Eystein Magnusson

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Eystein Magnusson (Template:Langx, Template:Langx; Template:Circa – 29 August 1123), also called Eystein I, was King of Norway from 1103 to 1123 together with his half-brothers Sigurd the Crusader and Olaf Magnusson, although since Olaf died before adulthood, only Eystein and Sigurd were effective rulers of the country.

While Sigurd gained fame as the "warrior king" (although owed almost exclusively to his three-year crusade to the Holy Land), Eystein was in contrast portrayed in the sagas as the "peace king" who stayed home in Norway and improved the country. As Eystein never engaged in warfare, considerably less information is written and known about him than about his brother Sigurd, despite his twenty-year-long reign, just a few years short of Sigurd. Eystein nonetheless gained the affection of his people, and was highly regarded by the saga writers for his deeds. Eystein and Sigurd's reign became the longest joint rule in Norwegian history.

Although the later saga literature narrates stereotypical accounts about the two kings, Eystein is known to have improved the infrastructure and raised buildings and churches, particularly across the coast in Western Norway and Trøndelag, from Bergen to the fishing centre of Lofoten in the north. Eystein's activities were especially centered in Bergen, which became an important international trade hub for fish at the time, helped by his construction projects. His activities in Bergen included moving the royal seat to a more central location in the city and building a new royal palace, as well as constructing churches and the Munkeliv Abbey. Eystein died of illness in August 1123, and his brother Sigurd thereby became the sole Norwegian king.

Background

Eystein was born in 1088 or 1089<ref name="Britannica"/> as the first son of the future king Magnus Barefoot, born to an otherwise unknown mother who is only recorded to have been of "low birth". Upon the death of his father in 1103 during one of his campaigns in Ireland, Eystein became king with his two half-brothers Sigurd and Olaf.<ref name="NBL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sigurd was about a year younger than Eystein, while Olaf was more than ten years younger than him.<ref name="NBL"/> Sigurd was the only son who had accompanied their father on his campaign in the West, but he returned to Norway after his father's death.<ref name="NBL Sigurd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many accounts concerning Eystein in later sagas are characterized by literary motifs, and have little value as sources on his life. Snorri Sturluson, the Icelandic author of the early 13th century Heimskringla mastered this literary style particularly well, stylistically and psychologically. His stories includes a so-called mannjevning (literally "comparison of men") between Eystein and Sigurd, in which the two boast about their skills and deeds in an attempt to outdo each other.<ref name="NBL"/> In a similar fashion, Snorri also tells a story about how Eystein managed to cure the melancholy of a friend, by agreeing to regularly clear time to talk with him about what troubled him.<ref>Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, chapter 18.</ref> On his physical appearance, Snorri wrote that Eystein "was the handsomest man that could be seen. He had blue open eyes; his hair yellow and curling; his stature not tall, but of the middle size."<ref name="Snorri 17">Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, chapter 17.</ref> More reliable information, particularly about Eystein's building-projects, is offered in earlier sagas such as the work of Theodoric the Monk, a Norwegian chronicler who wrote in the late 12th century.<ref name="NBL"/>

Reign

The co-rule between Eystein, Sigurd and Olaf entailed a shared kingship, and the kingdom itself was not divided into fixed borders. During the early years of their reign, Eystein is nonetheless said to have stayed mostly in Western Norway and Trøndelag, while Sigurd was in Viken. In practice, only Eystein and Sigurd ever ruled as kings, as Olaf was considerably younger and died when he was only seventeen years old, and virtually nothing is known about him beyond his name. One of the earliest acts by the kings was passing a retterbot, a special law ordained by the king, which among other things abolished various royal taxes that originated from the Danish rule of Sweyn Knutsson and Ælfgifu (under Cnut the Great) in the early 1030s. The kings became very popular because of this.<ref name="NBL"/> According to some sources, the main motivation for abolishing the taxes was to gain the support of the population for Sigurd's planned crusade.<ref name="NBL Sigurd"/>

File:Øystein-Sigurd mynt.png

Coin thought to represent the co-rule of Eystein and Sigurd, and thus dated to 1115–23.

In 1107<ref name="Britannica"/> or 1108,<ref name="NBL Sigurd"/> after years of preparations, Sigurd sailed with a large fleet on a crusade to the Holy Land, the first European king ever to do so. Sigurd arrived back in Norway in 1111.<ref name="NBL Sigurd"/> Eystein, on the other hand, did not engage in any warfare, and considerably less information is thus written about him than about Sigurd, although Snorri notes that he "had also effected much in the country that was useful while King Sigurd was on his journey."<ref>Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, chapter 15.</ref> While Sigurd gained fame in posterity as the "warrior king", although mainly because of his one-time crusade,<ref>Krag (1995) p. 175</ref> Eystein was portrayed by the saga writers as the "peace king" who stayed at home and improved the country.<ref name="NBL"/> Since Sigurd remained king for nineteen years after his crusade with little controversy, historian Claus Krag has considered that the domestic peace probably could be attributed equally to Sigurd.<ref>Krag (1995) p. 177</ref> In order to contrast Eystein with Sigurd, Snorri tells a story that Eystein instead subdued Jämtland to the Norwegian crown peacefully through the use of gifts and diplomacy. Despite Snorri's account, historical records indicate that Jämtland did not succumb to Norwegian rule until much later, during the reign of King Sverre in 1178.<ref name="NBL"/> Eystein and Sigurd are, however, known to have claimed monopoly on the trade and taxation in Finnmarken.<ref>Gunnes (1976) p. 345</ref>

Fish became an increasingly important commodity during Eystein's reign, as more cod was fished in Northern Norway and the demand for stockfish soared in Europe.<ref name="Hartvedt7"/> As the most suitable port, Bergen became the main trade hub for exporting stockfish, including trade connections with Grimsby in England,<ref name="NBL"/> while it also served to import much needed goods such as grain and flour.<ref name="Hartvedt7"/> To further the trade, Eystein had fishing booths and a church built in the fishing centre near present-day Kabelvåg in Lofoten in Northern Norway,<ref name="Gunnes p313">Gunnes (1976) p. 313</ref> and he sailed north to Lofoten and Trondenes himself in 1114.<ref>Bertelsen (1995) p. 18</ref> He also secured the route along the coast by constructing a port in Agdenes on the mouth of the Trondheimsfjord,<ref name="NBL"/> as well as smaller beacons along the coast.<ref name="Hartvedt7"/><ref name="Gunnes p313"/> Eystein's port construction in Agdenes was compared by Theodoric the Monk to that of Augustus Caesar at Brundisium,<ref name="Theodoric 32"/> an association readily reflected by Theodoric's use of the Latinised name form "Augustinus" for Eystein.<ref>The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings, chapter 32, footnote 316.</ref> (Otherwise, Pope Callixtus II calls Eystein "Aistano" in a letter.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The existence of a now lost port in Agdenes dated to around Eystein's reign has been supported by recent archaeological surveys in the area.<ref name="NBL"/> Snorri also says that Eystein had several large dry-docks built in Nidaros, and that he had a large ship built which "in size and shape" resembled the great ship Ormen Lange once built by King Olaf Tryggvason.<ref name="Snorri 27">Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf, chapter 27.</ref> Eystein also improved the shelters in the mountain passes, notably at Hjerkinn in Dovre, to more comfortable houses with permanent supervision.<ref name="Gunnes p313"/>

In Snorri's mannjevning between Eystein and Sigurd, Eystein allegedly maintains that his own building-projects in Norway were "more useful for the country," than "you [Sigurd] killing bluemen for the devil in Serkland."<ref name="NBL"/> Eystein was particularly active in Bergen, and his role in the development of the city was probably more important than that of King Olaf Kyrre, the founder of the city according to the sagas.<ref>Gunnes (1976) p. 331</ref> He moved the royal seat in the city from Alrekstad to Holmen on the eastern shore of Vågen, in the city core, thereby rationalising the bureaucracy.<ref name="Hartvedt7"/> At Holmen, he built a Church of the Apostles (probably a stave church)<ref>Lidén (1980) p. 137</ref> and a St. Nicholas Church,<ref name="Hartvedt7">Hartvedt (1998) p. 7</ref> as well as a royal palace which according to Snorri Sturluson was the most imposing wooden building ever raised in Norway<ref name="NBL"/> (although Theodoric the Monk who wrote earlier already noted it was "now almost collapsed from excessive age").<ref name="Theodoric 32"/> He also built a St. Michael's Church and founded the Benedictine abbey Munkeliv Abbey at Nordnes,<ref name="Hartvedt7"/> and the tithe to the church was introduced during the reign of Eystein and Sigurd.<ref name="NBL Sigurd"/>

Eystein died on 29 August 1123, not long after he was "seized with an illness" during a feast at Hustad in Fræna in Romsdalen.<ref name="NBL"/> Snorri tells that his body thereafter was taken to Nidaros, and buried in the Nidaros Cathedral. According to Snorri, it was "generally said that so many mourners never stood over any man's grave in Norway as over King Eystein's," at least since the death of Magnus the Good.<ref name="Snorri 27"/> The reign of Eystein and Sigurd was the longest joint rule in Norwegian history.<ref name="Britannica">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Sigurd ruled alone after Eystein's death, until Sigurd's own death in 1130.<ref name="NBL"/>

Family

Eystein married Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter, from a prominent noble family of Gudbrandsdalen. Their marriage was part of Eystein's strategy of building alliances in Eastern Norway. They had a daughter, Maria, who became the mother of the future royal pretender Olaf Ugjæva by her marriage to the lendmann Gudbrand Skavhoggsson. Olaf was named king in 1165, during the Norwegian civil war era, but was subsequently defeated by Magnus Erlingsson and forced to flee the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Legacy

Opinions on Eystein have been strongly favourable. Theodoric the Monk wrote about Eystein that he "was a paragon of honesty who governed himself no less than his subjects with moderation and wisdom. He was a king who loved peace, an assiduous manager of public affairs, and above all a fosterer of the Christian religion."<ref name="Theodoric 32">The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings, chapter 32.</ref> Snorri Sturluson later wrote that Eystein "was wise, intelligent, and acquainted with the laws and history. He had much knowledge of mankind, was quick in counsel, prudent in words, and very eloquent and very generous. He was very merry, yet modest; and was liked and beloved, indeed, by all the people."<ref name="Snorri 17"/> The view of Eystein as a peaceful and domestically active king has been supported by modern historians such as Claus Krag, although noting that the literary embellishments should be disregarded.<ref name="NBL"/>

A stylized marble bust of Eystein, dated to before the middle of the 12th century,<ref name="NBL"/> was found during excavations at Munkeliv Abbey in 1853, and it represents the oldest known preserved portrait of a Norwegian king.<ref name="Krag p176">Krag (1995) p. 176</ref> The bust has the inscription "EYSTEIN REX", and was originally probably part of a full figure statue built into the wall.<ref name="Liden p150">Lidén (1980) p. 150</ref> The headpiece worn on the bust has been said to resemble a German Imperial crown,<ref>Gunnes (1976) p. 340</ref> or to be of a Byzantine type.<ref name="Liden p150"/> According to Snorri Sturluson, Eystein had "somewhat large eyes", which seems to correspond with the bust. Since Snorri may have seen the bust in Bergen himself, it is unclear if his account represents an independent source on Eystein's physical appearance.<ref name="Krag p176"/> Today, the bust is located in the collections of Bergen Museum.<ref name="NBL"/>

To commemorate his status as founder of the fishing village of Kabelvåg (although it had been an important centre for at least a century), a huge statue of Eystein (Øysteinstatuen) by Arthur Gustavson was raised at Breidablikk in Vågan Municipality in 1935,<ref>Bertelsen (1995) pp. 18-19</ref> after an idea of architect Harald Sund.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At Hjerkinn in Dovre, a church dedicated to Eystein (Eysteinskyrkja) was constructed in 1969 according to a design by Magnus Poulsson, in commemoration of Eystein's construction of a sælehus or shelter near the village.<ref>Lunde (1997) p. 44</ref>

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1230). Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and his brothers Eystein and Olaf (in Heimskringla). English translation: Samuel Laing (London, 1844).
• Theodoric the Monk (c. 1180). The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. English translation: David and Ian McDougall (London, 1998).
• "Retterbot fra kongene Sigurd, Øystein og Olav Magnussønner" [1103 - 1107], summary in Norwegian. Regesta Norvegica.

Modern literature

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External links

• Template:Cite news (retelling of Ívars þáttr Ingimundarsonar).