Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
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Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (April 26, 1933 Template:Snd September 23, 2005) was a Puerto Rican independence activist who cofounded the Boricua Popular Army, also known as Los Macheteros, and its predecessor, the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (FALN).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Effects and effectiveness of law enforcement intelligence measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) Template:Webarchive; Roberta Belli, Final Report to the Science & Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, August 2012, page 8.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1990, Ojeda Ríos became a fugitive of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), wanted for his role in the 1983 Águila Blanca heist, which netted more than Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion (equivalent to more than $Template:InflationTemplate:Nbspmillion in Template:Inflation/year), as well as a bail bond default on September 23 of that year. On September 23, 2005, he was killed during an exchange of gunfire with FBI agents after they surrounded the house in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico.
The FBI operation in Hormigueros was questioned by local Puerto Rican authorities as well as international organizations. The killing of Ojeda Ríos resonated throughout the Puerto Rican community around the world. In response to questions raised in media accounts and by public officials in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, FBI director Robert Mueller requested an investigation by the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General.<ref name="fbi.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The resulting report concluded that "the FBI agents’ use of force in the Ojeda operation did not violate the Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy" and that Ojeda Ríos had initiated the exchange of gunfire.<ref name="justice.gov">https://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s0608/full_report.pdf Template:Webarchive A Review of the September 2005 Shooting Incident Involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Filiberto Ojeda Ríos</ref> The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Civil Rights Commission subsequently conducted its own investigation of the incident and issued a report on 22 September 2011 wherein the Commission called Ojeda Ríos's death an "illegal killing".<ref>Ojeda Ríos Report Expected by December 31. By Eva Llorens Vélez. Puerto Rico Daily Sun. November 27, 2009. Template:Webarchive Retrieved November 27, 2009.</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Ojeda Ríos was born on April 26, 1933, in the barrio of Río Blanco in Naguabo, Puerto Rico to Inocencio Ojeda. Ojeda Ríos entered college when he was fifteen years old and was described as having an "engaging intelligence".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a child, he played the trumpet and guitar.<ref name="Salsa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He joined La Sonora Ponceña, a salsa band from Ponce, Puerto Rico where he performed both instruments.<ref name="Salsa"/>
Militant activitiesEdit
In the 1960s, he founded the Armed Revolutionary Independence Movement, aka MIRA (Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario Armado).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The group was involved in the killing of a Puerto Rican policeman who refused to surrender his car.<ref name="Macheteros">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The group was responsible for nearly 120 bombings in the United States between 1974 and 1983, including the 1975 bombing of the Fraunces Tavern in which four civilians were killed.<ref name="Macheteros"/> On September 12, 1983, Los Macheteros stole more than Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion (equivalent to more than $Template:InflationTemplate:Nbspmillion in Template:Inflation/year) from a Wells Fargo depot in West Hartford, Connecticut.
In 1989, a jury of 12 found Ojeda Ríos “innocent of all charges filed against him for shooting at FBI agents during his 1985 arrest.”<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was released on bond after his attorneys successfully argued he had been denied a speedy trial, although the delay in bringing him to trial was largely the result of defense motions. On September 23, 1990, the anniversary of the Grito de Lares, Ojeda Ríos cut off the electronic tag that had been placed on his ankle as a condition of his release, and became a fugitive.<ref name="The independent">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In July 1992, Ojeda Ríos was sentenced in absentia to 55 years in prison and fined $600,000 for his role in the Wells Fargo heist.<ref name="FBI"/>
DeathEdit
On September 23, 2005, Ojeda Ríos was surrounded in his home in the outskirts of the town of Hormigueros, Puerto Rico by the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) and fatally shot. The HRT had recently received commando training in Iraq.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The FBI recounted the incident in a press release where it emphasized the participation of the San Juan field office.<ref name="FBI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to this document, the FBI was performing surveillance of the area driven by reports that Ojeda Ríos had been spotted in the home. The FBI determined its surveillance team had been detected, and decided to proceed with serving an arrest warrant against Ojeda Ríos. As the agents approached the home, Ojeda opened fire. One agent was wounded. The official report found "this daylight assault was extremely dangerous and not the best option available to the FBI."<ref name="report">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to Ojeda Rios' wife, Elma Beatriz Rosado Barbosa, as well as neighbor Héctor Reyes, it was the FBI agents who initiated the shooting at 3:00 pm. The Office of the Inspector General's report stated that an FBI agent detonated a non-lethal "flash bang" grenade outside the house as a diversionary tactic when the FBI approached the house, before any gunfire began, and that Rosado may have thought this explosion was gunfire initiated by the FBI.<ref name="report"/> The FBI press release stated, "as the FBI agents approached the front of the farm house at approximately 4:28 p.m., Ojeda Ríos opened the front door to the residence and opened fire on the FBI agents. In response to the gunfire from Ojeda Ríos, the FBI returned fire and established a defensive perimeter in order to contain the environment."<ref name="report"/>
Rosado also alleged that Ojeda Ríos offered to turn himself in to journalist Jesús Dávila, but that his offer was rebuffed by the agents.<ref name="Chapter 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Office of the Inspector General report concluded that "although the FBI utilized a negotiator from its San Juan office during the standoff, the FBI did not comply with its own policies regarding the integration of negotiators into operations planning or the use of multiple negotiators."<ref name="report"/>
The FBI did not enter the house until shortly after noon the next day, at which time the agents found Ojeda Ríos dead on the floor from a single bullet wound that had punctured his lung. The report by the U.S. Department of Justice stated, "the forensic pathologist from the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences who performed the autopsy estimated that Ojeda died from blood loss approximately 15 to 30 minutes after being shot, which would place the time of death between 6:23 p.m. and 6:38 p.m.". He was buried at Cementerio Municipal Barrio Rio Blanco in Naguabo, Puerto Rico.<ref name="report"/><ref name="Post">Template:Cite news</ref>
AftermathEdit
The report by the Puerto Rico Commission on Civil Rights states that Rodríguez Morales, one of the two forensic pathologists that performed the autopsy, declared that "as a pathologist she cannot 'say at what precise time' Ojeda Ríos died, what can be given is an estimate of the number of hours that he had been dead."<ref>Informe Final sobre la Investigacion de los Sucesos occ=urridos en el Municipio de Hormigueros el 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico/Comision de Derechos Civiles, 31 March 2011; revised 22 September 2011. p. 121. Archived</ref> She added she did not believe that a person of 72 years, who had had open heart surgery, could have survived an hour.<ref>Informe Final sobre la Investigacion de los Sucesos occ=urridos en el Municipio de Hormigueros el 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda Rios Template:Webarchive, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico/Comision de Derechos Civiles. 31 March 2011. Revised 22 September 2011. p. 123. Archived</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The FBI was criticized for failing to notify Commonwealth of Puerto Rico officials in advance of the Ojeda Ríos arrest operation by the Commission on Civil Rights, but the OIG report "determined that the FBI made the decision not to notify Puerto Rico officials of the operation because of concerns about leaks that could compromise the operation, which was a reasonable consideration under the circumstances."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The report found that the "FBI missed opportunities to provide accurate information to the public and to Commonwealth officials regarding the reasons for the delay in entering Ojeda's residence" <ref name="report" /> but that the delayed entry itself was justified.<ref name="Ojeda Death: Fbi Cleared">Ojeda Death: FBI Cleared, courant.com; accessed June 10, 2020.</ref>
Politicians across party lines in Puerto Rico criticized the handling of the event.<ref name="Post-2">Template:Cite news</ref> Sitting governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI assault as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know why his government was not informed beforehand.<ref name="globe">Template:Cite news</ref> The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. Three Puerto Rican members of the U.S. Congress demanded the release of more specific, and more responsive, FBI information.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amnesty International demanded an independent investigation into the possibility of "extra-judicial execution" in the case.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A United Nations General Assembly Special Committee resolution labeled the killing an "assassination".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Puerto Rico Department of Justice filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident.<ref name="Azcentral">Template:Cite news</ref> In late March 2006, the Department sued federal authorities, including Mueller and US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, seeking an injunction to force the federal government authorities to provide the Commonwealth government with information related to the operation in which Ojeda Ríos died, as well as another one in which the FBI searched the homes of independence supporters affiliated with Los Macheteros. A U.S. District Court judge ruled against the Puerto Rico Department of Justice.<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday.com">Court refuses to step into Ojeda case By Peter Yost. USA TODAY March 31, 2008; retrieved April 17, 2014.</ref> The case was subsequently appealed to a federal appeals court which ruled that "disclosing information on the Ojeda raid 'would reveal how the FBI goes about capturing a fugitive who is believed to be dangerous.'"<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday.com"/> The Commonwealth Government then took the case to the United States Supreme Court but "the Supreme Court...refused to consider [the] lawsuit by Puerto Rico seeking FBI files in the killing of Puerto Rican independence supporter Filiberto Ojeda Rios."<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday.com"/>
In response to questions raised in media accounts and by public officials in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, FBI Director Robert Mueller requested an investigation by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Department of Justice.<ref name="fbi.gov"/> The resulting report concluded that "the FBI agents’ use of force in the Ojeda operation did not violate the Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy" and that Ojeda Ríos had initiated the exchange of gunfire.<ref name="justice.gov"/> In clearing the FBI, the report found that Ojeda Ríos "clearly posed a threat to the agents" and was shot only after refusing to surrender when he was seen aiming a pistol at an agent.<ref name="Ojeda Death: Fbi Cleared"/>
In popular cultureEdit
The hip hop musical group Calle 13 wrote the song "Querido FBI" ("Dear FBI"), to protest the manner of Ojeda Ríos' death at the hands of the FBI.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Singer-songwriter Mikie Rivera has composed two songs inspired by Ojeda Ríos: "HF" and "Piedra y bala".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In April 2018, a feature-length biographic documentary entitled Filiberto was made about him, directed by Freddie Marrero Alfonso.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- DOJ/OIG Review of the September 2005 Shooting Incident Involving the FBI and Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
- Filiberto Ojeda Rios: A Puerto Rican Life, by Ari Paul
- Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
- Macheteros identify FBI agent who participated in Ojeda Rios assassination and issue warning.
- Template:Usurped
- US Supreme Court Ruling Denying Motion that Argued Principles of International Law on the Basis that Puerto Rico is 'not an Independent Nation'.
- Call him a Terrorist, Everything else is Covered. Donaldo Pereira Macedo and Shirley R. Steinberg. Media Literacy: A Reader. Chapter 22. pp. 242-255. Peter Lang Publishing. 2007.