Febrile seizure

Template:Short description Template:Cs1 config Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox medical condition (new) A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion, is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue.<ref name=AFP2012/> They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Stat2019 /> Most seizures are less than five minutes in duration, and the child is completely back to normal within an hour of the event.<ref name=AFP2012>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=NHS2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are two types: simple febrile seizures and complex febrile seizures.<ref name="AFP2012" /> Simple febrile seizures involve an otherwise healthy child who has at most one tonic-clonic seizure lasting less than 15 minutes in a 24-hour period.<ref name=AFP2012 /> Complex febrile seizures have focal symptoms, last longer than 15 minutes, or occur more than once within 24 hours.<ref name=AAP2017 /> About 80% are classified as simple febrile seizures.<ref name=Leu2018/>

Febrile seizures are triggered by fever, typically due to a viral infection.<ref name=Leu2018/> They may run in families.<ref name=AFP2012/> The underlying mechanism is not fully known, but it is thought to involve genetics, environmental factors, brain immaturity, and inflammatory mediators.<ref name=BMJ2015 /><ref name=Kwon2018 /><ref name=Leu2018/> The diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain, there are no metabolic problems, and there have not been prior seizures that have occurred without a fever.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Leu2018/> Blood testing, imaging of the brain, or an electroencephalogram (EEG) is typically not needed.<ref name=AFP2012/> Examination to determine the source of the fever is recommended.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Leu2018/> In otherwise healthy-looking children a lumbar puncture is not necessarily required.<ref name=AFP2012/>

Neither anti-seizure medication nor anti-fever medication are recommended in an effort to prevent further simple febrile seizures.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the few cases that last greater than 5 minutes, a benzodiazepine such as lorazepam or midazolam may be used.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Efforts to rapidly cool during a seizure is not recommended.<ref name=FP2020>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Febrile seizures affect 2–10% of children.<ref name=Gup2016>Template:Cite journal</ref> They are more common in boys than girls.<ref name=Ron2008>Template:Cite book</ref> After a single febrile seizure there is an approximately 35% chance of having another one during childhood.<ref name=Leu2018/> Outcomes are generally excellent with similar academic achievements to other children and no change in the risk of death for those with simple seizures.<ref name=AFP2012/> There is tentative evidence that affected children have a slightly increased risk of epilepsy at 2% compared to the general population.<ref name=AFP2012/>

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms depend on if the febrile seizure is simple versus complex. In general, the child's temperature is greater than Template:Convert,<ref name="NHS2012" /> although most have a fever of 39 °C (102.2 °F) or higher.<ref name="Leu2018" /> Most febrile seizures will occur during the first 24 hours of developing a fever.<ref name="Leu2018" /> Signs of typical seizure activity include loss of consciousness, opened eyes which may be deviated or appear to be looking towards one direction, irregular breathing, increased secretions or foaming at the mouth, and the child may look pale or blue (cyanotic).<ref name="NHS2012" /><ref name="Leu2018" /> They may become incontinent (wet or soil themselves) and may also vomit.<ref name="NHS2012" />

Types

There are two types of febrile seizures: simple and complex.<ref name=AAP2017 /> Febrile status epilepticus is a subtype of complex febrile seizures that lasts for longer than 30 minutes.<ref name=BMJ2015 /> It can occur in up to 5% of febrile seizure cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Types<ref name="Leu2018" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=BMJ2015>Template:Cite journal</ref>

	Simple	Complex
Characteristics	Generalized tonic clonic movements (stiffening and shaking of arms and legs)	Focal movements (usually affecting a single limb or side of the body)
Duration	<15 minutes (with most lasting <5 minutes)	>15 minutes
Postictal state	None or short period of drowsiness	Longer period of drowsiness; may experience Todd's paralysis
Recurrence	No recurrence in the first 24 hours	May recur in the first 24 hours

Causes

Genetic associations<ref name="pmid16887333"/>

Type	OMIM	Gene
FEB3A	none	{{#switch:none	short = OMIM:	shortlink = OMIM:	plain = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man:	full	#default = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM):}}}} {{#if: | - }} 604403	SCN1A
FEB3B	none	{{#switch:none	short = OMIM:	shortlink = OMIM:	plain = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man:	full	#default = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM):}}}} {{#if: | - }} 604403	SCN9A
FEB4	none	{{#switch:none	short = OMIM:	shortlink = OMIM:	plain = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man:	full	#default = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM):}}}} {{#if: | - }} 604352	GPR98
FEB8	none	{{#switch:none	short = OMIM:	shortlink = OMIM:	plain = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man:	full	#default = Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM):}}}} {{#if: | - }} 611277	GABRG2

Febrile seizures are due to fevers,<ref name=Ron2008/> usually those greater than Template:Convert.<ref name=Neuro2012>Template:Cite book</ref> The cause of the fevers is often a viral illness.<ref name=AFP2012/> The likelihood of a febrile seizure is related to how high the temperature reaches.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name="Leu2018" /> Some feel that the rate of increase is not important<ref name=AFP2012/> while others feel the rate of increase is a risk factor.<ref name=Engel2008/> This latter position has not been proven.<ref name=Engel2008>Template:Cite book</ref>

In children, illnesses that often cause a fever include middle ear infections and viral upper respiratory infections.<ref name=AAP2017>Template:Cite book</ref> Other infections associated with febrile seizures include Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, and Roseola.<ref name=AAP2017 /> Although the exact mechanism is unknown, it is speculated that these infections may affect the brain directly or via a neurotoxin leading to seizures.<ref name=AAP2017 />

There is a small chance of a febrile seizure after certain vaccines.<ref name=Mon2017/> The risk is only slightly increased for a few days after receiving one of the implicated vaccines during the time when the child is likely to develop a fever as a natural immune response.<ref name="Leu2018" /> Implicated vaccines include:<ref name="Mon2017">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Leu2018" />

• measles/mumps/rubella/varicella
• combined diphtheria/tetanus/acellular pertussis/polio/Haemophilus influenzae type b
• diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis, which is not used in North America anymore
• some versions of the pneumococcal vaccine
• some types of inactivated influenza vaccine

It was previously thought that febrile seizures were more likely to occur with the combined MMRV vaccine, but recent studies have found there to be no significant increase.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> Overall, febrile seizures triggered by vaccines are uncommon.<ref name=":3" /> Children who have a genetic predisposition towards febrile seizures are more likely to have one after vaccination.<ref name=":3" />

The seizures occur, by definition, without an intracranial infection or metabolic problems.<ref name=AFP2012/> They run in families with reported family history in approximately 33% of people.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name="Leu2018" /> Several genetic associations have been identified,<ref name="pmid16887333">Template:Cite journal</ref> including GEFS+ and Dravet Syndrome.<ref name=BMJ2015 /> Possible modes of inheritance for genetic predisposition to febrile seizures include autosomal dominance with reduced penetrance and polygenic multifactorial inheritance.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Leu2018" /> An association with iron deficiency has also been reported, particularly in the developing world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mechanism

The exact underlying mechanism of febrile seizures is still unknown, but it is thought to be multi-factorial involving genetic and environmental factors.<ref name="Leu2018" /><ref name=BMJ2015 /> Speculation includes immaturity of the central nervous system at younger ages, making the brain more vulnerable to the effects of fever.<ref name="Leu2018" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> The increased activity of neurons during rapid brain development, may help explain why children, particularly younger than age 3, are prone to febrile seizures, with occurrences decreasing after age 5.<ref name=Leu2018/> Other proposed mechanisms include the interactions of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, which are released during a fever, causing elevated temperatures in the brain, which may somehow lead to a seizure.<ref name=BMJ2015 /><ref name=Kwon2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> Specific cytokines implicated include elevated CSF IL-1β and serum IL-6.<ref name=Kwon2018 />

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made by eliminating more serious causes of seizure and fever: in particular, meningitis and encephalitis.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, in children who are immunized against pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae, the risk of bacterial meningitis is low.<ref name=BMJ2015 /> If a child has recovered and is acting normally, bacterial meningitis is very unlikely, making further procedures such as a lumbar puncture unnecessary.<ref name="Leu2018" />

Diagnosis involves gathering a detailed history including the value of highest temperature recorded, timing of seizure and fever, seizure characteristics, time to return to baseline, vaccination history, illness exposures, family history, etc.; and performing a physical exam that looks for signs of infection including meningitis and neurological status.<ref name="Leu2018" /> Blood tests, imaging of the brain and an electroencephalogram are generally not needed.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=":9" /> However, for complex febrile seizures, EEG and imaging with an MRI of the brain may be helpful.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Lumbar puncture is recommended if there are obvious signs and symptoms of meningitis or if there is high clinical suspicion.<ref name=":9" /> However, lumbar puncture is an option that may be considered in children younger than 12 months of age since signs and symptoms of meningitis may be atypical, if the child does not return to baseline, or if the child lacks immunization against Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococcal or vaccination status is unknown.<ref name=AAP2017 /><ref name="Leu2018" /><ref name=":9" />

Differential diagnosis includes other causes of seizures such as CNS infections (i.e. meningitis, encephalitis), metabolic disturbances (i.e. electrolyte imbalances), CNS trauma, drug use and/or withdrawal, genetic conditions (i.e. GEFS+), FIRES, shivering, febrile delirium, febrile myoclonus, breath holding spells, and convulsive syncope.<ref name="Leu2018" /> However, febrile seizures are still the most likely cause of convulsions in children under the age of 5 years old.<ref name=":9" />

Prevention

There is no benefit from the use of phenytoin, valproate, ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, pyridoxine, or zinc sulfate.<ref name=":0" /> There is no evidence to support administering fever reducing medications such as acetaminophen at the time of a febrile seizure or to prevent the rate of recurrence.<ref name=ILAE2015>Template:Cite journal</ref> Rapid cooling methods such as an ice bath or a cold bath should be avoided as a method to lower the child's temperature, especially during a febrile seizure.<ref name=FP2020 />

There is a decrease of recurrent febrile seizures with intermittent diazepam and phenobarbital but there is a high rate of adverse effects.<ref name=":0" /> They are thus not recommended as an effort to prevent further seizures.<ref name="AFP2012" />

Treatment

File:Seizure Recovery Position.pdf

Side positioning for person having a seizure

If a child is having a febrile seizure, the following recommendations are made for caregivers:<ref name=NIH2017/>

• Note the start time of the seizure. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, call an ambulance. Medication to stop seizure, such as rectal diazepam or intranasal midazolam may be used.<ref name=Stat2019 /> The child should be taken immediately to the nearest medical facility for further diagnosis and treatment.<ref name=NIH2017/>
• Gradually place the child on a protected surface such as the floor or ground to prevent accidental injury. Do not restrain or hold a child during a convulsion.<ref name=NIH2017/>
• Position the child on his or her side or stomach to prevent choking. When possible, gently remove any objects from the child's mouth. Nothing should ever be placed in the child's mouth during a convulsion. These objects can obstruct the child's airway and make breathing difficult.<ref name=NIH2017/>
• Seek immediate medical attention if this is the child's first febrile seizure and take the child to the doctor once the seizure has ended to check for the cause of the fever. This is especially urgent if the child shows symptoms of stiff neck, extreme lethargy, or abundant vomiting, which may be signs of meningitis, an infection over the brain surface.<ref name="NIH2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} Template:PD-notice</ref>

In those with a single seizure lasting greater than 5 minutes or two consecutive seizures lasting greater than 5 minutes in which the person has not returned to their baseline mental status, defined as status epilepticus, intravenous lorazepam, rectal diazepam, or intranasal midazolam is recommended.<ref name="AFP2012" /><ref name=Stat2019 /> Anti-seizure medication are used in status epilepticus in an effort to prevent complications such as injury to the hippocampus or temporal lobe epilepsy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Secondary causes of a seizure should be addressed if present. Questions that may be asked of the caregivers who witnessed the seizure include the length of the seizure, the timing of the day, loss of consciousness, loss of bowel or urinary continence, a period of altered level of consciousness or confusion once the seizure stopped, movement of the eyes to a specific side, recent infections, recent medication usage including antibiotics or fever reducer medications, family history of febrile and afebrile seizures, vaccination and travel history.Template:Citation needed

Vital signs should be monitored in the emergency department along with observation for 6 hours. Evaluation for the cause of fever should be performed including signs of an infection such as a bulging tympanic membrane (otitis media), red pharynx, enlarged tonsils, enlarged cervical lymph nodes (streptococcal pharyngitis or infectious mononucleosis), and a widespread rash.<ref name=Leu2018 /> CNS infections such as meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses should be ruled out, along with electrolyte abnormalities.Template:Citation needed

Prognosis

Long term outcomes are generally good with little risk of neurological problems or epilepsy.<ref name=AFP2012/> Those who have one febrile seizure have an approximately 30- 40% chance of having another one in the next two years, with the risk being greater in those who are younger.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Leu2018>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Simple febrile seizures do not tend to recur frequently (children tend to outgrow them) and do not make the development of adult epilepsy significantly more likely (about 3–5%)Template:Clarify compared with the general public (1%).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Children with febrile convulsions are more likely to have a febrile seizure in the future if they were young at their first seizure (less than 18 months old), have a family history of a febrile convulsions in first-degree relatives (a parent or sibling), have a short time between the onset of fever and the seizure, had a low degree of fever before their seizure, or have a seizure history of abnormal neurological signs or developmental delay. Similarly, the prognosis after a complex febrile seizure is excellent, although an increased risk of death has been shown for complex febrile seizures, partly related to underlying conditions.<ref name="pmid18692714">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Epidemiology

Febrile seizures happen between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Stat2019>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> The peak age for a febrile seizure is 18 months, with the most common age range being 12–30 months of age.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They affect between 2-5% of children.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Stat2019 /><ref name=":1" /> They are more common in boys than girls.<ref name=Ron2008/><ref name=Leu2018 /> Febrile seizures can occur in any ethnic group, although there have been higher rates in Guamanians (14%), Japanese (6-9%) and Indians (5-10%).<ref name=Patt2013>Template:Cite journal</ref>