Fluoropolymer
Template:Short description A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with multiple carbon–fluorine bonds. It is characterized by a high resistance to solvents, acids, and bases. The best known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene under the brand name "Teflon," trademarked by the DuPont Company.
HistoryEdit
In 1938, polytetrafluoroethylene (DuPont brand name Teflon) was discovered by accident by a recently hired DuPont Ph.D., Roy J. Plunkett. While working with tetrafluoroethylene gas to develop refrigerants, he noticed that a previously pressurized cylinder had no pressure remaining. In dissecting the cylinder, he found a mass of white solid in a quantity similar to that of the tetrafluoroethylene gas. It was determined that this material was a new-to-the-world polymer. Tests showed the substance was resistant to corrosion from most acids, bases and solvents and had better high temperature stability than any other plastic. By early 1941, a crash program was making substantial quantities of PTFE for the Manhattan Project.<ref name="BIddon">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ModFcchem">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Hounshell>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Jstg">Template:Cite journal</ref>
PropertiesEdit
Fluoropolymers share the properties of fluorocarbons in that they are not as susceptible to the van der Waals force as hydrocarbons. This contributes to their non-stick and friction reducing properties. Also, they are stable due to the stability multiple carbon–fluorine bonds add to a chemical compound. Fluoropolymers may be mechanically characterized as thermosets or thermoplastics. Fluoropolymers can be homopolymers or copolymers. Template:Citation needed
Examples of monomers used to prepare fluoropolymersEdit
- Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
- Ethylene (Ethene, E)
- Vinyl fluoride (fluoroethylene) (VF1)
- Vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethylene) (VDF or VF2)
- Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
- Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)
- Propylene (Propene, P)
- Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- Perfluoropropylvinylether (PPVE)
- Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE)
Examples of fluoropolymersEdit
| Fluoropolymer | Trade names | Monomers | Melting point (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PVF (polyvinylfluoride) | Tedlar<ref>Tedlar is a registered trademark of DuPont</ref> | VF1 | 200<ref name="Ibeh">Template:Cite book</ref> |
| PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) | Kynar<ref>Kynar is a registered trademark of Arkema, Inc.</ref> Solef<ref>Solef is a registered trademark of Solvay specialty polymers S.p.A.</ref> Hylar<ref>Hylar is a registered trademark of Solvay specialty polymers S.p.A.</ref> | VF2 | 175 |
| PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) | Sold by AGC under the tradename Fluon PTFE; Sold by Dupont and Chemours Company under the tradename Teflon; sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers under the tradenames Algoflon Hyflon and Polymist; sold by Daikin under the tradename Polyflon | TFE | 327 |
| PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) | Kel-F (3M), Neoflon (Daikin), Voltalef <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> (Arkema) || CTFE ||220<ref name="Ibeh" /> | |
| PFA, MFA<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> (perfluoroalkoxy polymer) || Sold by AGC under the tradename Fluon PFA. Sold by DuPont under the tradename Teflon-PFA. Sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers under the tradename Hyflon.<ref>Hyflon is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.</ref> Neoflon (Daikin) || PPVE + TFE || 305 | ||
| FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene) | Sold by DuPont under the tradename Teflon FEP. Also known as Neoflon (Daikin) and Hyflon | HFP + TFE | 260 |
| ETFE (polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene) | Sold by AGC under the trade name of FluonETFE<ref>Fluon is a registered trademark of Asahi Glass Company</ref> Tefzel,;<ref>Tefzel is a registered trademark of DuPont</ref> sold by Daikin under the tradename Neoflon | TFE + E | 265 |
| ECTFE (polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene) | Halar<ref>Halar is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.</ref> sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers | CTFE + E | |
| FFPM/FFKM (Perfluorinated Elastomer [Perfluoroelastomer]) | Kalrez.<ref>Kalrez is a registered trademark of DuPont</ref> Tecnoflon PFR<ref>Tecnoflon is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.</ref> DAI-EL (Daikin) | ||
| FPM/FKM (Fluoroelastomer [Vinylidene Fluoride based copolymers]) | Viton,<ref>Viton is a registered trademark of DuPont</ref> Tecnoflon FKM, DAI-EL (Daikin), Fluonox (Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited) | ||
| FEPM (Fluoroelastomer [Tetrafluoroethylene-Propylene]) | Sold by AGC under the trade name of AFLAS,<ref>AFLAS is a registered trademark of AGC(Asahi Glass Co, Ltd.)</ref> | TFE + P | |
| PFPE (Perfluoropolyether) | Sold by DuPont under the tradename Krytox.<ref>Krytox is a registered trademark of DuPont</ref> Sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers S.p.A. as Fomblin and Galden | ||
| PFSA (Perfluorosulfonic acid) | Nafion | ||
| Perfluoropolyoxetane |
Typical propertiesEdit
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| Property | Method No. | Units | PTFE | FEP | PFA | ETFE | ECTFE | PCTFE | PVDF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific gravity | D792 | - | 2.17 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.15 | 1.78 |
| Yield strength | D638 | MPa | 10 | 12 | 15.5 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 46 |
| Yield strength | D638 | PSI | 1,450 | 1,740 | 2,250 | 3,480 | 4,500 | 5,800 | 6,670 |
| Elongation | % | 200-500 | 250-350 | 300 | 200-500 | 200-300 | 80-250 | 20-150 | |
| Tensile modulus | D638 | MPa | 600 | 500 | 700 | 1500 | 1655 | 1500 | 2400 |
| Tensile modulus | D638 | ksi | 87 | 72.5 | 101.5 | 217.5 | 240 | 218 | 348 |
| Hardness | D2240 | Shore D | 60 | 57 | 62 | 75 | 75 | 90 | 79 |
| HDT, @ 66 PSI | D648 | °F | 250 | 158 | 164 | 219 | 240 | 248 | 300 |
| HDT, @ 264 PSI | D648 | °F | 122 | 129 | 118 | 160 | 169 | - | 239 |
| Limiting oxygen index | D2863 | % | >95 | >95 | >95 | 30-36 | |||
| Dielectric constant | D150 | 1 MHz | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.6 |
See alsoEdit
- Organofluorine
- Organohalogen
- Fluorosurfactant
- Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)