Filipino Americans

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Mga Pilipinong Amerikano|Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

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| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |upright=|alt=|image={{#if:|{{{rawimage}}}|Americans with Filipino Ancestry by state.svg }} }} | caption2 = Map depicting Filipino Americans percentage-wise by U.S. state, per the 2010 US census

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| header1 = {{#if:4,640,313 (2023)<ref name="ACS 2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
(ancestry or ethnic origin)
2,051,900 (2023)<ref name="USCB Census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
(born in the Philippines) |Total population}}

| data2 = 4,640,313 (2023)<ref name="ACS 2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
(ancestry or ethnic origin)
2,051,900 (2023)<ref name="USCB Census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
(born in the Philippines) {{#if:|(Template:Comma separated entries)}} {{#if: | (including those of ancestral descent)}} | label3 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data3 = | label4 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data4 = | label5 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data5 =

| header6 = {{#if:Western United States, Hawaii, especially in metropolitan areas and elsewhere as of 2010California |Regions with significant populations}} | data7 = Western United States, Hawaii, especially in metropolitan areas and elsewhere as of 2010 | header8 = | data9 =

| label11 = California | data11 = 1,651,933<ref name="usa.inquirer.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | label12 = Hawaii | data12 = 367,364<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label13 = Texas | data13 = 194,427<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label14 = Washington | data14 = 178,300<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label15 = Nevada | data15 = 169,462<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label16 = Illinois | data16 = 159,385<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label17 = New York | data17 = 144,436<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label18 = Florida | data18 = 143,481<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label19 = New Jersey | data19 = 129,514<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label20 = Virginia | data20 = 108,128<ref name="usa.inquirer.net"/> | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:English (American, Philippine),<ref name="MMcBride"/>
Tagalog (Filipino),<ref name="MMcBride"/><ref name="US Census bureau, languages in the US"/>
Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Chavacano), and other languages of the Philippines<ref name="MMcBride">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }},</ref>
Spanish, Chinese (Minnan and Fujien)<ref name="SpanishChinese" /><ref name="334LeeNadeau"/> |Languages}} | data62 = English (American, Philippine),<ref name="MMcBride"/>
Tagalog (Filipino),<ref name="MMcBride"/><ref name="US Census bureau, languages in the US"/>
Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Chavacano), and other languages of the Philippines<ref name="MMcBride">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }},</ref>
Spanish, Chinese (Minnan and Fujien)<ref name="SpanishChinese" /><ref name="334LeeNadeau"/> | header63 = {{#if:65% Roman Catholicism
21% Protestantism
8% Irreligion
1% Buddhism<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Failed verification
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |Religion}} | data64 = 65% Roman Catholicism
21% Protestantism
8% Irreligion
1% Buddhism<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Failed verification
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | header65 = {{#if:Overseas Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Austronesian |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Overseas Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Austronesian |Overseas Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Austronesian Template:Main other }}

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Filipino Americans (Template:Langx) are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Harvnb</ref> and other small settlements beginning in the 18th century.<ref name="RRodis2006">Template:Cite news</ref> Mass migration did not begin until after the end of the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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As of 2022, there were almost 4.5 million Filipino Americans in the United States<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with large communities in California, Hawaii, Illinois, Texas, Florida, Nevada, and the New York metropolitan area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Around one third of Filipino Americans identify as multiracial or multiethnic, with 3 million reporting only Filipino ancestry and 1.5 million reporting Filipino in combination with another group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Terminology

The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Am<ref>"Fil-Am: abbreviation Filipino American". Template:Webarchive, allwords.com Template:Webarchive, Date accessed: 29 April 2011
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Template:Cite book</ref> or Pinoy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Another term which has been used is Philippine Americans.<ref>Template:Cite news
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</ref> The earliest appearance of the term Pinoy (feminine Pinay), was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beginning in 2017, started by individuals who identify with the LGBT+ Filipino-American population, there is an effort to adopt the term FilipinX; this new term has faced opposition within the broader overseas Filipino diaspora, within the Philippines, and in the United States, with some who are in opposition believing it is an attempt of a "colonial imposition".<ref>Template:Cite news
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Background

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

File:5ViewsOfStMaloLouisiana1883 (centered).jpg

Five images of the Filipino settlement at Saint Malo, Louisiana

Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around Morro Bay, California,<ref>Template:Cite book
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the first permanent settlement in Saint Malo, Spanish Louisiana, in 1763,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the settlers there were called "Manilamen" and they served in the Battle of New Orleans during the closing stages of the War of 1812, after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.<ref name="AFPS">Template:Cite news</ref> There were then small settlements of Filipinos beginning in the 18th century,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite book</ref> and Filipinos worked as cowboys and ranch hands in the 1800s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There was also a settlement in Plaquemines Parish, which became known as "Manila Village". This area was the center of the shrimp drying industry in Louisiana, and its workforce was composed predominantly of Filipino migrants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. By 1904, Filipino peoples of different ethnic backgrounds were imported by the U.S. government onto the Americas and were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as part of a human zoo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the 1920s, many Filipinos immigrated to the United States as unskilled labor, to provide better opportunities for their families back at home.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. After independence in 1946, Filipino-American numbers continued to grow. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The majority of Filipinos who immigrated after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were skilled professionals and technicians.<ref name=":0"/>

The 2010 census counted 3.4 million Filipino Americans;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the United States Department of State in 2011 estimated the total at 4 million, or 1.1% of the U.S. population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are the country's second-largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey.<ref name="usacensus1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite journal</ref> They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Florida, Texas, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area, and Illinois.

Demographics

Template:See alsoSome Filipinos have traditional Philippine surnames, such as Bacdayan or Macapagal, while others have surnames derived from Japanese, Indian, and Chinese and reflect centuries of trade with these merchants preceding European and American rule.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="48BMP1999">Template:Cite book Template:Google books</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Leupp">Template:Cite book</ref> Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames,<ref name="48BMP1999" /><ref name="334LeeNadeau">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Google books</ref> and celebrate fiestas.<ref name="22NB2003" />

Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called "Latinos" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism;<ref name="Latinos of Asia">Template:Cite book</ref> this view is not universally accepted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Philippines experienced both Spanish and American colonial territorial status,Template:Efn with its population seen through each nation's racial constructs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos choose to also identify as Hispanic or Latino, while others may not and identify more as Asian Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> In a 2017 Pew Research Survey, only 1% of immigrants from the Philippines identified as Hispanic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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Language

File:Tagalog USC2000 PHS.svg

Tagalog language spread in the United States

Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the national language, with English in wide use.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite bookTemplate:Google books
Template:Cite book Template:Google books</ref> Many Filipinos speak Philippine English, a dialect derived from American English due to American colonial influence in the country's education system and due to limited Spanish education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite book</ref> Among Asian Americans in 1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of individuals who had problems with English.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2000, among U.S.-born Filipino Americans, three quarters responded that English is their primary language;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively.<ref>Template:Cite thesis
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In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth-most-spoken language in the United States, with 1.262 million speakers;<ref name="US Census bureau, languages in the US">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> by 2011, it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Tagalog usage is significant in California, Nevada, and Washington, while Ilocano usage is significant in Hawaii.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many of California's public announcements and documents are translated into Tagalog.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tagalog is also taught in some public schools in the United States, as well as at some colleges.<ref>Malabonga, Valerie. (2019). Heritage Voices: Programs - Tagalog Template:Webarchive.
Template:Cite news</ref> Other significant Filipino languages are Ilocano and Cebuano.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other languages spoken in Filipino-American households include Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Bicolano and Waray.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, fluency in Philippine languages tends to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite thesis</ref> Other languages of the community include Spanish and Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin).<ref name="SpanishChinese">Template:Cite book</ref> The demonym, Filipinx, is a gender-neutral term that is applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora, specifically Filipino Americans. The term is not applied to Filipinos in the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Religion

The Philippines is 90% Christian,<ref name="22NB2003">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Google books</ref><ref name="SRussellReligion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> one of only two predominantly Christian countries in Southeast Asia, alongside East Timor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite book</ref> Following the European arrival to the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, Spaniards made a concerted effort to convert Filipinos to Catholicism; outside of the Muslim sultanates and animist societies, missionaries were able to convert large numbers of Filipinos.<ref name="SRussellReligion" /> and the majority are Roman Catholic, giving Catholicism a major impact on Filipino culture.<ref name="43KN2011">Template:Cite book</ref> Other Christian denominations include Protestants (Aglipayan, Episcopalian, and others), and nontrinitarians (Iglesia ni Cristo and Jehovah's Witnesses).<ref name="43KN2011" /> Additionally there are those Filipinos who are Muslims, Buddhist or nonreligious; religion has served as a dividing factor within the Philippines and Filipino-American communities.<ref name="43KN2011" />

During the early part of the United States governance in the Philippines, there was a concerted effort to convert Filipinos into Protestants, and the results came with varying success.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book Alt URL Template:Webarchive
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Template:Cite book</ref> As Filipinos began to migrate to the United States, Filipino Roman Catholics were often not embraced by their American Catholic brethren, nor were they sympathetic to a Filipino-ized Catholicism, in the early 20th century.<ref name="Laderman2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This led to creation of ethnic-specific parishes;<ref name="Laderman2012" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> one such parish was St. Columban's Church in Los Angeles.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> In 1997, the Filipino oratory was dedicated at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, owing to increased diversity within the congregations of American Catholic parishes.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news</ref> The first-ever American Church for Filipinos, San Lorenzo Ruiz Church in New York City, is named after the first saint from the Philippines, San Lorenzo Ruiz. This was officially designated as a church for Filipinos in July 2005, the first in the United States, and the second in the world, after a church in Rome.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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In 2010, Filipino American Catholics were the largest population of Asian American Catholics, making up more than three fourths of Asian American Catholics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, a majority (65%) of Filipino Americans identify as Catholic;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> this is down slightly from 2004 (68%).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Filipino Americans, who are first-generation immigrants were more likely to attend mass weekly, and tended to be more conservative, than those who were born in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Culturally, some traditions and beliefs rooted from the original indigenous religions of Filipinos are still known among the Filipino diaspora.<ref>Gardner, F. (1906). The Journal of American Folklore: Philippine (Tagalog) Superstitions. American Folklore Society.</ref><ref>Bautista, A. V. (2014). Filipino American Culture and Traditions: An Exploratory Study. California State University.</ref>

Politics

File:Embassy of the Philippines - former location.JPG

Headquarters of the government in exile and temporary capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

Filipino Americans have traditionally been socially conservative,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> particularly with "second wave" immigrants;<ref name="Vergara2009">Template:Cite book</ref> the first Filipino American elected to office was Peter Aduja.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Republican president George W. Bush won the Filipino-American vote over John Kerry by nearly a two-to-one ratio,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which followed strong support in the 2000 election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, during the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, Filipino Americans voted majority Democratic, with 50% to 58% of the community voting for President Barack Obama and 42% to 46% voting for Senator John McCain.<ref name="inquirer20081110-171290">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AJ19OCT2012NAAS">Template:Cite news</ref> The 2008 election marked the first time that a majority of Filipino Americans voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the 2012 National Asian American Survey, conducted in September 2012,<ref name="PDI19OCT2012NAAS">Template:Cite news</ref> 45% of Filipinos were independent or nonpartisan, 27% were Republican, and 24% were Democrats.<ref name="AJ19OCT2012NAAS" /> Additionally, Filipino Americans had the largest proportions of Republicans among Asian Americans polled, a position normally held by Vietnamese Americans, leading up to the 2012 election,<ref name="PDI19OCT2012NAAS" /> and had the lowest job approval opinion of Obama among Asian Americans.<ref name="PDI19OCT2012NAAS" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a survey of Asian Americans from thirty-seven cities conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that of the Filipino-American respondents, 65% voted for Obama.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> According to an exit poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that 71% of responding Filipino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 general election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In a survey conducted by the advocacy group Asian Americans Advancing Justice in September 2020, of the 263 Filipino American respondents, 46% identified as Democrats, 28% identified as Republicans, and 16% as independent.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> According to interviews conducted by academic Anthony Ocampo, Filipino American supporters of Donald Trump cited their support for the former President based on support for building a border wall, tax cuts to businesses, legal immigration, school choice, opposition to abortion, opposition to affirmative action, antagonism towards the People's Republic of China, and viewing Trump as a non-racist.<ref>Template:Cite magazine
Template:Cite news</ref> There was an age divide among Filipino Americans, with older Filipino Americans more likely to support Trump or be Republicans, and younger Filipino Americans more likely to support Biden or be Democrats.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> In the 2020 presidential election, Philippines Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez alleged that 60% of Filipino Americans reportedly voted for Joe Biden.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Filipino Americans were among those who were at the 2021 United States Capitol attack.<ref>Template:Cite magazine
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> The news site Rappler reported the next day that Filipino-American media has heavily repeated QAnon conspiracies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rappler further reported that many Filipino Americans who voted for Trump and adhere to QAnon cite similar political opinions in the Philippines regarding Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and anti-Chinese sentiment since China has been building artificial reefs in the South China Sea near the Philippines in the 2010s, and have recently seen the Republican Party as more hardline against the Chinese government's actions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Filipino Americans have also been more receptive to gun rights compared to other Asian-American ethnic groups.<ref name="aapidata.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is in part due to the lax gun laws in the Philippines.<ref name="aapidata.com" />

In the 2024 election, most Filipino Americans have responded to a survey indicating 59% of them found Vice President Kamala Harris more favorably, while 29% found former President Donald Trump favorable.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Due to scattered living patterns, it is nearly impossible for Filipino American candidates to win an election solely based on the Filipino-American vote.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Filipino-American politicians have increased their visibility over the past few decades. Ben Cayetano (Democrat), former governor of Hawaii, became the first governor of Filipino descent in the United States. The number of Congressional members of Filipino descent doubled to numbers not reached since 1937, two when the Philippine Islands were represented by non-voting Resident Commissioners, due to the 2000 senatorial election. In 2009 three Congress-members claimed at least one-eighth Filipino ethnicity;<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite book</ref> the largest number to date. Since the resignation of Senator John Ensign in 2011<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (the only Filipino American to have been a member of the Senate), and Representative Steve Austria (the only Asian Pacific American Republican in the 112th Congress<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>) choosing not to seek reelection and retire,<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> Representative Robert C. Scott was the only Filipino American in the 113th Congress.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> In the 116th United States Congress, Scott was joined by Rep. TJ Cox, bringing the number of Filipino Americans in Congress to two.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> In the 117th United States Congress, Scott once again became the sole Filipino-American Representative after Cox was defeated in a rematch against David Valadao.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Most Filipino-American registered voters identify with or lean to the Democratic Party. About two-thirds of Filipino-American voters (68%) are Democrats or lean Democratic, while 31% are Republicans or lean Republican.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Socioeconomic demographics

File:Income by race and ethnicity 2023 (Household and Per Capita).png

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Economics

Filipino Americans are largely middle class with 62% of households being middle income.[1] However, only 21% of Filipino-American households are Upper Income compared to 27% for all Asian households. They are less likely to be Upper Income than all Asians. Filipino Americans have high labor force participation rates and 67% of Filipino Americans are employed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Filipino Americans are more likely to live in larger, overcrowded (8.7% of Filipino housing units compared to 3.5% of total population), multi-generational (34%) households compared to the general population. The average household size for Filipino Americans in 2023 was 2.99 compared to 2.49 for the general population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The impressive annual median household income and low poverty rates must be approached with caution, for median household income represents the combined earnings of several family or household members often living in crowded and less than adequate houses.<ref>Youth groups and youth savers - Gangs, crews, and the rise of Filipino American youth culture in Los Angeles.pdf</ref>

While the median household income for Filipino alone was high, per capita income for Filipino Americans was $47,819 which was significantly lower than for all Asians ($55,561) and Non-Hispanic Whites ($50,675). Individual earnings for both Filipino males and females were significantly lower than all Asians, suggesting multiple earners in a household.<ref>RISE Report_Nadal.pdf</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Filipino-American full-time, year-round workers were paid lower than the U.S. average and had a lower average hourly wage of $29.35 than the U.S. average of $29.95 and AAPI average of $30.73 <ref name=":03">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Only 39% of Filipino American men (ages 25–34) had attained a Bachelor’s degree, in comparison to 87% of Asian Indian American men, 69% of Chinese American men, 63% of Japanese American men, 62% of Korean American men, and 42 percent of Vietnamese American men. The same study showed that Filipino, Korean and Cambodian men with Bachelor's degrees have lower median wages of $30 an hour compared to Chinese and Indian immigrant men who had median wages of $40 an hour<ref>2018FreeingOurFuturesPERE.pdf</ref>

Filipino American households in Los Angeles had a net worth of $243,000 with $5,000 in debts compared to a net worth of $355,000 for White households, $595,000 for Japanese households, $408,500 for Chinese households and $460,000 for Indian American households.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Filipino Americans had a significantly higher rate of food insecurity (11%) than all Asians and White Americans (6%).<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Filipino Americans had a lower poverty rate (7%) than the total population, this correlates with the Filipino-American unemployment rate being only 3% and a high labor force participation rate of 67%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There is a trend of second-generation Filipino Americans moving back to the Philippines, finding the American Dream more and more unattainable. They cite lower cost of living as the main reasons they would move back to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is also a trend of Filipino Americans relocating from Hawaii and California to Nevada due to rising cost of living and housing prices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Per capita income

Ethnicity<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Per capita income
	As of 2023
Indian	$72,389
Chinese	$62,605
Japanese	$61,568
Korean	$58,560
White (Non Hispanic)	$50,675
Filipino	$47,819
Vietnamese	$40,037
Total US Population	$43,313

Average hourly wages for full-time, year-round workers in 2019<ref name=":03" />

Group	Hourly wage
Indian	$ 51.19
Chinese	$ 43.35
Pakistani	$ 40.50
Japanese	$ 39.51
Korean	$ 39.47
Sri Lankan	$ 36.06
Malaysian	$ 35.25
Indonesian	$ 32.49
Fijian	$ 31.21
Mongolian	$ 31.13
AAPI average	$ 30.73
U.S. average	$ 29.95
Bangladeshi	$ 29.70
Vietnamese	$ 29.38
Filipino	$ 29.35
Nepalese	$ 28.44
Thai	$ 27.53
Tongan	$ 25.99
Hawaiian	$ 25.75
Samoan	$ 23.72
Laotian	$ 23.61
Cambodian	$ 23.12
Guamanian/Chamorro	$ 23.12
Burmese	$ 21.63
Bhutanese	$ 15.36

Industry and jobs

The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high.<ref name="Arnesen2007">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McBride2001">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book

Template:Cite book</ref> Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector,<ref>Template:Cite book

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in the service sector.<ref name="Danico2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book

Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> Compared to Asian-American women of other ethnicities, and women in the United States in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;<ref name="Kevin Nadal 107">Template:Cite book

Template:Cite book</ref> a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.<ref name="FilipinoDiasporaUS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Alt URL</ref> There is also a large number of Filipino domestic workers and care-givers in the U.S.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than 60% of Filipino Americans work in more than 60% work in low-wage and/or service-sector work.[2]

Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.<ref name="SBO2007Summary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2002, according to the Survey of Business Owners, there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the retail industry, 23% were in the health care and social assistance industries,<ref name="FOF2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.<ref name="SBO2007Summary" /> Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses. This means Filipino-owned businesses are significantly less likely to be million dollar or more than all Asians (5%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>asian_chart4.pdf</ref> California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.<ref name="SBO2007Summary" />

The Philippines is the largest exporters of Nurses and this is something that can be traced back to U.S. colonialism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> America has been relying on Filipino nurses on the frontlines since the AIDs pandemic. Despite making up only 4% of Registered Nurses in the U.S., the make up nearly a third of Covid-related deaths among registered nurses.<ref>Filipino American caregivers reflect on COVID trauma and healing : Shots - Health News : NPR</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.<ref>Template:Cite news

Template:Cite magazine</ref> Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.<ref>Template:Cite news

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Among Overseas Filipinos, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U.S. dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar remittances reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.<ref name="OFW Remittances|">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.<ref name="PRCnov2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Culture

The history of Spanish and American rule and contact with merchants and traders culminated in a unique blend of Eastern and Western cultures in the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> Filipino-American cultural identity has been described as fluid, adopting aspects from various cultures;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that said, there has not been significant research into the culture of Filipino Americans.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> Fashion, dance, music, theater and arts have all had roles in building Filipino-American cultural identities and communities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed

In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Google books</ref> Organizations are often organized into regional associations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The associations are a small part of Filipino-American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.<ref>Template:Cite journal
Template:Cite book</ref> A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino-American community.<ref name="LMJS">Template:Cite book</ref> In a Filipino party, shoes should be left in the front of the house and greet everyone with a hi or hello. When greeting older relatives, Template:`poTemplate:` and Template:`opoTemplate:` must be said in every sentence to show respect.<ref>Melendy, H. Brett. "Filipino Americans". Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Gale, 3rd edition, 2014. Credo Reference, http://lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegale/filipino_americans/0?institutionId=8558</ref>

Due to history, the Philippines and the United States are connected culturally.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news</ref> In 2016, there was $16.5 billion worth of trade between the two countries, with the United States being the largest foreign investor in the Philippines, and more than 40% of remittances came from (or through) the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2004, the amount of remittances coming from the United States was $5 billion;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> this is an increase from the $1.16 billion sent in 1991 (then about 80% of total remittances being sent to the Philippines), and the $324 million sent in 1988.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some Filipino Americans have chosen to retire in the Philippines, buying real estate.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite report
Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pido2017">Template:Cite book</ref> Filipino Americans, continue to travel back and forth between the United States and the Philippines, making up more than a tenth of all foreign travelers to the Philippines in 2010;<ref name="Pido2017" /><ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite book</ref> when traveling back to the Philippines they often bring cargo boxes known as a balikbayan box.<ref>Template:Cite news
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Cuisine

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:White Rabbit Filipino Fusion Truck.jpg

A Filipino fusion food truck in the greater Los Angeles area

File:Senor Sisig Filipino Fusion Food truck.jpg

A Filipino fusion food truck in the San Francisco Bay Area

The number of Filipino restaurants does not reflect the size of the population.<ref name="TCPenguin2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SAShaw2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="DClemente2010">Template:Cite news</ref> Due to the restaurant business not being a major source of income for the community, few non-Filipinos are familiar with the cuisine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although American cuisine influenced Filipino cuisine,<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> it has been criticized by non-Filipinos.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Even on Oahu where there is a significant Filipino-American population,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Filipino cuisine is not as noticeable as other Asian cuisines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> One study found that Filipino cuisine was not often listed in food frequency questionnaires.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On television, Filipino cuisine has been criticized, such as on Fear Factor,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and praised, such as on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Bizarre Foods America.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

While "new" Filipino restaurants and fusion-type places have been opening up, traditionally, "native cuisine proved itself strong and resistant to 'fraternization' with foreign invaders. The original dishes have retained their ingredients, cooking methods, and spirit."

Filipino cuisine is much like its culture, a blend of many influences through the years of colonization. Popular Filipino dishes such as pancit has Hokkien roots, adobo from Spain and Mexico, and the use of bagoong and patis, fermented sauces that stem from Malay origins.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Filipino-American chefs cook in many fine dining restaurants,<ref name="AScattergood2010">Template:Cite news</ref> including Cristeta Comerford who is the executive chef in the White House,<ref name="SAShaw2008" /> though many do not serve Filipino cuisine in their restaurants.<ref name="AScattergood2010" /> Reasons given for the lack of Filipino cuisine in the U.S. include colonial mentality,<ref name="DClemente2010" /> lack of a clear identity,<ref name="DClemente2010" /> a preference for cooking at home,<ref name="SAShaw2008" /> a continuing preference of Filipino Americans for cuisines other than their own,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the nebulous nature of Filipino cuisine itself due to its historical influences.<ref name="influ1">Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link
Template:Cite news</ref> Filipino cuisine remains prevalent among Filipino immigrants,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> with restaurants and grocery stores catering to the Filipino-American community,<ref name="TCPenguin2012" /><ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news</ref> including Jollibee, a Philippines-based fast-food chain.<ref>Template:Cite news
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In the 2010s, successful and critically reviewed Filipino-American restaurants were featured in The New York Times.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> That same decade began a Filipino Food movement in the United States;<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it has been criticized for gentrification of the cuisine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bon Appetit named Bad Saint in Washington, D.C. "the second best new restaurant in the United States" in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Food & Wine named Lasa, in Los Angeles, one of its restaurants of the year in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With this emergence of Filipino-American restaurants, food critics like Andrew Zimmern have predicted that Filipino food will be "the next big thing" in American cuisine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Yet in 2017, Vogue described the cuisine as "misunderstood and neglected";<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> SF Weekly in 2019, later described the cuisine as "marginal, underappreciated, and prone to weird booms-and-busts".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Family

Filipino Americans undergo experiences that are unique to their own identities. These experiences derive from both the Filipino culture and American cultures individually and the dueling of these identities as well. These stressors, if great enough, can lead Filipino Americans into suicidal behaviors.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Members of the Filipino community learn early on about kapwa, which is defined as "interpersonal connectedness or togetherness".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

With kapwa, many Filipino Americans have a strong sense of needing to repay their family members for the opportunities that they have been able to receive. An example of this is a new college graduate feeling the need to find a job that will allow them to financially support their family and themselves. This notion comes from "utang na loob", defined as a debt that must be repaid to those who have supported the individual.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

With kapwa and utang na loob as strong forces enacting on the individual, there is an "all or nothing" mentality that is being played out. In order to bring success back to one's family, there is a desire to succeed for one's family through living out a family's wants as opposed to one's own true desires.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This can manifest as one entering a career path that they are not passionate in, but select in order to help support their family.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite many of the stressors for these students deriving from family, it also becomes apparent that these are the reasons that these students are resilient. When family conflict rises in Filipino-American families, there is a negative association with suicide attempts.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that though family is a presenting stressor in a Filipino American's life, it also plays a role for their resilience.<ref name=":1" /> In a study conducted by Yusuke Kuroki, family connectedness, whether defined as positive or negative to each individual, served as one means of lowering suicide attempts.<ref name=":1" />

Media

Beginning in the late 1800s, Filipino Americans began publishing books in the United States.<ref name="Buhain1998">Template:Cite book</ref> The growth of publications for the masses in the Philippines accelerated during the American period.<ref name="Buhain1998" /> Ethnic media serving Filipino Americans dates back to the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="MansfieldRichardson2014">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1905, pensionados at University of California, Berkeley published The Filipino Students' Magazine.<ref name="Vengua2010">Template:Cite thesis</ref> One of the earliest Filipino-American newspapers published in the United States, was the Philippine Independent of Salinas, California, which began publishing in 1921.<ref name="Vengua2010" /> Newspapers from the Philippines, to include The Manila Times, also served the Filipino diaspora in the United States.<ref name="MansfieldRichardson2014" /> In 1961, the Philippine News was started by Alex Esclamado, which by the 1980s had a national reach and at the time was the largest English-language Filipino newspaper.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While many areas with Filipino Americans have local Filipino newspapers, one of the largest concentrations of these newspapers occur in Southern California.<ref name="Bonus2000">Template:Cite book</ref> Beginning in 1992, Filipinas began publication, and was unique in that it focused on American-born Filipino Americans of the second and third generations.<ref name="MansfieldRichardson2014" /> Filipinas ended its run in 2010, however it was succeeded by Positively Filipino in 2012 which included some of the staff from Filipinas.<ref name="Merskin2019">Template:Cite book</ref> The Filipino diaspora in the United States are able to watch programming from the Philippines on television through GMA Pinoy TV and The Filipino Channel.<ref name="Bonifacio2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gonzalez2009">Template:Cite book</ref>

Community issues

Immigration

File:Filipino worker's quarters at a salmon cannery, Nushagak, Alaska, 1917 (COBB 356).jpeg

Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.

File:Ryer Island, Sacramento County, California. Company camp for crew of Filipino asparagus field worker . . . - NARA - 521703.jpg

Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940

The Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9225) made Filipino Americans eligible for dual citizenship in the United States and the Philippines.<ref name="KMMGWU">Template:Cite thesis</ref> Overseas suffrage was first employed in the May 2004 elections in which Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was reelected to a second term.<ref>Template:Cite news
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By 2005, about 6,000 Filipino Americans had become dual citizens of the two countries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> One effect of this act was to allow Filipino Americans to invest in the Philippines through land purchases, which are limited to Filipino citizens, and, with some limitations, former citizens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (Section 2)
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (Section 5)</ref>), vote in Philippine elections, retire in the Philippines, and participate in representing the Philippine flag. In 2013, for the Philippine general election there were 125,604 registered Filipino voters in the United States and Caribbean, of which only 13,976 voted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Dual citizens have been recruited to participate in international sports events including athletes representing the Philippines who competed in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Philippine government actively encourages Filipino Americans to visit or return permanently to the Philippines via the "Balikbayan" program and to invest in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant groups to date with over 40,000 arriving annually since 1979.<ref name="Temple1100">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has a preference system for issuing visas to non-citizen family members of U.S. citizens, with preference based generally on familial closeness. Some non-citizen relatives of U.S. citizens spend long periods on waiting lists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Petitions for immigrant visas, particularly for siblings of previously naturalized Filipinos that date back to 1984, were not granted until 2006.<ref name="manilatimes.net">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of, over 380 thousand Filipinos were on the visa wait list, second only to Mexico and ahead of India, Vietnam and China.<ref name="wait times pdf 2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Filipinos have the longest waiting times for family reunification visas, as Filipinos disproportionately apply for family visas; this has led to visa petitions filed in July 1989 still waiting to be processed in March 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Illegal immigration

It has been documented that Filipinos were among those naturalized due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that 270,000 Filipino were "unauthorized immigrants". This was an increase of 70,000 from a previous estimate in 2000. In both years, Filipinos accounted for 2% of the total. Template:As of, Filipinos were the fifth-largest community of illegal immigrants behind Mexico (6.65 million, 62%), El Salvador (530,000, 5%), Guatemala (480,000, 4%), and Honduras (320,000, 3%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In January 2011, the Department of Homeland Security estimate of "unauthorized immigrants" from the Philippines remained at 270,000.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By 2017, the number of Filipinos who were in the United States illegally increased to 310,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Filipinos who reside in the United States illegally are known within the Filipino community as "TnT's" (tago nang tago 'hide and hide').<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite book</ref>

Health

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Filipino Americans experience significant health disparities and are more likely to have diabetes, heart disease, high blood preasure and other issues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Filipino Americans also experience food insecurity at a significantly higher rate then other Asian-American groups.<ref name=":2"/> In Hawaii the rate of low food security and very low food security for Filipino people were 11.7% and 22.3%.<ref>Shaping Health in Hawaii: The Influences of Poverty, Housing and Food Insecurity</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Food Security and Diet Quality in Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino Infants 3 to 12 Months of Age - PMC</ref>

Identity

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Filipino Americans may be mistaken for members of other racial/ethnic groups, such as Latinos or Pacific Islanders;<ref name="2011JW73">Template:Cite book</ref> this may lead to "mistaken" discrimination that is not specific to Asian Americans.<ref name="2011JW73"/> Filipino Americans, additionally, have had difficulty being categorized, termed by one source as being in "perpetual absence".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the period, prior to 1946, Filipinos were taught that they were American, and presented with an idealized America.<ref name="Temple1100"/> They had official status as United States nationals.<ref>Template:Cite court
Template:Cite book</ref> When ill-treated and discriminated by other Americans, Filipinos were faced with the racism of that period, which undermined these ideals.<ref name="UBCYu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carlos Bulosan later wrote about this experience in America is in the Heart. Even pensionados, who immigrated on government scholarships,<ref name="Temple1100"/> were treated poorly.<ref name="UBCYu"/>

In Hawaii, Filipino Americans often have little identification with their heritage,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and it has been documented that many disclaim their ethnicity.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news</ref> This may be due to the "colonial mentality", or the idea that Western ideals and physical characteristics are superior to their own.<ref name="LKDT2009"/> Although categorized as Asian Americans, Filipino Americans have not fully embraced being part of this racial category due to marginalization by other Asian-American groups and or the dominant American society.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> This created a struggle within Filipino American communities over how far to assimilate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The term "white-washed" has been applied to those seeking to further assimilate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Those who disclaim their ethnicity lose the positive adjustment to outcomes that are found in those who have a strong, positive, ethnic identity.<ref name="LKDT2009">Template:Cite journal
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Of the ten largest immigrant groups, Filipino Americans have the highest rate of assimilation,<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> with the exception of cuisine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Filipino Americans have been described as the most "Americanized" of the Asian-American ethnicities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, even though Filipino Americans are the second-largest group among Asian Americans, community activists have described the ethnicity as "invisible", claiming that the group is virtually unknown to the American public,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite thesis
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is often not seen as significant even among its members.<ref name="NSakano"/> Another term for this status is forgotten minority.<ref>Template:Cite journal
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This description has also been used in the political arena, given the lack of political mobilization.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the mid-1990s it was estimated that some one hundred Filipino Americans have been elected or appointed to public office. This lack of political representation contributes to the perception that Filipino Americans are invisible.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref>

The concept is also used to describe how the ethnicity has assimilated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Few affirmative action programs target the group although affirmative action programs rarely target Asian Americans in general.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Assimilation was easier given that the group is majority religiously Christian, fluent in English, and have high levels of education.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The concept was in greater use in the past, before the post-1965 wave of arrivals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The term invisible minority has been used for Asian Americans as a whole,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the term "model minority" has been applied to Filipinos as well as other Asian-American groups.<ref>Template:Cite book
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{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite book</ref> Filipino critics allege that Filipino Americans are ignored in immigration literature and studies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As with fellow Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are viewed as "perpetual foreigners", even for those born in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This has resulted in physical attacks on Filipino Americans, as well as non-violent forms of discrimination.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In college and high school campuses, many Filipino-American student organizations put on annual Pilipino Culture Nights to showcase dances, perform skits, and comment on issues such as identity and lack of cultural awareness due to assimilation and colonization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Filipino-American gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual identities are often shaped by immigration status, generation, religion, and racial formation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Suicide ideation and depression

Mental health is a topic that is seldom spoken about among the Filipino-American community because of the stigma that is attached to it.<ref name=":02"/> In the documentary "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family" Patricia Heras points out that a lack of communication between first-generation and second-generation Filipino-American immigrants can lead to family members not understanding the personal hardships that each one goes through.<ref name="Heras2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the main topics of discussion in this documentary are depression and suicide ideation experienced by the second-generation youth.<ref name="Heras2001"/> These topics are supported by a study that was conducted in 1997 by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that revealed that 45.6% of Filipina American teenage students in San Diego public schools had seriously thought about committing suicide. Half of those students had actually attempted suicide.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although depression cannot be said to cause suicide, the high scores of depression and low self-esteem show a relation to the high scores of suicidal thoughts among Filipinos.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Depression in Filipinos can sometimes be difficult to notice without digging deeper into their feelings. Filipinos can display their depression in many ways such as showing extreme suffering or smiling even when it may not seem authentic.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the common causes of depression include: financial worries, family separation during the immigration process, and cultural conflict.<ref name=":02"/> One of these cultural conflicts is the belief that one must base decisions on what will "save face" for the family.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A study was published in 2018 by Janet Chang and Frank Samson about Filipino American youth and their non-Filipino friends. They had found that Filipino American youth with three or more close non-Filipino friends were more likely to experience depression and anxiety more so than Filipino American youth with two or less non-Filipino friends that they considered to be close.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref> Although having friends of diverse backgrounds gave these Filipinos a sense of inclusion among their peers, they also gained a heightened awareness of discrimination.<ref name=":12"/>

Veterans

File:Manila American Cemetery and Memorial.jpg

Manila American Cemetery and Memorial

During World War II, some 250,000 to 400,000 Filipinos served in the United States Military,<ref>Template:Cite book
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Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="CRNPS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in units including the Philippine Scouts, Philippine Commonwealth Army under U.S. Command, and recognized guerrillas during the Japanese Occupation. In January 2013, ten thousand surviving Filipino-American veterans of World War II lived in the United States, and a further fourteen thousand in the Philippines,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although some estimates found eighteen thousand or fewer surviving veterans.<ref>Template:Cite news
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The U.S. government promised these soldiers all of the benefits afforded to other veterans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in 1946, the United States Congress passed the Rescission Act of 1946 which stripped Filipino veterans of the promised benefits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One estimate claims that monies due to these veterans for back pay and other benefits exceeds one billion dollars.<ref name="CRNPS"/> Of the sixty-six countries allied with the United States during the war, the Philippines is the only country that did not receive military benefits from the United States.<ref name="NSakano">Template:Cite journal Alt URL Template:Webarchive</ref> The phrase "Second Class Veterans" has been used to describe their status.<ref name="NSakano"/><ref>Template:Cite book
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File:World War II Filipino-American veterans White House May 2003.jpg

Filipino-American World War II veterans at the White House in 2003

Many Filipino veterans traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for these benefits.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since 1993, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to pay the benefits, but all died in committee.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As recently as 2018, these bills have received bipartisan support.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Representative Hanabusa submitted legislation to award Filipino Veterans with a Congressional Gold Medal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Known as the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act, it was referred to the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of February 2012 had attracted 41 cosponsors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In January 2017, the medal was approved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

There was a proposed lawsuit to be filed in 2011 by The Justice for Filipino American Veterans against the Department of Veterans Affairs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the late 1980s, efforts towards reinstating benefits first succeeded with the incorporation of Filipino veteran naturalization in the Immigration Act of 1990.<ref name="NSakano"/> Over 30,000 such veterans had immigrated, with mostly American citizens, receiving benefits relating to their service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Similar language to those bills was inserted by the Senate into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which provided a one time payment of at least 9,000 USD to eligible non-US Citizens and US$15,000 to eligible US Citizens via the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund.<ref>Template:Cite news
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These payments went to those recognized as soldiers or guerrillas or their spouses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The list of eligibles is smaller than the list recognized by the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Additionally, recipients had to waive all rights to possible future benefits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of March 2011, 42 percent (24,385) of claims had been rejected;<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> By 2017, more than 22,000 people received about $226 million in one time payments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the 113th Congress, Representative Joe Heck reintroduced his legislation to allow documents from the Philippine government and the U.S. Army to be accepted as proof of eligibility.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> Known as H.R. 481, it was referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, the U.S. released a previously classified report detailing guerrilla activities, including guerrilla units not on the "Missouri list".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In September 2012, the Social Security Administration announced that non-resident Filipino World War II veterans were eligible for certain social security benefits; however an eligible veteran would lose those benefits if they visited for more than one month in a year, or immigrated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Beginning in 2008, a bipartisan effort started by Mike Thompson and Tom Udall an effort began to recognize the contributions of Filipinos during World War 2; by the time Barack Obama signed the effort into law in 2016, a mere fifteen thousand of those veterans were estimated to be alive.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Of those living Filipino veterans of World War II, there were an estimated 6,000 living in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Finally in October 2017, the recognition occurred with the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> When the medal was presented by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, several surviving veterans were at the ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The medal now resides in the National Museum of American History.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Holidays

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Spectators at the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City

Congress established Asian Pacific American Heritage Month in May to commemorate Filipino American and other Asian American cultures. Upon becoming the largest Asian American group in California, October was established as Filipino American History Month to acknowledge the first landing of Filipinos on October 18, 1587 in Morro Bay, California. It is widely celebrated by Filipino Americans.<ref name="Did Philippine indios really land in Morro Bay?">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Asian timeline|">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Major & Regional Celebrations in the United States

Date	Name	Region
January	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Philadelphia
April	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Tampa, FL
May	Asian Pacific American Heritage Month	Nationwide, USA
May	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || New Orleans
May	citation	CitationClass=web }} {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Honolulu
May	FAAPI Mother's Day<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Philadelphia
May	Flores de Mayo<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref> || Nationwide, USA
June	Philippine Independence Day Parade	New York City
June	Philippine Festival<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref>	Washington, D.C.
June	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news</ref> || Passaic, NJ
June	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Vallejo, CA
June	New York Filipino Film Festival at The ImaginAsian Theatre	New York City
June	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	New York City
June	Philippine–American Friendship Day Parade<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cite news Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref>	Jersey City, NJ
June 12	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref> || San Francisco
June 12	Philippine Independence Day	Nationwide, USA
June 19	Jose Rizal's Birthday<ref>Template:Cite news {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Nationwide, USA
June	Pagdiriwang<ref>Template:Cite book {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Seattle
July	Fil-Am Friendship Day<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref>	Virginia Beach, VA
July	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref> || Seattle
July	Filipino American Friendship Festival<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref>	San Diego
July	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite book</ref>	Delano, CA
August 15 to 16	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news</ref>|| Los Angeles
August 15 to 16	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news</ref>	Secaucus, NJ
August	Summer Sinulog<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Philadelphia
August	Historic Filipinotown Festival<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cite news</ref>	Los Angeles
August	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news</ref>|| San Francisco
September 25	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news</ref>|| Jacksonville, FL
September	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Los Angeles
September	AdoboFest<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Cite news</ref>	Chicago
October	Filipino American History Month	Nationwide, USA
October	citation	CitationClass=web }} Template:Cite news {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || San Diego
October	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Sugar Land, TX
November	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Chicago
December 16 to 24	Simbang Gabi Christmas Dawn Masses<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Nationwide, USA
December 25	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Nationwide, USA
December 30	Jose Rizal Day	Nationwide, USA

Further reading

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• Melendy, H. Brett. "Filipino Americans". Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 119–135. online
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• Posades, Barbara M. The Filipino Americans (1999) excerpt Template:Webarchive
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Archive

• Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7 Records Template:Webarchive, 1915–1985; Predominantly 1933–1982. 46.31 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Template:Webarchive.
• Carlos Bulosan Papers, 1914–1976. Template:Webarchive 4.65 cubic feet, 17 microfilm reels. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Template:Webarchive.
• Chris D. Mensalvas Papers, 1935–1974. Template:Webarchive .25 cubic feet, 1 sound cassette. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Template:Webarchive.
• Chris D. Mensalvas Photograph Collection, 1937–1956. Template:Webarchive 1 folder of photographic prints. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Template:Webarchive.
• Trinidad Rojo Papers, 1923–1991. Template:Webarchive 2.81 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Template:Webarchive.
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External links

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