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Pinus sabiniana (sometimes spelled P. sabineana) is a pine endemic to California in the United States.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Its vernacular names include towani pine, foothill pine, gray pine, ghost pine, and bull pine. The name digger pine was historically used but includes a racial slur.<ref name="usdaRef">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="jepTreat">Template:Jepson Manual</ref><ref name="Gymnosperm">Template:Gymnosperm Database</ref><ref name="calflora">Template:Calflora</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Pinus sabiniana trees typically grow to Template:Convert, but can reach Template:Convert. The pine needles are in fascicles (bundles) of three, distinctively pale gray-green, sparse and drooping, and grow to Template:Convert in length. The seed cones are large and heavy, Template:Convert in length and almost as wide as they are long.<ref name="calflora" /><ref name="jepTreat" /><ref name="usdaTreat" /> When fresh, they weigh from Template:Convert, rarely over Template:Convert.<ref name="Silvics" /> The male cones grow at the base of shoots on the lower branches.<ref name="calflora" /><ref name="jepTreat" /><ref name="usdaTreat">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Pinus sabineana 00061.JPG
Bark
- Pinus sabiniana (Gray Pine) - foliage (30485878313).jpg
Foliage
- Pinus sabiniana pollen cones Pinnacles, California.jpg
Pollen cones
- J20161101-0079—Gray pine cone, pine nuts, and resin—RPBG (30547385050).jpg
Cone, seeds, and resin
TaxonomyEdit
Common nameEdit
The name digger pine supposedly came from the observation that the Paiute foraged for its seeds by digging around the base of the tree. It is more likely that the term was first applied to the people; "Digger Indians" was in common use in California literature from the 1800s. The historically more common name digger pine is still in widespread use. The Jepson Manual advises avoiding this name as the authors believe "digger" is pejorative in origin.<ref>Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) "The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California". University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993 p.120.</ref><ref>Template:Jepson Manual</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The tree is also sometimes thought of as a pinyon pine, though it does not belong to that group.
| Language | Name |
|---|---|
| Achumawi | tujhalo |
| Awaswas Ohlone | hireeni (pine tree); saak (pinenut) |
| Chalon Ohlone | šaak (pinenut) |
| Chimariko | hatcho |
| Chochenyo Ohlone | saak (pinenut) |
| Chukchansi Yokuts | ton' (pinenut); shaaxal' (pine sap) |
| Karuk | axyúsip |
| Klamath | gapga <ref name="hinton">Template:Cite book</ref> |
| Konkow | tä-nē’ <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
| Maidu | towáni |
| Mono | tunah |
| Mutsun Ohlone | hireeni; saak (pinenut) |
| Patwin | tuwa; sanank (pinenut) |
| Rumsen Ohlone | xirren |
| Southern Sierra Miwok | sakky |
| Wappo | náyo |
| Wintu | xisi (unripe pinenut); chati (ripe pinenut) |
| Yana | c’ala’i <ref name="hinton" /> |
Botanical nameEdit
The scientific botanical name with the standard spelling sabiniana commemorates Joseph Sabine, secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. Some botanists proposed a new spelling sabineana, because they were confused with Latin grammar. The proposal has not been accepted by the relevant authorities (i.e. United States Department of Agriculture, The Jepson Manual or Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).<ref name="usdaRef" /><ref name="jepTreat" /><ref name="calflora" /><ref name="GRIN">Template:GRIN</ref> The GRIN notes that the spelling sabiniana agrees with a provision in the Vienna Code of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the governing body of botanical nomenclature. In that code, recommendation 60.2C states that personal names can be Latinized in species epithets: 'Sabine' is Latinised to sabinius, with the addition of the suffix "-anus" (pertaining to) the word becomes sabiniana (In Latin, trees are feminine, irrespective if the word ends with a masculine suffix, i.e. pinus).<ref name="GRIN" /><ref name="ViennaCode">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006. Recommendation 60C.2 Template:Webarchive. Accessed online: 1 October 2010.</ref> The GRIN database notes that Sabine's last name is not correctable and therefore Pinus sabiniana is the proper name for the species.
Distribution and habitatEdit
Pinus sabiniana grows at elevations between sea level and Template:Convert and is common in the northern and interior portions of the California Floristic Province. It is found throughout the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges foothills that ring the Central, San Joaquin and interior valleys; the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges; and Mojave Desert sky islands.<ref name="jepTreat" /><ref name="usdaTreat" /> Multiple specimens have also been found in Southern Oregon as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is adapted to long, hot, dry summers and is found in areas with an unusually wide range of precipitation: from an average of Template:Convert per year at the edge of the Mojave to Template:Convert in parts of the Sierra Nevada.<ref name="Silvics">Template:Silvics</ref> It prefers rocky, well drained soil, but also grows in serpentine soil and heavy, poorly drained clay soils. It commonly occurs in association with Quercus douglasii,Template:Sfn and "Oak/Foothill Pine vegetation" (also known as "Oak/Gray Pine vegetation") is used as a description of a type of habitat characteristic within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion in California, providing a sparse overstory above a canopy of the oak woodland.
EcologyEdit
Pinus sabiniana needles are a food of the caterpillars of the Gelechiid moth Chionodes sabinianus. Fossil evidence suggests that it has only recently become adapted to the Mediterranean climate as its closest relatives are part of the Madrean pine-oak woodlands found at higher elevations in the southwest US and Mexico.<ref>Munz, P. "A California Flora and supplement" University of California Press</ref>
Animals help spread the seeds, including birds such as the scrub jay and acorn woodpecker.<ref name="tktimb">Template:Cite book</ref>
UsesEdit
Some Native American groups relied heavily on sweet pine nuts for food<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and are thought to have contributed to the current distribution pattern, including the large gap in distribution in Tulare County. Native Americans also consumed the roots.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Protein and fat nutritional value of the seed are similar to Pinus pinea seeds and figured in the local indigenous diet.<ref name="USDA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:PD-notice</ref>
Wood uses historically were determined by its particular characteristics, e.g., 0.43 mean specific gravity nearly equal to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); strength properties similar to ponderosa pine; Kraft pulps high in bursting with tensile strength comparable to some northern conifer pulps; and foothill stands loggable in winter, when higher-altitude species were inaccessible. However, the high amounts of resin and compression wood, the often crooked form, heavy weight, and low stand density, made it expensive otherwise to log, transport and process. Commercial value decreased by the 1960s,<ref name="USDA" /> to limited use for railroad ties, box "shook",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> pallet stock, and chips.
It may still offer potential as windbreak shelterbelt plantings.<ref name="USDA" />
The main turpentine constituent, heptane, an alkane hydrocarbon, at about 3 percent of needle and twig oil,<ref name="USDA" /> is unusual in botany; the only other source in nature perhaps being the Pittosporum resiniferum, known as "petroleum nut" or kerosene tree.
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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- A. Farjon (2005). Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill. Template:ISBN
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- Discovery Channel (2010), MythBusters, Episode 138Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
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