Flag of Israel
Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Short description Template:Pp-30-500 Template:Infobox flag
The flag of the State of Israel (Template:Langx Template:Transliteration; Template:Langx Template:Transliteration) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. It consists of a white background with a blue Star of David in the centre and two horizontal blue stripes at the top and bottom, recalling the design of the tallit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). The Israeli flag legislation states that the official measurements are 160 × 220 cm. Therefore, the official proportions are 8:11. Variants can be found at a wide range of proportions, with 2:3 being common.
The blue color is described as "dark sky-blue",<ref name=history>Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs publication The Flag and the Emblem Template:Webarchive by art historian Alec Mishory, wherein he quotes "The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel" made on 28 October 1948 by Joseph Sprinzak, Speaker.</ref> and varies from flag to flag, ranging from a hue of pure blue, sometimes shaded almost as dark as navy blue, to hues about 75% toward pure cyan and shades as light as very light blue.<ref>Varied examples Template:Webarchive; Flag ~75% toward cyan from pure blue full article: The Flag and the Emblem Retrieved 28 July 2006.</ref> An early version of the flag was displayed in 1885 at a procession marking the third anniversary of Rishon LeZion. A similar version was designed for the Zionist movement in 1891. The Star of David ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), a Jewish symbol dating from late medieval-era Prague, was adopted by the First Zionist Congress in 1897.<ref name=history/>
Origin of the flagEdit
In the Middle Ages, mystical powers were attributed to the pentagram and hexagram, which were used in talismans against evil spirits. Both were called the "Seal of Solomon", but eventually the name became exclusive to the pentagram, while the hexagram became known as a "Magen David", or "Shield of David". Later the star began to appear in Jewish art. In 1648, Ferdinand II permitted the Jews of Prague to fly a "Jewish flag" over their synagogue. This flag was red with a yellow Magen David in the middle.<ref>How Israel Got Its Flag and What It Means, Haaretz</ref>
The idea that the blue and white colors were the national color of the Jewish people was voiced early on by Ludwig August von Frankl (1810–94), an Austrian Jewish poet. In his poem, "Judah's Colors", he writes:
In 1885, the agricultural village of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} used a blue and white flag incorporating a blue Star of David, designed by Israel Belkind and Fanny Abramovitch, in a procession marking its third anniversary.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1891, Michael Halperin, one of the founders of the agricultural village {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} flew a similar blue and white flag with a blue hexagram and the text "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "a banner for Zion": a reference to Template:Bibleverse, later adopted as the modern name of the city). A blue and white flag, with a Star of David and the Hebrew word "Maccabee", was used in 1891 by the Bnai Zion Educational Society. Jacob Baruch Askowith (1844–1908)<ref>Father of Dora Askowith. See Miller, Adinah S. "Dora Askowith". Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. 31 December 1999. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</ref> and his son Charles Askowith designed the "flag of Judah", which was displayed on 24 July 1891, at the dedication of Zion Hall of the B'nai Zion Educational Society in Boston, Massachusetts. Based on the traditional {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or Jewish prayer shawl, that flag was white with narrow blue stripes near the edges and bore in the center the ancient six-pointed Shield of David with the word "Maccabee" painted in blue Hebrew letters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Theodor Herzl's 1896 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, he stated: "We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we must raise a symbol above their heads. I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of our working-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying the badge of honour."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag, David Wolffsohn (1856–1914), a prominent Zionist, felt that the design proposed by Herzl was not gaining significant support. Herzl's original proposal however was for a flag completely devoid of any traditional Jewish symbolism: seven golden stars was representing the 7-hour workday of the enlightened state-to-be, which would have advanced socialist legislations.<ref name="scholem">Template:Cite news</ref> In preparing for the First Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897, Wolffsohn wrote: "What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a flag—and it is blue and white. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (prayer shawl) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over Congress Hall, came into being."<ref name="wolff">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Morris Harris, a member of New York {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, used his awning shop to design a suitable banner and decorations for the reception, and his mother Lena Harris sewed the flag. The flag was made with two blue stripes and a large blue Star of David in the center, the colors blue and white chosen from the design of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The flag was ten feet by six feet—in the same proportions as the flag of the United States—and became known as the Flag of Zion. It was accepted as the official Zionist flag at the Second Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1898<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification and was flown with those of other nationalities at the World's Fair hosting the 1904 Summer Olympics from one of the buildings at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition where large Zionist meetings were taking place.<ref>Zionism article (section Wide Spread of Zionism) by Richard Gottheil in the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> The racial Nuremberg Laws enacted by Nazi Germany in 1935 referenced the Zionist flag and stated that the Jews were forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the German national colors but were permitted to display the "Jewish colors".<ref>J. Boas: German–Jewish Internal Politics under Hitler 1933–1938 Template:Webarchive, in: Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 1984, pp3–25</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
In May 1948, the Provisional State Council asked the Israeli public to submit proposals for a flag and they received 164 entries. Initially the council had wished to abandon the traditional design of the Zionist flag and create something completely different in order to prevent Jews around the world being charged with dual loyalty when displaying the Zionist flag, which could create the impression they are flying the flag of a foreign country.<ref name="Libman1983">Template:Cite book</ref> On 14 October 1948, after Zionist representatives from around the world allayed the concerns of their Israeli colleagues, the flag of the Zionist Organization was adopted as the official flag of the State of Israel.<ref name="Mishory2019">Template:Cite book</ref>
DesignEdit
The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel states:<ref name=history>Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs publication The Flag and the Emblem Template:Webarchive by art historian Alec Mishory, wherein he quotes "The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel" made on 28 October 1948 by Joseph Sprinzak, Speaker.</ref> Template:Quote
Although the stripes are described as a "dark sky-blue" and the Shield of David as simply "sky-blue", the two elements of the flag are almost always the same shade.
ColoursEdit
In Hebrew, the blue is described as Template:Script/Hebrew Template:Transliteration, which traditionally refers to a dark sky-blue dye identical to indigo, so identical in fact that supposedly only God could distinguish between the two,<ref>Bava Metzia 61b</ref> and which was extracted from a sea creature called a Template:Script/Hebrew Template:Transliteration (almost certainly the banded dye-murex, from which a dye chemically identical to indigo can be extracted).<ref name="tekhelet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Regardless, flags with vastly differing shades of blue are commonplace, such that it's not uncommon for Israel's national colours to be referred to as Template:Script/Hebrew Template:Transliteration (“(dark) blue (and) white”) instead of Template:Script/Hebrew Template:Transliteration (“(sky) blue (and) white”).
In 1950 a decision was made to set the standard colour for government-regulated Israeli flags as "Indanthren Calidon (GCDN)",<ref>Template:Webarchive</ref> while Israeli product labels are told to use CMYK 100/70/0/28.<ref>Template:Webarchive</ref>
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Colour scheme |
Blue | White |
|---|---|---|
| Pantone | 286 C |
White
|
| RGB | 0/56/184 |
255/255/255
|
| Hexadecimal | #0038b8 |
#FFFFFF
|
| CMYK | 100/70/0/28 |
0/0/0/0
|
Interpretation of coloursEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
| Scheme | Textile color |
|---|---|
| White | Ḥeseḏ (Divine Benevolence)<ref name="Why the Tallit Barcode"/> |
| Blue | It symbolizes God's Glory, purity and Gḇūrā (God's severity)<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> |
The blue stripes are intended to symbolise the stripes on a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the traditional Jewish prayer shawl. The Star of David is a widely acknowledged symbol of the Jewish people and of Judaism. In Judaism, the colour blue symbolises God's glory, purity and gevura (God's severity).<ref name="ReferenceA">Numbers Rabbah 14:3; Hullin 89a.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Exodus 24:10; Ezekiel 1:26; Hullin 89a.</ref> The White field represents hesed (Divine Benevolence).<ref name="Why the Tallit Barcode">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the Bible, the Israelites are commanded to have one of the threads of their tassels ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) dyed with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; "so that they may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the Template:LORD, and do them" (Template:Bibleverse). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} corresponds to the colour of the divine revelation (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xv.). Sometime near the end of the Talmudic era (500–600 CE) the industry that produced this dye collapsed. It became rarer; over time, the Jewish community lost the tradition of which species of shellfish produced this dye. Since Jews were then unable to fulfil this commandment, they have since left their {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} strings) white. However, in remembrance of the commandment to use the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} dye, it became common for Jews to have blue or purple stripes woven into the cloth of their {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable flagsEdit
- The "Ink Flag" of 1949, which was raised during the War of Independence near present-day Eilat. This homemade flag's raising on a pole by several Israeli soldiers was immortalized in a photograph that has been compared with the famous photograph of the United States flag being raised atop Suribachi on the island of Iwo Jima in 1945. Like the latter photograph, the Ink Flag raising has also been reproduced as a memorial.
- The Israeli flag that stayed flying throughout the siege of Fort Budapest during the Yom Kippur War, which is currently preserved in the Israeli Armored Corps memorial at Latrun. Fort Budapest was the only strongpoint along the Bar-Lev Line to remain in Israeli hands during the war.
- The 2007 World Record Flag, which was unveiled at an airfield near the historic mountain fortress of Masada. The flag, manufactured in the Philippines, measured Template:Convert and weighed Template:Convert, breaking the previous record, measured and verified by representatives for the Guinness Book of Records. It was made by Filipino entrepreneur and Evangelical Christian Grace Galindez-Gupana as a religious token and diplomatic gesture of support for Israel.<ref name="haaretz">Template:Cite news</ref> In the Philippines, churches often display the Israeli flag.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This record has since been surpassed several times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Criticism and misconceptionEdit
Israeli Arab criticism has been raised by the High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel, which claims that Israel's national symbols, including its flag, constitute an official bias towards the Jewish majority that reinforces the inequality between Arabs and Jews in Israel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Criticism from strictly Orthodox Jews stems back to their opposition of early Zionism when some went as far as banning the Star of David, originally a religious symbol, which had become "defiled" after being adopted by the World Zionist Organization.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a similar vein, contemporary leaders such as Rabbi Moses Feinstein called the Israeli flag "a foolish and meaningless object" discouraging its display in synagogues,<ref name="Rabkin2006">Template:Cite book</ref> while the Chazon Ish wrote that praying in a synagogue decorated with an Israeli flag should be avoided even if there was no other synagogue in the area.<ref>Yakov Rabkin. Judaism vs Zionism in the Holy Land, A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism, Fernwood/Zed Books, 2006.</ref> The former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Ovadia Yosef, also forbade the flying of the Israeli flag in synagogues, calling it "a reminder of the acts of the evil-doers"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum referred to the flag as the "flag of heresy" and viewed it as an object of idol worship.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Despite the legal requirement (since 1997) for all government-funded schools to fly the Israeli flag,<ref name="Jacobsohn2009">Template:Cite book</ref> Haredi Jews generally refrain from displaying the flag at all,<ref name="Litvak2006">Template:Cite book</ref> although in a rare symbolic gesture in gratitude to state funding, the Ponevezh Yeshiva raise the flag once a year on Independence Day.<ref name="Baumel2006">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some fringe groups who are theologically opposed to renewed Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land resort to burning it on Independence Day.<ref name="GoodeBen-Yehuda2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
Blue LinesEdit
Yasser Arafat claimed that the two blue stripes on the Israeli flag represent the Nile and Euphrates rivers and allege that Israel desires to eventually seize all the land in between.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Such a reading is based on the Book of Genesis, which claims the two rivers are the boundaries of the Promised Land.<ref>Genesis 15.18: "The Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying unto thy seed have I given this land from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the River Euphrates."</ref>The Hamas Covenant states "After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates," and in 2006, Hamas leader Mahmoud al-Zahar issued a demand for Israel to change its flag, citing the "Nile to Euphrates" issue.<ref>Shiloh, Scott. Mofaz: Hamas Acting Responsibly; Hamas: Israel Must Change Flag, Arutz Sheva, 30 January 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2006.</ref> Responding to these claims, Arab writer Saqr Abu Fakhr wrote that the "Nile to Euphrates" claim is a popular misconception about Jews that, despite being unfounded and having abundant evidence refuting them, continues to circulate in the Arab world.<ref>Abu Fakhr, Saqr. "Seven Prejudices about the Jews", Al-Hayat, 12–14 November 1997.</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Blue in Judaism
- List of national symbols of Israel
- Flag of the British Mandate of Palestine
- Flag of Northern Cyprus
- Karamanid flag
- List of flags of Israel
- Dance of Flags
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Israel topics Template:Asia topic Template:Nationalflags