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Finnish orthography

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Template:Short description Template:See also Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:IPA notice Finnish orthography is based on the Latin script, and uses an alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, officially comprising twenty-nine letters but also including two additional letters found in some loanwords. The Finnish orthography strives to represent all morphemes phonologically and, roughly speaking, the sound value of each letter tends to correspond with its value in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – although some discrepancies do exist.

AlphabetEdit

{{#invoke:Listen|main}} The following table describes how each letter in the Finnish alphabet (Template:Langx) is spelled and pronounced separately. If the name of a consonant begins with a vowel (usually Template:Vr {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), it can be pronounced and spelled either as a monosyllabic or bisyllabic word.<ref name="Länsimäki" /> In practice, the names of the letters are rarely spelled, as people usually just type the (uppercase or lowercase) glyph when they want to refer to a particular letter.

The pronunciation instructions enclosed in slashes are broad transcriptions based on the IPA system. In notes, more narrow transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets.

Glyphs Name Name pronunciation Notes on usage (for more, see Finnish phonology)
A, a lang}} main}}
B, b lang}} main}} lang}} 'banana' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'bus'. Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
C, c lang}} main}} lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
D, d lang}} main}} In present standard language, Template:Vr stands for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but it represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and the pronunciation in dialects varies greatly. Natively used in Western dialects as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and not at all in Eastern dialects.
E, e lang}} main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
F, f lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}} lang}} 'asphalt' or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'uniform'. Historically and in dialectal pronunciation (apart from some Western dialects), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is typically replaced with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or medially {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ← Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'coffee'). Even newer loanwords may have an alternative spelling where Template:Vr has replaced Template:Vr ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Note that the names of the country, language, and nationality beginning with F (Finland, Finnish, Finn) are non-native, the native ones being {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
G, g lang}} main}} Occurs natively in the [[Ng (digraph)|digraph Template:Vr]], which marks the long velar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (with no {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound). Otherwise Template:Vr only occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'gala' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'gene'. Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
H, h lang}} main}} Normally a voiceless fricative, but the precise pronunciation depends on the preceding vowel; between two vowels may be pronounced as breathy-voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
I, i lang}} main}} main}}
J, j lang}} main}} main}} (English consonant Template:Vr), as in German and Swedish, never fricative or affricate as in French or English.
K, k lang}} main}}
L, l lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
M, m lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
N, n lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
O, o lang}} main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
P, p lang}} main}}
Q, q lang}} main}} Mainly occurs in foreign proper names (in loanwords digraph Template:Vr has often been replaced with Template:Vr, aside from unestablished recent loanwords, such as queer). Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, though some speakers pronounce it as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
R, r lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
S, s lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
T, t lang}} main}} The precise pronunciation tends to be dental {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than alveolar {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
U, u lang}} main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
V, v lang}} main}} Typically represents approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
W, w lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		main}},
{{#invoke:IPA|main}},
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} 		The "double-v" may occur natively as an archaic variant of Template:Vr, but otherwise in unestablished loanwords and foreign proper names only. It occurs in some rare surnames such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. Mika Waltari, a world-famous author) or in some rare first names such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. Werner Söderström, a well-known publisher). In collation the letter Template:Vr is treated mostly like Template:Vr. Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
X, x lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, occasionally {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as taxi or fax, but there is often a preferred alternative where Template:Vr has been replaced with digraph Template:Vr ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Y, y lang}} main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Z, z lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'zenith' or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but there may be an alternative spelling with Template:Vr (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Typically represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (like in German), but sometimes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Å, å lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} The "Swedish Template:Vr", carried over from the Swedish alphabet and redundant in Finnish; retained especially for writing Finland-Swedish proper names (such as Ståhlberg). All Finnish words containing Template:Vr are names; there it represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (identically to Template:Vr).
Ä, ä lang}} main}}
Ö, ö lang}} main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

In addition, Template:Vr is sometimes listed separately and after Template:Vr, although officially it is merely a variant of the latter and can be alphabetized as Template:Vr.<ref name="Korpela" /> Similarly, Template:Vr and Template:Vr are variants of Template:Vr and Template:Vr, but they are often overlooked, as they are only used in some relatively new loanwords and foreign names, and may be replaced with Template:Vr and Template:Vr, respectively,<ref name="Saukkonen" /> if it is technically impossible to reproduce Template:Vr and Template:Vr.<ref>This rule is stated in the standard SFS 4900 (Transliteration of Cyrillic characters: Slavic languages), p. 7.</ref> The Finnish keyboard layout on Microsoft Windows does not include Template:Vr or Template:Vr; thus, in practice, only highly formal sources such as official texts, encyclopedias or Helsingin Sanomat use them.

Glyphs Name Name pronunciation Notes on usage (for more, see Finnish phonology)
Š, š lang}},
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}};
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}},
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		main}},
{{#invoke:IPA|main}};
{{#invoke:IPA|main}},
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} 		The "Template:Vr with caron" is a rare variant of Template:Vr. It occurred in some relatively new loanwords, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chess' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'shilling', but is often replaced with digraph Template:Vr ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or, in more established loanwords, with plain Template:Vr ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). In theory it represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} but actual pronunciation may vary.
Ž, ž lang}},
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		main}},
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} 		The "Template:Vr with caron" is a rare variant of Template:Vr. It occurs in some unestablished loanwords, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'junk', and foreign proper names, but is often replaced with digraph Template:Vr. In theory represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} but the actual pronunciation may vary.

The extra letters Template:Vr and Template:VrEdit

File:Mynamaki bus station sign.jpg
The sign at the bus station of the Finnish municipality Mynämäki, illustrating a stylized variation of ⟨ä⟩.

The main peculiarities in the Finnish alphabet are the two extra vowels ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ (and Swedish ⟨å⟩, which is not actually needed in Finnish). In Finnish, these extra letters are collectively called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} when they need to be distinguished from the ISO basic Latin alphabet; the word is a somewhat playful modification of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is Finnish for "alphabet". Another informal term is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, short for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "Scandinavian characters" (however, the Danish and Norwegian ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ are usually not taken into account).

In Finnish, ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are the "front vowel" counterparts to the "back vowels" ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩; grammatical endings and suffixes using these letters, use either the front or back form depending on the vowel harmony of the word. The glyphs for ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are derived from the similar-looking German umlauted letters, but as with ⟨y⟩ versus ⟨u⟩, they are considered letters in their own right and thus alphabetized separately (after ⟨z⟩).

The Germanic umlaut or convention of considering digraph ⟨ae⟩ equivalent to ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨oe⟩ equivalent to ⟨ö⟩ is inapplicable in Finnish. Moreover, in Finnish, both ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ are vowel sequences, not single letters, and they have independent meanings (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "I seek" vs. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "he, she").

In handwritten text, the actual form of the extra marking may vary from a pair of dots to a pair of short vertical bars, to a single horizontal bar, or to a wavy line resembling a tilde. In practice, almost any diacritic situated above the base glyph (such as, á ā ã) would probably be interpreted as a carelessly written pair of dots (ä). However, in computerized character sets, these alternatives are incorrect. The front-vowel counterpart of ⟨u⟩ using ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ü⟩ is carried over from Swedish, and also avoids confusion in cursive script with ⟨ii⟩, which is common in Finnish.

Non-native letters in the Finnish alphabetEdit

File:Bank of Aland and Nokia.jpg
Ålandsbanken 'Bank of Åland' uses a stylized letter Template:Vr in its logotype.

In the Finnish writing system, some basic Latin letters are considered redundant, and other letters generally represent sounds that are not inherent in the Finnish language. Thus, they are not used in established Finnish words, but they may occur in newer loanwords as well as in foreign proper names, and they are included in the Finnish alphabet in order to maintain interlingual compatibility. The pronunciation of these letters varies quite a lot.

  • The redundant letters are often replaced with more common alternatives in Finnish, except in proper names. They include Template:Vr (which may be replaced with either Template:Vr or Template:Vr), Template:Vr (which is usually replaced with Template:Vr, and particularly Template:Vr with Template:Vr), and Template:Vr (which is replaced with Template:Vr). In addition, the Swedish Template:Vr is redundant from the Finnish point of view, as its pronunciation is more or less equivalent to the Finnish way of pronouncing Template:Vr. It is officially included in the Finnish alphabet so that keyboards etc. would be compatible with Swedish, which is one of the two official languages in Finland, as well as for the reproduction of Swedish proper names, which are quite common in Finland, even as surnames of monolingual speakers of Finnish.
  • The letters representing foreign sounds can be found in relatively new loanwords, but in more established loanwords they have been replaced with alternatives that better reflect the typical Finnish pronunciation, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'coffee', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'beard'. The letters include Template:Vr, Template:Vr, and Template:Vr (which is also used to mark the inherent velar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, however). From a historical point of view, even Template:Vr could be said to belong to this group, but the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound has long been an established part of standard language.
  • The letters Template:Vr and Template:Vr could be classified into both of the aforementioned groups. The {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound is not regarded as a phoneme in Finnish, but historically Template:Vr was used to mark {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (or, rather, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), as in Dutch, German or Polish. Although this is today considered archaic and Template:Vr is used instead, Template:Vr may still occur in some old surnames as a variant of Template:Vr. Occasionally this can also be applied for faux-archaic effect, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "Ye Olde Harbour". Likewise, the Template:Vr is not native to Finnish, but Template:Vr (or Template:Vr) was formerly used to denote {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (as in German). It is still often represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but its pronunciation varies greatly: some speakers may pronounce it {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, or sometimes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
  • The letters Template:Vr {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Template:Vr {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (Template:Vr and Template:Vr with caron) are officially recommended instead of Template:Vr and Template:Vr for transliteration from another alphabet, although in practice, Template:Vr and Template:Vr are often used. For example, Russian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (transcribed Brezhnev in English) is transliterated {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. However, these sounds are foreign to the Finnish language, the letters do not appear on Finnish keyboards and their pronunciation is not consistent. The {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound is familiar to most Finnish speakers and quite commonly used in many loanwords, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chess', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is restricted to foreign words only.

Collation orderEdit

In Finnish, words are ordered alphabetically according to the collation rules specified in the official standard SFS 4600.<ref name=Korpela /> There are a few cases where Finnish collation is different from the rules applied in English:

Diacritics are never added to letters in native Finnish words (as the dots above the Finnish graphemes Template:Vr and Template:Vr are not considered diacritics). Generally, diacritics are retained in foreign-language proper names, e.g. Vilén, if possible, but when arranging words alphabetically, diacritics are usually ignored (this also applies to Template:Vr and Template:Vr, despite them being an officially recognized part of Finnish orthography). There are, however, some exceptions:

The standard does not specify how one should alphabetize the letter Template:Vr when used in other languages than German, but at least as regards the Estonian or Hungarian Template:Vr, it seems consistent to treat it as equivalent to Template:Vr (and even more so, since Template:Vr in Estonian and Hungarian is not considered a mere variant of Template:Vr, as it is in German). It would seem problematic, however, to apply the same principle to e.g. Template:Vr (u-diaeresis) as used in Spanish or Template:Vr (nasal vowel) as used in Portuguese, as these letters represent quite different orthographic traditions.

Other special cases:

Ligatures are alphabetized as two individual letters:

Letters and characters taken from other alphabets (e.g. Σ 'Greek capital letter sigma') or writing systems are collated after Latin letters.

Orthographic principlesEdit

Template:See also When writing Finnish, the foundational principle is that each letter stands for one sound and each sound is always represented by the same letter, within the bounds of a single morpheme. The most notable exception to this rule is the velar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which does not have an allotted letter.

Short and long soundsEdit

In Finnish, both vowels and consonants may be either short or long. A short sound is written with a single letter, and a long sound is written with a double letter (digraph). It is necessary to recognize the difference between such words as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'fire', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'wind' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'customs'. However, long consonants are sometimes written as short consonants in morpheme boundaries (see Finnish phonology#Sandhi for this phenomenon), thus, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is written as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "open-box bed for wood chips" instead of expected *hakellava, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "come here" instead of *tule ttänne or *tulet tänne.

In syllabification, a long consonant is always regarded as having a syllable break in the middle (as in {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), but a long vowel (or a diphthong) is regarded as a single unit that functions as the nucleus of a syllable. Either a long or short vowel may occur in a stressed as well as unstressed syllable. The phonetic quality of a vowel remains the same regardless of whether the vowel is long or short, or whether it is stressed or unstressed.

Velar nasalEdit

The velar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (generally referred to as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'the eng sound') does not have a letter of its own. Natively, a short {{#invoke:IPA|main}} only occurs before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and it is simply written with Template:Vr, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'shoe'. Since the alveolar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can not occur in such a position, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be seen as an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. However, if the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is weakened (because of a phenomenon called consonant gradation that occurs when the word is inflected), the result is a long, or geminated, velar nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} that is written with digraph Template:Vr, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'shoes'. The geminated {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is not an allophone of geminated {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, since minimal pairs do exist: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'textile' vs. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'isthmus'.

The treatment of the velar nasal in loanwords is highly inconsistent, often mixing the original spelling of the word with an applied Finnish pronunciation pattern. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "England" is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (with a short {{#invoke:IPA|main}} but no {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and even {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "magnet" is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (with plain Template:Vr being pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when followed by Template:Vr, as in classical Latin) – cf. a more specialized term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'diagnosis', and in a word-initial position {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "gnu". Following the typical Finnish pronunciation pattern, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "congestion" is often pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but {{#invoke:IPA|main}} may also occur.

Voiced plosivesEdit

Traditionally, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are not counted as Finnish phonemes, since they only appear in loanwords. However, these borrowings being relatively common, they are nowadays considered part of the educated norm. The failure to use them correctly is sometimes ridiculed, e.g. if a news reporter or a high official consistently and publicly pronounces {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Belgium' as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Even many educated speakers, however, still make no distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives in regular speech, although minimal pairs exist: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bus' vs. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bag', {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'gorilla' vs. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'with/at a basket'.

The status of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is somewhat different from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, since it appears in native Finnish words, too, as a regular "weak" correspondence of the voiceless {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (as a result of consonant gradation), and even in the infinitives of many verbs, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "to eat". At the time when Mikael Agricola, the "father" of literary Finnish, devised a system for writing the language, this sound still had the value of the voiced dental fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in English "then". Since neither Swedish nor German of that time had a separate sign for this sound, Agricola chose to mark it with Template:Vr or Template:Vr.

Later on, the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound developed in a variety of ways in different Finnish dialects: it was deleted, or became a hiatus, a flap consonant, or any of Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr. For example, historical and rare dialectal {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "our" (gen.), "hand" (gen.) could be:

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
  • (rare) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

In the middle of the 19th century, a significant portion of the Swedish-speaking upper class in Finland decided that Finnish had to be made equal in usage to Swedish.Template:Citation needed They even started using Finnish as their home language, even while very few of them really mastered it well. Since the historical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} no more had a common way of pronunciation between different Finnish dialects and since it was usually written as Template:Vr, many started using the Swedish pronunciation {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which eventually became the educated norm.

Initially, few native speakers of Finnish acquired the foreign plosive realisation of the native phoneme. Still some decades ago it was not entirely exceptional to hear loanwords like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'deodorant' pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, while native Finnish words with a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} were pronounced in the usual dialectal way. Nowadays, the Finnish language spoken by native Swedish speakers is not anymore considered paradigmatic, but as a result of their long-lasting prestige, many people particularly in the capital district acquired the new {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound. Due to diffusion of the standard language through mass media and basic education, and due to the dialectal prestige of the capital area, the plosive {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can now be heard in all parts of the country, at least in loanwords and in formal speech. Nowadays replacing {{#invoke:IPA|main}} with a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is considered rustic, for example {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'now we could use a new directive'.

In Helsinki slang, the slang used by some, more rarely nowadays, in Helsinki, the voiced stops are found in native words even in positions which are not the result of consonant gradation, e.g. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 's/he walked' (← native verb root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to understand' (← Russian {{#invoke:IPA|main}} понимать). In the Southwestern dialects of Rauma-Eurajoki-Laitila area, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are commonplace, since the voicing of nasals spread to phonemes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, making them half-voiced, e.g. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ← {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ← {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. They are also found in those coastal areas where Swedish influenced the speech.

The spelling alphabetEdit

Letter spelling name
A, a lang}}
B, b lang}}
C, c lang}}
D, d lang}}
E, e lang}}
F, f lang}}
G, g lang}}
H, h lang}}
I, i {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
J, j lang}}
K, k {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
L, l lang}}
M, m lang}}
N, n {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
O, o {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
P, p lang}}
Q, q lang}}
R, r lang}}
S, s lang}}
T, t lang}}
U, u lang}}
V, v lang}}
W, w lang}}
X, x lang}}
Y, y lang}}
Z, z lang}}
Å, å lang}}
Ä, ä lang}}
Ö, ö lang}}

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Language orthographies

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