Incubator escapee wiki

Expediency Discernment Council

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Over-quotation Template:Infobox legislature Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

The Expediency Discernment Council of the System<ref>مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام Template:Webarchive</ref> (Template:Langx Majma'-e Tašxis-e Maslahat-e Nezâm) is an administrative assembly of Iran appointed by the Supreme Leader<ref>Expediency Council BBC News</ref> and was created upon the revision to the Constitution on 6 February 1988.<ref>Foreign press and media department Template:Webarchive</ref> It was originally set up to resolve differences or conflicts between the Majlis and the Guardian Council, but "its true power lies more in its advisory role to the Supreme Leader." According to Hooman Majd, the Leader "delegated some of his own authority to the council—granting it supervisory powers over all branches of the government" following President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's election in 2005.<ref>Majd, Hooman, The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran, Doubleday, 2008, pp. 246-7.</ref>

Members of the council are chosen by the Supreme Leader every five years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History and roleEdit

By 1987, the legislative process as well as the country's long-term policy formation had come to a standstill due to the doctrinal conflict between radical factions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Guardian Council, which officials described as coercive at the time. Consultations in February the following year led to Ayatollah Khomeini ordering the appointment of a 13-member council that was given legislative authority: it could pass temporary laws (effective for three-year periods). Article 112 of Iran's Constitution states the EDC will be convened by the Supreme Leader to determine expedience cases where the Guardian Council finds an Islamic Consultative Assembly decision against the principles of religious law or the constitution, and where the Consultative Assembly is unable to satisfy the Guardian Council in view of the expedience of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Formally, the Expediency Discernment Council of the System (or Regime) is primarily a constitutional advisory body for the Supreme Leader (at the latter's behest), as described in article 112 of the Islamic Republic's Constitution. It is meant to "discern the interests of the Islamic Republic" by resolving internal regime conflicts.<ref>Amin Tarzi, 2011. Iranian Puzzle Piece: Understanding Iran in the Global Context. DIANE Publishing. p. 92. Template:ISBN.</ref> The Council consisted of thirteen members when originally convened, and included six clergy members (appointed by the Supreme Leader), six public officials (President, Prime Minister, Majles Speaker, Supreme Court Chief Justice, Prosecutor General, and a Supreme Leader representative), as well as the Majles member whose legislation was overturned. The EDC Chairman is appointed every five years by the Supreme Leader.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Even though the Supreme Leader is a member of the Council itself (and it being his advisory council), he can deputize the Council. Nine years later, in 1997, Khamenei expanded its membership to thirty-four, twenty-five of whom were thence appointed for five-year terms. During February 2007, a new Council was formed, with twenty-seven members being directly chosen by the Supreme Leader this time.<ref>Yonah Alexander; Milton M. Hoenig. 2008. The New Iranian Leadership: Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and the Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. Template:ISBN.</ref>

As stated by article 111, if the position of Supreme Leader is undeclared for whatever reason, a council composed of President, head of the Judiciary, and one of the jurisconsults of the Guardian Council chosen by the EDC shall discharge his functions collectively and temporarily. If any of them is unable to discharge his duties, another person shall be appointed by the EDC in his place. The Council also resolves disputes that concern the Guardian Council and the Majles. Domestic and foreign policies of the regime are determined only after consultation with the Expediency Council, according to article 110 of the Constitution (with oversight of the Supreme Leader). The Expediency Council is only meant to act on behalf of the legislative branch, although in reality it intercedes as a mediator between all bureaucratic branches, including the executive. If ratification of the Consultative Assembly is not confirmed by the Guardian Council (and deputies insist on implementing the ratification), the EDC can intervene to make a decision. The Expediency Discernment Council can advise the faghih on policy and strategy (in accordance to article 111 of the Constitution), and despite not being part of the legislative branch, it can remove parliamentary powers. As an example of this, in April 2000 it removed from parliamentary capacity the faculty to investigate institutions under the control of the Supreme Leader, such as the Pasdaran and the Council of the Guardians. In practice, its composition almost guarantees its rulings mirror the legal opinion the Guardian Council, and more importantly, the Supreme Leader's. Being dominated by conservative ulama, this has furthered the faction's grip over Iran.<ref>Yvette Hovsepian-Bearce, 2015. The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran. Routledge. pp. 112–113. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Barry Rubin, 2015. The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 224. Template:ISBN.</ref>

During August 2001, the Council was convened by the Supreme Leader to resolve the dispute between the Judiciary and the Assembly. The latter was dominated by reformers, while the former was dominated by conservatives, so the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei wanted the EDC to settle this political confrontation. The confrontation referred to the parliament's rejection to approve conservative candidates' appointments to the Guardian Council. Conservatives did not want to lose control of the Guardian Council, dreading president Mohammad Khatami and reformist allies would push through political and social reforms. Members of the Council are generally ayatollahs and hojatoleslams (a step before ayatollah). In 2005, the capacity of the Council to act as a government supervisory body was supplemented to its powers. The EDC's influence grew when cleric Hashemi Rafsanjani joined it.<ref>Ahmad Reza Taheri, 2012. The Baloch in Post Islamic Revolution Iran: A Political Study. Lulu.com. pp. 45–46. Template:ISBN.</ref>

MembersEdit

Current members (2022–Present)Edit

Template:Legend Template:Legend

Template:Col-beginTemplate:Col-break

Natural personalities
# Name
1 Sadeq Larijani (Chairman)
2 Mohammad Bagher Zolghadr (Secretary)
3 Gholam Reza Aghazadeh
4 Ali Agha-Mohammadi
5 Ali Akbar Ahmadian
6 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
7 Mohsen Araki
8 Majid Ansari
9 Mohammad-Javad Iravani
10 Mohammad-Reza Bahonar
11 Ahmad Tavakkoli
12 Saeed Jalili
13 Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel
14 Kamal Kharazi
15 Davoud Danesh-Jafari
16 Parviz Davoodi Template:Small
Vacant
17 Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi
18 Mohsen Rezaee
19 Hassan Sane'i Template:Small
RADM Ali Shamkhani Template:Small
20 Mohammad Sadr
21 Hossein Saffar Harandi
22 Mohammad Reza Aref
23 Mohammad Forouzandeh
24 Abbas-Ali Kadkhodaei
25 Ali Larijani
26 Hossein Mohammadi
27 Mahmoud Mohammadi Araghi
28 Mohammad Mokhber
29 Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghaddam
30 Hossein Mozaffar
31 Mostafa Mir-Salim
32 Morteza Nabavi
33 Ali Akbar Velayati
34 Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh
35 Ahmad Vahidi

Template:Col-break

Ex officio members
# Office Name
1 President Ebrahim Raisi Template:Small
Mohammad Mokhber (acting) Template:Small
Masoud Pezeshkian Template:Small
2 Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
3 Chief Justice of Iran Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
4 Chief-of-Staff MG Mohammad Bagheri
5 SNSC Secretary RADM Ali Shamkhani Template:Small
Ali Akbar Ahmadian Template:Small
6 Guardian Council Jurisprudents

(only for dispute cases between Parliament and Guardian Council)

Ahmad Jannati
7 Mehdi Shabzendedar
8 Ahmad Hosseini Khorasani
9 Mohammad-Reza Modarresi Yazdi
10 Ahmad Khatami
11 Alireza Arafi
12 The Administration, which is being discussed in Council Minister or Head Office of it
13 The Parliament Commission related to discussion in Council Head of Commission

Template:Col-end

Historic membershipEdit

Eighth council (2017–2022)

Template:Legend Template:Legend

Template:Col-beginTemplate:Col-break

Natural personalities
# Name
1 Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi Template:Small
Sadeq Larijani Template:Small
2 Mohsen Rezaee Template:Small
Mohammad Bagher Zolghadr Template:Small
3 Ahmad Jannati
4 Ebrahim Amini Template:Small
Vacant
5 Ali Movahedi-Kermani
6 Ali Akbar Nategh Nouri
7 Hassan Sane'i
8 Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i Template:Small
Vacant
9 Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari Template:Small
Vacant
10 Ebrahim Raisi Template:Small
Vacant
11 Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi
12 Mahmoud Mohammadi Araghi
13 Majid Ansari
14 Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghadam
15 Gholam Reza Aghazadeh
16 Ali Agha-Mohammadi
17 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
18 Mohammad-Javad Iravani
19 Mohammad Reza Bahonar
20 Ahmad Tavakoli
21 Saeed Jalili
22 Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel
23 Davoud Danesh Jafari
24 Parviz Davoudi
25 Mohammad Sadr
26 BG Hossein Saffar Harandi
27 Mohammad Reza Aref
28 Mohammad Forouzandeh
29 MG Hassan Firouzabadi Template:Small
Vacant
30 Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Template:Small
Ali Larijani Template:Small
31 Hossein Mohammadi
32 Hossein Mozaffar
33 Mostafa Mir-Salim
34 Mohammad Mirmohammadi Template:Small
Vacant
35 Morteza Nabavi
36 Ali Akbar Velayati
37 BG Ahmad Vahidi
38 Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh

Template:Col-break

Ex officio members
# Office Name
1 President Hassan Rouhani Template:Small
Ebrahim Raisi Template:Small
2 Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani Template:Small
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Template:Small
3 Chief Justice of Iran Sadeq Larijani Template:Small
Ebrahim Raisi Template:Small
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i Template:Small
4 Chief-of-Staff MG Mohammad Bagheri
5 SNSC Secretary RADM Ali Shamkhani
6 Guardian Council Jurisprudents Mohammad Momen Template:Small
Alireza Arafi Template:Small
7 Mohammad-Reza Modarresi Yazdi
8 Mehdi Shabzendedar
9 Mohammad Yazdi Template:Small
Ahmad Khatami Template:Small
10 Ahmad Hosseini Khorasani Template:Small
11 The administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion Minister or Head Office of it
12 The parliament commission concerned depending on the subject under discussion Head of Commission

Template:Col-end

Seventh council (2012–2017)

On 14 March 2012, a new council was appointed for a five-year period. Eight months before the end of the council, chairman Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani dies and Ali Movahedi-Kermani became interim chairman until the end of the council period. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

  1. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Chairman until January 2017)
  2. Ali Movahedi-Kermani (Chairman from February 2017)
  3. Mohsen Rezaei (Secretary)
  4. Ahmad Jannati
  5. Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
  6. Ebrahim Amini
  7. Hassan Rouhani
  8. Ali Akbar Nategh Nouri
  9. Ali Larijani
  10. Hassan Sane'i
  11. Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
  12. Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi
  13. Mahmoud Mohammadi Araghi
  14. Majid Ansari
  15. Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghadam
  16. Gholam Reza Aghazadeh
  17. Ali Agha-Mohammadi
  18. Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, followed by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
  19. Mohammad Javad Irvani
  20. Mohammad Reza Bahonar
  21. Habibollah Asgaroladi
  22. Saeed Jalili
  23. Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel
  24. Hassan Habibi
  25. Davoud Danesh Jafari
  26. Parviz Davoudi
  27. Hossein Saffar Harandi
  28. Mohammad Reza Aref
  29. Mohammad Forouzandeh
  30. Lt. General Hassan Firouzabadi
  31. Hossein Mohammadi
  32. Hossein Mozaffar
  33. Mostafa Mir-Salim
  34. Morteza Nabavi
  35. Ali Akbar Velayati
  36. Lt. General Ahmad Vahidi
  37. Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh

Template:Col-break Ex officio members:

  1. President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, followed by Hassan Rouhani
  2. Parliament Speaker: Ali Larijani
  3. Judiciary Chief: Sadeq Larijani
  4. SNSC Secretary: Saeed Jalili, followed by Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani
  1. The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  2. The parliament commission head concerned depending on the subject under discussion

Template:Col-end

Sixth council (2007–2012)

The following is a list of its members of the years (2007-2012):<ref>تركيب تازه اعضاي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت Template:Webarchive</ref>

  1. Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Ayatollah (Chairman of the Council) *
  2. Mohsen Rezaee, PhD* (Secretary General)
  3. Jannati, Ahmad, Ayatollah *
  4. Vaez Tabasi, Abbas, Ayatollah *
  5. Amini Najafabadi, Ebrahim, Ayatollah *
  6. Haddad-Adel, Gholam Ali, PhD *
  7. Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah *
  8. Movahedi-Kermani, Ali, Ayatollah *
  9. Habibi, Hassan Ebrahim, PhD *
  10. Mousavi, Mir Hossein MSc *
  11. Velayati, Ali Akbar, MD *
  12. Dorri Najafabadi, Ghorbanali, Ayatollah *
  13. Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam *
  14. Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam *
  15. Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
  16. Asgar Owladi, Habibollah *
  17. Larijani, Ali, PhD *
  18. Bahonar, Mohammad Reza
  19. Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammad Reza, Ayatollah *
  20. Mirsalim, Mostafa *
  21. Nabavi, Morteza *
  22. Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri, Hojatoleslam *
  23. Firouzabadi, Hassan, Major General *
  24. Aghazadeh, Gholam Reza *
  25. Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan *
  26. Ali Agha-Mohammadi
  27. Mohammad Forouzandeh
  28. Davoud Danesh-Jafari
  29. Majid Ansari
  30. Hossein Mozaffar
  31. Mohammad Javad Irvani
  32. Mohammad Reza Aref
  33. Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
  34. Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani
  35. Parviz Davoodi

Ex officio members:

  1. President
  2. Speaker of Majles
  3. Chief of the Judiciary
  4. The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  5. The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject discussed
  • If mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council, the council will also include the six clerics of the Guardian Council.


Fifth council (2002–2007)

The following is a list of its members of the years 2002-2007.<ref>مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام Template:Webarchive</ref>

  1. Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Ayatollah (Chairman) *
  2. Amini Najafabadi, Ibrahim, Ayatollah *
  3. Vaez Tabasi, Abbas, Hojatoleslam *
  4. Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah *
  5. Mousavi, Mir Hussein *
  6. Velayati, Ali Akbar *
  7. Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam *
  8. Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam *
  9. Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
  10. Asgar Owladi, Habibollah *
  11. Dorri Najafabadi, Qorbanali, Hojatoleslam *
  12. Larijani, Ali *
  13. Mirsalim, Mostafa *
  14. Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammadreza, Ayatollah *
  15. Nabavi, Morteza *
  16. Firouzabadi, Hassan, Major General *
  17. Aqazadeh, Gholamreza *
  18. Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan *
  19. Rafsanjani, Mohammad Hashemi *
  20. Habibi, Hassan Ibrahim *
  21. Mohsen Rezaee * (Secretary General of the Council)
  22. Ahmad Jannati
  23. Ali Movahedi-Kermani
  24. Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri
  25. Mohammad Reza Aref
  26. Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel
  27. Majid Ansari
  28. Mohammad Reza Bahonar
  29. Hossein Mozaffar
  30. Mohammad Javad Irvani
  31. Mehdi Karroubi (appointed at 2004)


(*) Re-appointed

Ex officio members:

  1. President
  2. Speaker of Majles
  3. Chief of the Judiciary
  4. The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  5. The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject discussed
  • If mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council, the council will also include the six clerics of the Guardian Council.


Fourth council (1997–2002)

The following is a list of its members of the years 1997-2002.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

  1. Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Hojatoleslam (Chairman)
  2. Mohsen Rezaee (Secretary General from Sept. 1997)
  3. Mahdavi Kani, Mohammad-Reza, Hojatoleslam
  4. Amini, Ebrahim , Ayatollah
  5. Jannati, Ahmad , Ayatollah
  6. Movahedi-Kermani, Ali, Ayatollah
  7. Tabasi, Abbas, Hojatoleslam
  8. Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah
  9. Mousavi, Mir Hussein
  10. Velayati, Ali Akbar
  11. Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
  12. Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam
  13. Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
  14. Mousavi Khoeiniha, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
  15. Asgar Owladi, Habibollah
  16. Dorri Najafabadi, Qorbanali, Hojatoleslam
  17. Larijani, Ali
  18. Mirsalim, Mostafa
  19. Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammadreza, Ayatollah
  20. Nouri, Abdullah, Hojatoleslam
  21. Nabavi, Morteza
  22. Firouzabadi, Hassan, Lt. General
  23. Aqazadeh, Gholamreza
  24. Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan
  25. Rafsanjani, Mohammad Hashemi
  26. Nourbakhsh, Mohsen
  27. Habibi, Hassan Ibrahim

Template:Col-break Ex officio members:

  1. President: Khatami, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
  2. Majlis Speaker: Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri, Hojatoleslam followed by Karroubi, Mehdi, Hojatoleslam
  3. Judiciary Chief: Yazdi, Mohammad, Ayatollah followed by Hashemi Shahroudi, Mahmoud, Ayatollah
  4. The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  5. The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
  • Clergy members of Guardians Council at one point: (Only in case of mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council)
  1. Jannati, Ahmad, Ayatollah
  2. Ostadi, Reza, Ayatollah
  3. Rezvani, Gholamreza, Ayatollah
  4. Mo'men, Mohammad, Ayatollah
  5. Yazdi, Mohammad, Ayatollah
  6. Taheri Khoram-Abadi, Hasan, Ayatollah

Template:Col-end

Third council (1992–1997)

The following is a list of its members of the years 1992–1997. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

  1. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (chairman)
  2. Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
  3. Hassan Sane'i
  4. Ahmad Khomeini
  5. Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
  6. Ali Movahedi-Kermani
  7. Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
  8. Abdullah Nouri
  9. Hassan Rouhani
  10. Hassan Ibrahim Habibi
  11. Mir Hussein Mousavi

Template:Col-break Ex officio members:

  1. President: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
  2. Majlis Speaker: Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri
  3. Judiciary Chief: Mohammad Yazdi
  4. The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  5. The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
  • Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.

Template:Col-end

Second council (1989–1992)

The following is a list of its members of the years 1989-1992. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

  1. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (chairman)
  2. Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
  3. Yousef Saanei
  4. Hassan Sane'i
  5. Ahmad Khomeini
  6. Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
  7. Ali Movahedi-Kermani
  8. Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
  9. Abdullah Nouri
  10. Mir Hussein Mousavi

Template:Col-break Ex officio members:

  1. President: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
  2. Majlis Speaker: Mehdi Karroubi followed by Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri
  3. Judiciary Chief: Mohammad Yazdi
  4. The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
  5. The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
  • Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.

Template:Col-end

First council (February 6, 1988–1989)

The following is a list of its members of the year 1988-1989. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

  1. Ali Khamenei (chairman)
  2. Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
  3. Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
  4. Mir Hussein Mousavi
  5. Ahmad Khomeini (Reporting the decision outcomes of Council to Ruhollah Khomeini)

Template:Col-break Ex officio members:

  1. President: Ali Khamenei
  2. Majlis Speaker: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
  3. Judiciary Chief: Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili
  • Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.

Template:Col-end

ChairpersonsEdit

Colour key:

№ Chairperson Tenure Supreme Leader
Name Picture Took office Left Office
style="background:Template:Party color;"|1 Ali Khamenei File:Portrait of Ali Khamenei - circa 1987.jpg 7 February 1988 4 June 1989 Ruhollah Khomeini
style="background:Template:Party color;"|2 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani File:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani by Fars 01.jpg 4 October 1989 8 January 2017
Template:Small 		Ali Khamenei
style="background:Template:Party color;"| — Ali Movahedi-Kermani
Template:Small 		File:Ayatollah Movahedi-Kermani at Principlists Congress.jpg 1 February 2017 14 August 2017
style="background:Template:Party color;"| 3 Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi File:Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi in Qom(cropped).jpg 14 August 2017 24 December 2018
Template:Small
style="background:Template:Party color;"| — Ali Movahedi-Kermani
Template:Small 		File:Ayatollah Movahedi-Kermani at Principlists Congress.jpg 29 December 2018<ref>چه‌کسی در فقدان آیت‌الله شاهرودی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت را اداره می‌کند؟</ref> 30 December 2018
style="background:Template:Party color;"| 4 Sadeq Larijani File:Sixth International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Intifada, Tehran (15) (crop of Sadeq Larijani).jpg 30 December 2018 Incumbent

See alsoEdit

References and notesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Unicameral legislature of Islamic Republic of Iran Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Expediency_Discernment_Council&oldid=281227"