to be restructured.<ref name="cancellation" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 14 March 2013, representatives of the ESA and the Russian space agency (Roscosmos), signed a deal in which Russia became a full partner. Roscosmos would supply both missions with Proton launch vehicles with Briz-M upper stages and launch services,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as an additional entry, descent and landing module for the rover mission in 2018.<ref name="ESA signed" /> Under the agreement, Roscosmos was granted three asking conditions:<ref name="Gazeta">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Roscosmos would contribute two Proton launch vehicles as payment for the partnership.
- The Trace Gas Orbiter payload shall include two Russian instruments that were originally developed for Fobos-Grunt.<ref name="ESA signed" /><ref name="On track" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- All scientific results must be intellectual property of the European Space Agency and the Russian Academy of Sciences (i.e. Roscosmos would have been be part of all the project teams and would have had full access to research data<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>).
ESA had originally cost-capped the ExoMars projects at €1 billion, (USD 1.3 billion) but the withdrawal of the U.S. space agency (NASA) and the consequent reorganisation of the venturesy added several hundred million euros to the sum so far raised.<ref name="still keen" /> So in March 2012, member states instructed the agency's executive to look at how this shortfall could be made up.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One possibility was that other science activities within ESA may have to step back to make ExoMars a priority.<ref name="still keen" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In September 2012 it was announced that new ESA members, Poland and Romania, would be contributing up to €70 million to the ExoMars mission.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> ESA has not ruled out a possible partial return of NASA to the 2018 portion of ExoMars, albeit in a relatively minor role.<ref name="still keen" /><ref name="Selding" /><ref name="Morning">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>
Russia's financing of ExoMars was to be partially covered by insurance payments of 1.2 billion roubles (US$40.7 million) for the loss of Fobos-Grunt,<ref name="Gazeta" /> and reassigning funds for a possible coordination between the Mars-NET and ExoMars projects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Mars-Grunt>Template:Cite news</ref> On 25 January 2013, Roscosmos fully funded the development of the scientific instruments to be flown on the first launch, the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By March 2014, the lead builder of the ExoMars rover, the British division of Airbus Defence and Space, had started procuring critical components,<ref name="closing $ gap" /> but the 2018 rover mission was still short by more than 100 million euros, or $138 million.<ref name="closing $ gap" /> The wheels and suspension system are paid by the Canadian Space Agency and are being manufactured by MDA Corporation in Canada.<ref name="closing $ gap" />
2016 first spacecraft launchEdit
The spacecraft containing ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and Schiaparelli launched on 14 March 2016 09:31 UTC (Livestream began at 08:30 GMT [03:30 AM EDT]).<ref name="NYT-20160314">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ESA-2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="LS-20160314">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released. Signals from the Orbiter were successfully received at 21:29 GMT of the same day, which confirmed that the launch was fully successful and that the spacecraft was on its way to Mars.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shortly after separation from the probes, the Briz-M upper booster stage possibly exploded a few kilometers away, however apparently without damaging the orbiter or lander.<ref name="exploded booster">Template:Cite news</ref> The spacecraft, which housed the Trace Gas Orbiter and the Schiaparelli lander, took its nominal orbit towards Mars and was seemingly in working order. Over the next two weeks, controllers continued to check and commission its systems, including the power, communications, startrackers, and guidance and navigation system.<ref name="ThomsonMar2016">Template:Cite news</ref>
Delays and suspensionEdit
In January 2016 it was announced that the financial situation of the 2018 mission 'might' require a 2-year delay.<ref name="Delaying 2018">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Delaying2018-spnews">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Italy is the largest contributor to ExoMars, and the UK is the mission's second-largest financial backer.<ref name="closing $ gap">Template:Cite news</ref>
The rover was scheduled to launch in 2018 and land on Mars in early 2019,<ref name="space20130314">Template:Cite news</ref> but in May 2016 ESA announced that the launch would occur in 2020 due to delays in European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of the scientific payload.<ref name="LaunchMoved2020"/>
On 12 March 2020, it was announced that the second mission was being delayed to launch in 2022 due to the vehicle not being ready for launch in 2020, with delays exacerbated by travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=BBCdelay>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 28 February 2022, it was announced that the second mission launching in 2022 "was very unlikely" due to the sanctions on Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine by Russia.<ref name=ESAdelay>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 17 March 2022, the launch of ExoMars in the 2022 launch window was abandoned, with the permanent suspension of the partnership with Roscosmos.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, in November, the European Space Agency member states pledged 360 million euros towards the Rosalind Franklin rover, including covering the cost of replacing Russian components. Now planned to launch in 2028, the rover will carry a next-generation mass spectrometer, the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer, or MOMA.<ref name="Drahl">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In June 2024, a $567 million contract was awarded to Thales Alenia Space to complete the assembly, integration, and testing of the landing platform, with mechanical, thermal, and propulsion handled by Airbus Defense and Space, and ArianeGroup providing the heat shield.<ref name=":0" /> On 16 April 2024, ESA announced a memorandum of understanding with NASA to provide the launch service in late 2028, and that the next mission milestone is the preliminary design review in June 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mission objectivesEdit
The scientific objectives, in order of priority, are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- to search for possible biosignatures of past Martian life.
- to characterise the water and geochemical distribution as a function of depth in the shallow subsurface.
- to study the surface environment and identify hazards to future human missions to Mars.
- to investigate the planet's subsurface and deep interior to better understand the evolution and habitability of Mars.
- achieve incremental steps ultimately culminating in a sample return flight.
The technological objectives to develop are:
- landing of large payloads on Mars.
- to exploit solar electric power on the surface of Mars.
- to access the subsurface with a drill able to collect samples down to a depth of Template:Convert
- to develop surface exploration capability using a rover.
Mission profileEdit
ExoMars is a joint programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). According to current plans, the ExoMars project will comprise one orbiter (the Trace Gas Orbiter) and one rover.
| Contributing agency | First launch in 2016 | Second launch in 2028<ref name="LaunchMoved2020"/> |
|---|---|---|
| File:Roscosmos logo ru.svg Roscosmos |
Launch by Proton rocket | None, originally planned to launch by Proton rocket and land with Kazachok. |
| Two instrument packages for the TGO | ||
| File:ESA logo.png ESA |
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter | ExoMars's Rosalind Franklin rover and European Lander. |
| Schiaparelli EDM lander | ||
The landing module and the rover will be cleaned and sterilised to prevent contaminating Mars with Earth life forms, and also to ensure that any biomolecules detected were not carried from Earth. Cleaning will require a combination of sterilising methods, including ionising radiation, UV radiation, and chemicals such as ethyl and isopropyl alcohol.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (see Planetary protection).
First launch (2016)Edit
Trace Gas OrbiterEdit
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The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is a Mars telecommunications orbiter and atmospheric gas analyzer mission that was launched on 14 March 2016 09:31 UTC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The spacecraft arrived in the Martian orbit in October 2016. It delivered the ExoMars Schiaparelli EDM lander and then proceed to map the sources of methane on Mars and other gases, and in doing so, will help select the landing site for the ExoMars rover to be launched in 2022. The presence of methane in Mars's atmosphere is intriguing because its likely origin is either present-day life or geological activity. Upon the arrival of the rover in 2023, the orbiter would be transferred into a lower orbit where it would be able to perform analytical science activities as well as provide the ExoMars rover with a telecommunication relay. NASA provided an Electra telecommunications relay and navigation instrument to ensure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth.<ref name="ESA signed" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The TGO would continue serving as a telecommunication relay satellite for future landed missions until 2022.<ref name="June 2011">Template:Citation</ref>
Schiaparelli EDM landerEdit
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The Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) called Schiaparelli,<ref name="Lander naming">Template:Cite news</ref> was intended to provide the European Space Agency (ESA) and Russia's Roscosmos with the technology for landing on the surface of Mars.<ref name="EDM July 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was launched together with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) on 14 March 2016, 09:31 UTC and was scheduled to land softly on 19 October 2016. No signal indicating a successful landing was received,<ref name="NYT-20161020">Template:Cite news</ref> and on 21 October 2016 NASA released a Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image showing what appears to be the lander crash site.<ref name="NYT-20161021" /> The lander was equipped with a non-rechargeable electric battery with enough power for four sols. The soft landing should have taken place on Meridiani Planum<ref name="EDM July 2014"/> during the dust storm season, which would have provided a unique chance to characterise a dust-laden atmosphere during entry and descent, and to conduct surface measurements associated with a dust-rich environment.<ref name="payload">Template:Cite news</ref>
Once on the surface, it was to measure the wind speed and direction, humidity, pressure and surface temperature, and determine the transparency of the atmosphere.<ref name="payload" /> It carried a surface payload, based on the proposed meteorological DREAMS (Dust Characterisation, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface) package, consists of a suite of sensors to measure the wind speed and direction (MetWind), humidity (MetHumi), pressure (MetBaro), surface temperature (MarsTem), the transparency of the atmosphere (Optical Depth Sensor; ODS), and atmospheric electrification (Atmospheric Radiation and Electricity Sensor; MicroARES).<ref name="ESPC2013"> F. Esposito, et al., DREAMS for the ExoMars 2016 mission: a suite of sensors for the characterisation of Martian environment" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress 2013, EPSC Abstracts Vol. 8, EPSC2013-815 (2013)</ref><ref name=DREAMS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The DREAMS payload was to function for 2 or 3 days as an environmental station for the duration of the EDM surface mission after landing.<ref name="EDM July 2014" /><ref name=Vago>Template:Cite news</ref>
Second launch (2028)Edit
The ExoMars 2022 mission was planned for launch during a twelve-day launch window starting on 20 September 2022, and scheduled to land on Mars on 10 June 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It would have included a German-built cruise stage and Russian descent module.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 28 February 2022, the ESA announced that, as a result of sanctions related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a 2022 launch is "very unlikely."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 28 March 2022, the ExoMars rover was confirmed to be technically ready for launch, but the 2022 launch window for the mission is no longer possible due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The launch of a revised version of the mission, using a new non-Russian landing platform, is expected to occur no earlier than 2028.<ref name="sn-20220503" /> The ESA reported that Rosalind will be launched in 2028 in a US rocket with the rover expected to land in 2030 when the planet will not be experiencing a global dust storm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, US announced participation and said to provide the lander and 40 Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs) are also kept reserved for this mission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cruise stageEdit
Template:Expand section The lander and Rosalind Franklin rover will be sent to Mars inside the descent module. The descent module will be attached to the carrier module, which will provide power, propulsion, and navigation. The carrier module has 16 hydrazine powered thrusters, 6 solar arrays that will provide electricity, Sun sensors and star trackers for navigation. It was developed and built by OHB System in Bremen, Germany. The carrier module will separate from the descent module right before the stacked spacecraft arrives at Mars.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Descent stageEdit
Template:Update Prior to the cancellation of ESA-Roscosmos cooperation on ExoMars, the original plan was to use the Russian-built Kazachok, which the ESA cooperated on. Originally, Rosalind Franklin would descent from the Kazachok lander via a ramp. The lander was expected to image the landing site, monitor the climate, investigate the atmosphere, analyse the radiation environment, study the distribution of any subsurface water at the landing site, and perform geophysical investigations of the internal structure of Mars.<ref name="2018 lander payload">Template:Cite news</ref> Following a March 2015 request for the contribution of scientific instruments for the landing system,<ref name="2018Platform">Template:Cite news</ref> there will be 13 instruments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Examples of the instruments on the lander include the HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature) package, the METEO meteorological package, the MAIGRET magnetometer, and the LaRa (Lander Radioscience) experiment. The stationary lander was expected to operate for at least one Earth year, and its instruments would have been powered by solar arrays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following the July 2022 cancellation, ESA has begun work on their own lander, which is expected to take 3 to 4 years to build and qualify. Many components of the ESA lander are reused from the Russian Descent module. Unlike Kazachok, the European lander does not carry solar panels nor science instruments, and is expected to only operate for a few sols.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rosalind Franklin roverEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Multiple image ExoMars's Rosalind Franklin rover was due to land in June 2023 and to navigate autonomously across the Martian surface. However, the partnership with Russian scientists was cancelled in 2022 as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="mepag.jpl.nasa.gov">Template:Cite conference</ref> Rosalind Franklin is now projected to launch in 2028.<ref name="Drahl"/>
Instrumentation would consist of the exobiology laboratory suite, known as "Pasteur analytical laboratory" to look for signs of biomolecules and biosignatures from past life.<ref name="still keen" /><ref name="Instruments">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Press-Info">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Among other instruments, the rover will also carry a Template:Convert sub-surface core drill to pull up samples for its on-board laboratory.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They will have a mass of about Template:Convert.
The Rosalind Franklin rover includes the Pasteur instrument suite, including the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA),<ref name="Drahl"/> MicrOmega-IR, and the Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS). Examples of external instruments on the rover include:
Landing site selectionEdit
A primary goal when selecting the rover's landing site is to identify a particular geologic environment, or set of environments, that would support —now or in the past— microbial life. The scientists prefer a landing site with both morphologic and mineralogical evidence for past water. Furthermore, a site with spectra indicating multiple hydrated minerals such as clay minerals is preferred, but it will come down to a balance between engineering constraints and scientific goals.<ref name="site selection 2014">Template:Cite news</ref>
Engineering constraints call for a flat landing site in a latitude band straddling the equator that is only 30° latitude from top to bottom because the rover is solar-powered and will need best sunlight exposure.<ref name="site selection 2014" /> The landing module carrying the rover will have a landing ellipse that measures about 105 km by 15 km.<ref name="Sites March 2014">Template:Cite news</ref> Scientific requirements include landing in an area with 3.6 billion years old sedimentary rocks that are a record of the past wet habitable environment.<ref name="site selection 2014" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The year before launch, the European Space Agency will make the final decision.<ref name="site selection 2014" /> By March 2014, the long list was:<ref name="Sites March 2014" /> Template:Div col
Template:Div col end Following additional review by an ESA-appointed panel, four sites, all of which are located relatively near the equator, were formally recommended in October 2014 for further detailed analysis:<ref name="4 candidate sites">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
Template:Div col end On 21 October 2015, Oxia Planum was reported to be the preferred landing site for the ExoMars rover.<ref name="BBC-20151021">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="UT-20151021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The delay of the rover mission to 2020 from 2018 meant that Oxia Planum was no longer the only favourable landing site due to changes in the possible landing ellipse. Both Mawrth Vallis and Aram Dorsum, surviving candidates from the previous selection, could be reconsidered. ESA convened further workshops to re-evaluate the three remaining options and in March 2017 selected two sites to study in detail.<ref name="2 sites">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
Template:Div col end On 9 November 2018, ESA announced that Oxia Planum was favoured by the Landing Site Selection Working Group. The favored Oxia Planum landing ellipse is situated at 18.20°N, 335.45°E.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, Oxia Planum was confirmed by ESA as the landing site for the planned 2020 mission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later that year, a flyover video of the landing site was released, created using high-accuracy 3D models of the terrain obtained from HiRISE.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As of July 2020, it has not been stated by ESA if the choice of landing site will be affected by the delay of the mission beyond 2022, similar to the re-evaluation prompted by the first delay in 2018.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Official website
- ExoMars Space Research Institute of Russian Academy of Science site
- ESA main web site
- The ExoMars project at RussianSpaceWeb.com
- Arrival at Mars (The New York Times; 16 October 2016)
- Animated video of ExoMars
- ExoMars article on eoPortal by ESA
Template:Exomars Template:Mars spacecraft Template:ESA projects Template:Russian space program Template:Solar System probes Template:Astrobiology Template:Extraterrestrial life Template:Politics of outer space Template:Portal bar Template:Use British English