Foreign relations of Panama
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Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.
Diplomatic relationsEdit
List of countries which Panama maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relationsEdit
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes | ||||
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| Template:Flag | 7 August 1998 | |||||
| Template:Flag | 15 February 1908 | |||||
| Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="date" /> | See Canada–Panama relations
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| Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="date" /> | See China–Panama relations and Panama–Taiwan relations.
Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and retained diplomatic ties with the ROC until 2017. According to diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks, in 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC).<ref name=":0" /> This was rejected by the PRC, which did not want to disrupt its improving diplomatic relations with the ROC during the ROC Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).<ref name=":1222">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| Template:Flag | 1 March 1908<ref name="date" /> |
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| Template:Flag | 9 July 1924 | See Colombia–Panama relations
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| Template:Flag | 29 December 1903 | See Costa Rica–Panama relations | ||||
| Template:Flag | 18 November 1903 | |||||
| Template:Flag | Template:Dts<ref name="date" /> | See India–Panama relations
Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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| Template:Flag | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.<ref>Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16</ref> Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.<ref>Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Template:Webarchive, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)</ref> Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> Both countries enjoy excellent relationships. | |||
| Template:Flag | 29 May 1923<ref name="date" /> | See Mexico–Panama relations
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| Template:Flag | 2 March 1908 | labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
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| Template:Flag | 21 November 1903<ref name="date" /> | See Panama–Russia relations
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| Template:Flag | 1 June 1979<ref name="date" /> | See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations
Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.<ref name="PNMSADR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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| Template:Flag | 2006<ref name="date" /> |
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| Template:Flag | 1953<ref name="date" /> |
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| Template:Flag | 1995<ref name="date" /> |
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| Template:Flag | 30 September 1962<ref name="date"/> | See Panama–South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962.
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| Template:Flag | 10 May 1904<ref name="date" /> | See Panama–Spain relations
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| Template:Flag | 20 August 1982 |
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| Template:Flag | 21 September 1950 | See Panama–Turkey relations | CitationClass=web
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| Template:Flag | Template:Date table sorting | See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 April 1908.
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}}</ref> Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Trade Continuity Agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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| Template:Flag | 13 November 1903 3 April 1964<ref name="date" /> |
See Panama–United States relations
The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.
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| Template:Flag | 28 October 1904 | See Panama–Uruguay relations
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| Template:Flag | 1717 | See Panama–Venezuela relations |
Multilateral relationsEdit
Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.
Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.
Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.
Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
- Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
- Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
- Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.
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