Orders of magnitude (mass)

File:Scales of mass.jpg

An overview of ranges of mass

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10⁻⁶⁷ kg and 10⁵² kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

Units of mass

The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10⁻³ kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 10³ kg is a megagram (10⁶ g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 10³ kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 10³ kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 10⁹ g is 10³ tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (Template:Solar mass).

The least massive things: below 10⁻²⁴ kg

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of Template:Val = Template:Val.

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−67	1.07Template:E kg	Graviton, upper bound (6Template:E eV/c2)<ref name="Particle_table_2020">Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−40	4.2Template:E kg	Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−36	1.8Template:E kg	1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	3.6Template:E kg	Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)<ref> "The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass [...] is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this value corresponds to an upper limit on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c2 (95% Confidence Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment Template:Webarchive </ref>
10−33 quectogram (qg)
10−31	9.11Template:E kg	Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−30 rontogram (rg)	3.0–5.5Template:E kg	Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)<ref name="PDG2011"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−28	1.9Template:E kg	Muon (106 MeV/c2)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−27 yoctogram (yg)	1.661Template:E kg	Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
	1.673Template:E kg	Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1.674Template:E kg	Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
	1.675Template:E kg	Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−26	1.2Template:E kg	Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
	3.0Template:E kg	Water molecule (18.015 Da)
	8.0Template:E kg	Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−25	1.1Template:E kg	Copper atom (63.546 Da)
	1.6Template:E kg	Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)<ref name="Amsler2008">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2.2Template:E kg	Higgs boson (125 GeV/c2)
	3.1Template:E kg	Top quark (173 GeV/c2),<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> the heaviest known elementary particle
	3.2Template:E kg	Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
	3.5Template:E kg	Lead-208 atom
	4.9Template:E kg	Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10⁻²⁴ to 10⁻¹⁸ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−24 zeptogram (zg)	1.2Template:E kg	Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−23	1.4Template:E kg	Ubiquitin, a small ubiquitous protein (8.6 kDa)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5.5Template:E kg	A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−22	1.1Template:E kg	Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−21 attogram (ag)	1.65Template:E kg	Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)<ref>From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule [1]. Retrieved 2010-10-14</ref>
	4.3Template:E kg	Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)<ref name="ETH_ribosome">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	7.1Template:E kg	Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)<ref name=ETH_ribosome />
	7.6Template:E kg	Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−20	3Template:E kg	Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6.8Template:E kg	Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−19	1.1Template:E kg	Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2.5Template:E kg	Human adenovirus (150 MDa)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹² kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−18 femtogram (fg)	1Template:E kg	HIV-1 virus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Calculated : volume = 4/3 × π × (126e−9 m / 2)3 = 1.05e−21 m3. Assume density = 1 g/cm3 => mass = 1.05e−21 m3 × 1e3 kg/m3 = 1.05e−18 kg</ref>
	4.7Template:E kg	DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−17	~1Template:E kg	Vaccinia virus, a large virus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1.1Template:E kg	Mass equivalent of 1 joule<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−16	3Template:E kg	Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> photosynthetic organism on Earth<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mass_from_v_times_rho_1"/>
10−15 picogram (pg)	1Template:E kg	E. coli bacterium (wet weight)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6Template:E kg	DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14	2.2Template:E kg	Human sperm cell<ref name="mass_from_v_times_rho_1"/><ref>M. R. Curry, J. D. Millar, S. M. Tamuli & P. F. Watson, "Surface Area & Volume Measurements for Ram & Human Spermatozoa," Biology of Reproduction, 55, 6 (1996‑12‑01): 1325–32.</ref>
	6Template:E kg	Yeast cell (quite variable)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−13	1.5Template:E kg	Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ kg

File:Sand under electron microscope.jpg

Scanning electron micrograph showing grains of sand

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−12 nanogram (ng)	1Template:E kg	Average human cell (1 nanogram)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2–3Template:E kg	HeLa human cell<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	8Template:E kg	Grain of birch pollen<ref>Template:Cite journal "the total pollen grain mass of approximately 7.85 ng"</ref>
10−11
10−10	2.5Template:E kg	Grain of maize pollen<ref>Template:Cite journal "The dry weight of individual pollen grains has been estimated at 250 ng"</ref>
	3.5Template:E kg	Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9 microgram (μg)	3.6Template:E kg	Human ovum<ref name="mass_from_v_times_rho_1">Mass calculated from volume assuming density of 1 g/mL</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2.4Template:E kg	US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−8	Template:Val	Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
	Template:Val	US RDA for vitamin D for adults<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	~2Template:E kg	Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20Template:Nbspμg)<ref>Report to the CGPM, 14th meeting of the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU), April 2001, 2. (ii); General Conference on Weights and Measures, 22nd Meeting, October 2003, which stated "The kilogram is in need of a new definition because the mass of the prototype is known to vary by several parts in 108 over periods of time of the order of a month ..." (3.2Template:NbspMB ZIP file, here).</ref>
	2.2Template:E kg	Planck mass,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
	~7Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−7	1.5Template:E kg	US RDA for iodine for adults<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2–3Template:E kg	Fruit fly (dry weight)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

10⁻⁶ to 1 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−6 milligram (mg)	2.5Template:E kg	Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> grain of salt or sand,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> medicines are typically expressed in milligrams<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−5 centigram (cg)	1.1Template:E kg	Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)<ref>Quartz has a density of 2.65. Mass = Volume × Density = (4/3 × π × (1e−3 m)3) × (2.65 × 1e3 kg/m3) = 1.1e−5 kg.</ref>
	2Template:E kg	Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10−4 decigram (dg)	0.27–2.0Template:E kg	Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1.5Template:E kg	A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)<ref name=NIST_units />
	2Template:E kg	Metric carat (200 milligrams)<ref name=NIST_units />
10−3 gram (g)	1Template:E kg	One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	~1Template:E kg	Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	~8Template:E kg	Coins of one euro (7.5 grams),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
10−2 decagram (dag)	1.2Template:E kg	Mass of one mole ([[Avogadro constant|6.02214Template:E]] atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
	1.37Template:E kg	Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2–4Template:E kg	Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2.8Template:E kg	Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)<ref name=NIST_units />
	4.7Template:E kg	Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent<ref name="NIST_units">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Calculated: 1e6 tons of TNT-equivalent × 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1.1e−17 kg of mass-equivalent/J = 4.7e−2 kg of mass-equivalent</ref>
10−1 hectogram   (hg)	0.1-0.2 kg	An orange (100–200 grams)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	0.142-0.149 kg	A baseball used in the major league.<ref>Christina Lee, "Mass of a Baseball", The Physics Factbook, 1999. Retrieved 2018-07-04</ref>
	0.454 kg	Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)<ref name=NIST_units />

1 kg to 10⁵ kg

File:Poids fonte.jpg

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Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1 kg kilogram (kg)	1 kg	One litre (0.001 m3) of water<ref name=water_density>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1–3 kg	Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1–3 kg	Typical laptop computer, 2010<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1–3 kg	Adult domestic tortoise
	2.5–4 kg	Newborn human baby<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	4.0 kg	Women's shot<ref name=shot_put>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	4–5 kg	Housecat<ref name="Mattern">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	7.26 kg	Men's shot<ref name=shot_put />
101	9–27 kg	Medium-sized dog<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	10–30 kg	A CRT computer monitor or television setTemplate:Citation needed
	50 kg	Large dog breed (Great Dane)
	70 kg	Adult human<ref name="Mass of an Adult">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
102	130–180 kg	Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	200–250 kg	Giant tortoise
	240–450 kg	Grand piano<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Calculated: 540 lbs × 0.4536 kg/lb = 240 kg. 990 lb × 0.4536 kg/lb = 450 kg.</ref>
	400–900 kg	Dairy cow<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	500–500,000 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Using the quoted density of 1e5 to 1e8 kg/m3 for white dwarf material, 1 teaspoon = 5mL = 5e−3 m3 has a calculated mass of: Low end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e5 kg/m3 = 5e2 kg High end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e8 kg/m3 = 5e5 kg</ref>
	635 kg	Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
	907.2 kg	1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)<ref name=NIST_units />
103 megagram (Mg)	1000 kg	1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)<ref name=NIST_units />
	1000 kg	1 cubic metre of water<ref name=water_density />
	1016.05 kg	Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)<ref name=NIST_units />
	1300–1600 kg	Typical passenger cars<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2700–6000 kg	Adult elephant<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
104	1.1Template:E kg	Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1.2Template:E kg	Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	1.4Template:E kg	Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2.7Template:E kg	ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
	4Template:E kg	Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5Template:E–6Template:E kg	Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
	6.0Template:E kg	Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)<ref>Template:Metbull</ref>
	7.3Template:E kg	Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
105	1.74-1.83Template:E kg	Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
	1.8Template:E kg	Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	4.2Template:E kg	International Space Station (417 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6Template:E kg	World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

10⁶ to 10¹¹ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
106 gigagram (Gg)	1Template:E kg	Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	2.0Template:E kg	Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6Template:E kg	Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	7.8Template:E kg	Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
107	1Template:E kg	Annual production of Darjeeling tea<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5.2Template:E kg	RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	9.97Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
108	6.6Template:E kg	Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	7Template:E kg	Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
109 teragram (Tg)	4.3Template:E kg	Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6Template:E kg	Great Pyramid of Giza<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1010	6Template:E kg	Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1011	~1Template:E kg	The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2Template:E kg	Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	6Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5Template:E kg	Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

10¹² to 10¹⁷ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1012 petagram (Pg)	0.8–2.1Template:E kg	Global biomass of fish<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	4Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	4Template:E kg	World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5.5Template:E kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)<ref>The average density of material in a neutron star of radius 10 km is Template:Val. Therefore, 5 ml of such material is Template:Val, or 5 500 000 000 t. This is about 15 times the total mass of the human world population. Alternatively, 5 ml from a neutron star of radius 20 km radius (average density Template:Val) has a mass of about 400 Mt, or about the mass of all humans.</ref>
1013	1Template:E kg	Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	4Template:E kg	Global annual human carbon dioxide emission<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1014	1.05Template:E kg	Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth<ref name=behrenfeld98>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	7.2Template:E kg	Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1015 exagram (Eg)	2.0Template:E kg	Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	3.5Template:E kg	Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1016	1Template:E kg	951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1Template:E kg	Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	3Template:E kg	Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	3.8Template:E kg	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1017	1.6Template:E kg	Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring<ref name="ThomasPC_Saturn">Template:Cite journal</ref>

10¹⁸ to 10²³ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1018 zettagram (Zg)	5.1Template:E kg	Earth's atmosphere<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5.6Template:E kg	Hyperion, a moon of Saturn<ref name="ThomasPC_Saturn"/>
1019	3Template:E kg	3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} </ref>
	3Template:E kg	The rings of Saturn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1020	9.4Template:E kg	Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1021 yottagram (Yg)	1.4Template:E kg	Earth's oceans<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	1.5Template:E kg	Charon, the largest moon of Pluto<ref name="doi10.1086/504422">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2.9–3.7Template:E kg	The asteroid belt<ref name="Krasinskyetal2002">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	4Template:E kg	Haumea<ref name="RagozzineBrown2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1022	1.3Template:E kg	Pluto<ref name="doi10.1086/504422"/>
	2.1Template:E kg	Triton, largest moon of Neptune<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	7.3Template:E kg	Earth's Moon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1023	1.3Template:E kg	Titan, largest moon of Saturn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	1.5Template:E kg	Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	3.3Template:E kg	Mercury<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6.4Template:E kg	Mars<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

10²⁴ to 10²⁹ kg

File:Hubble Visible View of Jupiter.jpg

Jupiter is the most massive planet in the Solar System.

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1024 ronnagram (Rg)	4.9Template:E kg	Venus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	6.0Template:E kg	Earth<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1025	3Template:E kg	Oort cloud<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	8.7Template:E kg	Uranus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1026	1.0Template:E kg	Neptune<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5.7Template:E kg	Saturn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1027 quettagram (Qg)	1.9Template:E kg	Jupiter<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1028	2–14Template:E kg	Brown dwarfs (approximate)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1029	3Template:E kg	Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

10³⁰ to 10³⁵ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1030	2Template:E kg	The Sun<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> (one solar mass or Template:Solar mass = 1.989Template:E kg)
	2.8Template:E kg	Chandrasekhar limit (Template:Solar mass)<ref>p. 55, How A Supernova Explodes, Hans A. Bethe and Gerald Brown, pp. 51–62 in Formation And Evolution of Black Holes in the Galaxy: Selected Papers with Commentary, Hans Albrecht Bethe, Gerald Edward Brown, and Chang-Hwan Lee, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific: 2003. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1031	4Template:E kg	Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (Template:Solar mass)<ref>Kaler, Jim. "Betelgeuse" Template:Webarchive (2008). Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.</ref>
1032	4–7Template:E kg	R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 Template:Solar mass)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	6–8Template:E kg	Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 Template:Solar mass)<ref>The Astrophysics Spectator: Open Star Clusters. Retrieved 2008-09-15</ref>
1033	1.6Template:E kg	Pleiades star cluster (Template:Solar mass)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1034
1035	~1035 kg	Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3Template:E to 4Template:E Template:Solar mass)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2Template:E kg	Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1Template:E to 1Template:E Template:Solar mass)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	7.3Template:E kg	Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

10³⁶ to 10⁴¹ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1036	1.79Template:E kg	The entire Carina complex.
	2.4Template:E kg	The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (Template:Solar mass)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	7–8Template:E kg	The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (Template:Solar mass)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	8Template:E kg	Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041	1.98Template:E kg	Phoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion solar masses (Template:Solar mass)
	4Template:E kg	Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The most massive things: 10⁴² kg and greater

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1042	1.2Template:E kg	Milky Way galaxy (Template:Solar mass)<ref name=Karachentsev2006>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2–3Template:E kg	Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (Template:Solar mass)<ref name=Karachentsev2006/>
1043	5.37Template:E kg	ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe<ref>Durrer, R., & Parnovsky, S. (2023). Catastrophic Dark Matter Particle Capture, 11. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.08843.pdf</ref>
1044
1045	1–2Template:E kg	Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (Template:Solar mass)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1046
1047	2Template:E kg	Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048	2Template:E kg	Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049	4Template:E kg	Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050
1051
1052	4.4506Template:E kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
	1.4Template:E kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Lists of astronomical objects

External links

• Mass units conversion calculator
• Mass units conversion calculator JavaScript