Foreign relations of Turkey

File:Edward H. Everett House.JPG

Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Foreign relations of Turkey refer to diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other countries of the world.<ref name="Robins, Philip 1991">Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.</ref> Turkey has diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations as of December 2024.<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mbz2020">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="gardner2020">Template:Cite news</ref>

After opting for neutrality during World War II, until 23 February 1945, when Turkey declared war against the Axis powers<ref>Çağlar, İsmail, and Kevser Hülya Akdemir. "Turkey and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Turkey and Transatlantic Relations. Washington DC: Centre for Transatlantic Relations (2017): 35-48. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ch03-1.pdf</ref> — Turkey's primary ally had been the United States with both countries sharing a similar interest in containing Soviet expansion.<ref>Migdalovitz, Carol. "Turkey: Ally in a Troubled Region." Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 93-835F. Washington: 14 September 1993.</ref><ref>Karasapan, Omer. "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost," Middle East Report, No. 160, September–October 1989, pp. 4–10, 22.</ref> In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952.<ref>Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.</ref>

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949, and its eventual alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.<ref>Fuller, Graham E., Ian O. Lesser, Paul B. Henze, and J.F. Brown. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.</ref><ref name="Robins, Philip 1991" /> This subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.<ref>United States. Department of Defense. Terrorist Group Profiles. Washington: GPO, 1988.</ref><ref>United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1992. Washington: 1993.</ref><ref>United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993. Washington: 1994.</ref>

History

Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.<ref>William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).</ref> The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons, and financing, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.<ref>J.M. Hakov, "The Great States, Turkey and Issue Concerning the New Regime of the Straits during the First Years of World War Two." Archiv Orientální 54 (1986): 47–60.</ref>

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.<ref>Yücel Güçlü, "Turco-British relations on the eve of the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 39.4 (2003): 159–205.</ref> Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality.<ref>Onur Isci, "The Massigli Affair and its Context: Turkish Foreign Policy after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact." Journal of Contemporary History (2019): DOI: 10.1177/0022009419833443. online Template:Webarchive</ref> It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew, chrome sales towards Germany halted.<ref>Gül İnanç, "The politics of 'active neutrality' on the eve of a new world order: The case of Turkish chrome sales during the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 42.6 (2006): 907–915.</ref><ref>S. Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality (Cambridge 1989).</ref><ref>N. Tamkin, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945 (London 2009).</ref>

After 1945

File:Cumhurbaşkanı Ersin Tatar, Gaziantep AFAD Merkezi’nde yetkililerle bir araya geldi 02.jpg

Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.<ref>US Congressional Research Service, July 11, 2024 https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/IF10487.pdf</ref>

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005.<ref name="TR_EUChrono">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="barroso">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.<ref name="dw-13-03-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States.<ref name="U.S.DoS-Turkey">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=fas.org>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948 both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.<ref name="Truman Doctrine">Template:Cite book</ref>

The shared threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War was a driving factor behind Turkey's accession to NATO in 1952, fostering strong bilateral ties with the United States. In the ensuing decades, Turkey benefited significantly from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans.<ref name=edoc.hu-berlin.de>Template:Cite book</ref>

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.<ref name="Bal20042">Template:Cite book</ref> The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.<ref name="Kubilay Yado Arin 2013">Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with Armenia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Turkey.svg
#	Country	Date
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Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag		See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union File:NATO Summit, Vilnius.P061598-880399.jpg President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
Template:Flag	February 1952	See Turkey in NATO

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan and Birol Akgun, "Turkey's Opening to Africa", The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 48, No 4 (2010): 525–546, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=mehmetozkan Template:Webarchive</ref> Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan, "What drives Turkey's Involvement in Africa?", Review of African Political Economy, Vol 37, No 126 (2010): 533–540, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=mehmetozkanTemplate:Dead link</ref> Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan, "A New Actor or Passer-By? The Political Economy of Turkey's Engagement with Africa", Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2012): 113–133, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=mehmetozkanTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Northern Africa

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD).<ref name="auto149">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.<ref name="auto149" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Algiers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	8 May 1925<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Egypt–Turkey relations Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Cairo<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Alexandria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD).<ref name="auto74">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.<ref name="auto74" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	30 December 1952<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Libya–Turkey relations Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Misurata.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).<ref name="auto105">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto105" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	14 April 1970<ref name="ReferenceI"/>	See Mauritania–Turkey relations Mauritania has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto76">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Nouakchott.<ref name="auto76" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 245 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto76" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nouakchott.<ref name="auto76" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Morocco–Turkey relations Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Rabat.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).<ref name="auto52">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.<ref name="auto52" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	20 July 1957<ref name="auto69"/>	See Sudan–Turkey relations Sudan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto69" /> Turkey has an embassy in Khartoum.<ref name="auto69" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD).<ref name="auto69" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Tunisia–Turkey relations Tunisia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tunis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />

Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations.<ref>Akgün, B. "Turkey's opening to Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48, pp. 525–546. 2010.</ref> Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million<ref name=":2">Özkan, M. "Turkey's 'New' engagements in Africa and Asia: Scope, content and implications." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), pp. 115–137. 2011.</ref> in 1998 to US$5.08<ref>"Afrika'ya Yatırım Atağı." Ekonomist, 26(152273), pp. 17–21. 2016.</ref> billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.<ref>Kavas, A. Osmanlı-Afrika İlişkileri. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları. 2006.</ref> Relations were restored in the 1950s,<ref>Aydın, M. "Determinants of Turkish foreign policy: Changing patterns and conjectures during the Cold War." Middle Eastern Studies, 36(1), pp. 105–121. 2000.</ref> and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.<ref>Ataman, M. "Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy." Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), pp. 132–151. 2002.</ref>

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.<ref name=":3">İpek, V. "Turkey's foreign policy implementation in Africa: A post international approach." New Perspectives on Turkey, 49(Fall), pp. 121–156. 2013.</ref>

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region,<ref name=":2" /> providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011<ref>Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Turkey's development cooperation. Retrieved 12 February 2016, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiyenin-kalkinma-isbirligi.tr.mfa. 2016.</ref> including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.<ref name=":3" />

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Angola–Turkey relations Angola has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto77">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Luanda.<ref name="auto77" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto77" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luanda since 27 October 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	29 March 1974<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Benin–Turkey relations Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021. Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.<ref name="auto19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto19" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.<ref name="auto19" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone.<ref name="auto90">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto90" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	6 April 1970<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto27">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Ouagadougou.<ref name="auto27" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).<ref name="auto27" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	30 April 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Burundi–Turkey relations Burundi has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto115">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura.<ref name="auto115" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto115" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	9 August 1963<ref name="ReferenceC">Template:Cite book</ref>	See Cameroon–Turkey relations Cameroon has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Yaoundé. Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.	Template:No
Template:Flag	24 June 1979<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Cape Verde–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.<ref name="auto157">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto157" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	18 February 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Central African Republic has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name="auto51">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic.<ref name="auto51" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 5.81 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.84/1.97 million USD).<ref name="auto51" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Chad–Turkey relations Chad has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto53">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.<ref name="auto53" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).<ref name="auto53" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.<ref name="auto53" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	22 August 1979<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Comoros–Turkey relations The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto116">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.<ref name="auto116" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto116" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	9 November 1981<ref name="Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 186-193"/>	See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Congo has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto125">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville.<ref name="auto125" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).<ref name="auto125" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	14 July 1964<ref name="ReferenceD"/>	See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto142">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Abidjan.<ref name="auto142" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD).<ref name="auto142" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.<ref name="auto142" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	22 October 1975<ref name="ReferenceO"/>	See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations Democratic Republic of Congo has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto30">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Kinshasa.<ref name="auto30" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto30" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	25 June 1979<ref name="Vedat Uras. 1982"/>	See Djibouti–Turkey relations Djibouti has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto87">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Djibouti.<ref name="auto87" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto87" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	19 July 1993<ref name="Embassy"/>	See Eritrea–Turkey relations The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto145">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Asmara.<ref name="auto145" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto145" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	16 September 1980<ref name="ReferenceQ"/>	See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto33">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Malabo.<ref name="auto33" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD).<ref name="auto33" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020.<ref name="auto33" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	20 January 1981<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto153">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini.<ref name="auto153" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 309 thousand USD in 2019.<ref name="auto153" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Ethiopia–Turkey relations Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto34">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref name="auto34" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).<ref name="auto34" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Gabon–Turkey relations Gabon has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Libreville.<ref name="auto16" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto16" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	1965<ref name="auto146"/>	See Gambia–Turkey relations Gambia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto146" /> Turkey has an embassy in Banjul.<ref name="auto146" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.<ref name="auto146" />	Template:No
Template:Flag		See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto37">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Accra.<ref name="auto37" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto37" />	Template:Yes-no<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag		See Guinea–Turkey relations Guinea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto48">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Conakry.<ref name="auto48" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto48" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017.<ref name="auto48" />	Template:No
Template:Flag		See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Guinea Bissau has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bissau. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.95 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto132">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	30 March 1968<ref name="ReferenceF"/>	See Kenya–Turkey relations Kenya has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto113">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Nairobi.<ref name="auto113" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto113" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.<ref name="auto113" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	1980<ref name="facebook.com"/>	The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto70">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.<ref name="auto70" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).<ref name="auto70" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	1 August 1958<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	See Liberia–Turkey relations The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto64">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.<ref name="auto64" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto64" />	Template:No
Template:Flag		See Madagascar–Turkey relations Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto56">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.<ref name="auto56" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).<ref name="auto56" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Mali–Turkey relations Mali has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto83">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Bamako.<ref name="auto83" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).<ref name="auto83" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	4 August 1969<ref name="ReferenceG"/>	See Malawi–Turkey relations The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto68">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.<ref name="auto68" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).<ref name="auto68" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	18 October 1976<ref name="ReferenceP"/>	See Mauritius–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius.<ref name="auto22" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto22" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015.<ref name="auto22" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Mozambique–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Maputo.<ref name="auto15" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto15" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	27 March 1990<ref name="Vedat Uras, 1990"/>	See Namibia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek.<ref name="auto26">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).<ref name="auto26" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	30 March 1967<ref name="Africa Research Bulletin"/>	See Niger–Turkey relations Niger has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto156">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Niamey.<ref name="auto156" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto156" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Nigeria–Turkey relations Nigeria has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto148">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Abuja.<ref name="auto148" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 726 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto148" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abuja, Lagos and Port-Harcourt.<ref name="auto148" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	18 February 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Rwanda–Turkey relations Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto130">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Kigali.<ref name="auto130" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).<ref name="auto130" />	Template:No
Template:Flag		The Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe in Lisbon is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto106">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe.<ref name="auto106" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto106" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Senegal–Turkey relations Senegal has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto54">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Dakar.<ref name="auto54" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 292 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto54" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dakar.<ref name="auto54" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Dakar.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Seychelles–Turkey relations The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto101">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.<ref name="auto101" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).<ref name="auto101" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	15 February 1971<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>	See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations Sierra Leone has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto60">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Freetown.<ref name="auto60" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto60" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.<ref name="auto60" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	13 December 1965<ref name="ReferenceE"/>	See Somalia–Turkey relations Somalia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Mogadishu and a consulate general in Hargeisa.<ref name="auto1" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 250.8 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto1" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mogadishu.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See South Africa–Turkey relations South Africa has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto71">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Pretoria.<ref name="auto71" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 552.5/757.5 million USD).<ref name="auto71" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cape Town and Durban since 2015.<ref name="auto71" /> 3,600 Turkish citizens reside in South Africa.<ref name="auto71" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Johannesburg.	Template:No
Template:Flag	9 July 2011<ref name="Turkish Embassy in Juba"/>	See South Sudan–Turkey relations South Sudan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto91">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Juba.<ref name="auto91" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto91" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Tanzania–Turkey relations Tanzania has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto31">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.<ref name="auto31" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 151 million USD in 2015.<ref name="auto31" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro since 2010.<ref name="auto31" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Togo–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned).<ref name="auto93">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto93" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	18 September 1969<ref name="ReferenceH"/>	See Turkey–Uganda relations Uganda has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Kampala.<ref name="auto8" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto8" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	25 February 1971<ref name="ReferenceK"/>	See Turkey–Zambia relations Zambia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto107">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.<ref name="auto107" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).<ref name="auto107" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.<ref name="auto107" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	2 July 1982<ref name="Vedat Uras, 1982"/>	See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto55">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Harare.<ref name="auto55" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).<ref name="auto55" />	Template:No

Americas

Southern Cone

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	29 June 1926<ref name="Biblioteca Digital de Tratados"/>	See Argentina–Turkey relations File:Erdoğan & Macri at the G20 2018 Summit 01.jpg President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires. Argentina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Buenos Aires. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place on a daily basis.<ref name="auto86">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.<ref name="auto86" /> 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	30 January 1926<ref name="chile.gob.cl"/>	See Chile–Turkey relations File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Sebastián Piñera.jpg President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera Chile has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Santiago. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and is in effect since 1 March 2011.<ref name="auto61">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.<ref name="auto61" /> 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	11 September 1953<ref name="A un año de abrir la embajada de Tu"/>	See Paraguay–Turkey relations Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto67">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Asunción.<ref name="auto67" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).<ref name="auto67" /> 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	8 December 1933<ref name="x.com"/>	See Turkey–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo.<ref name="auto9" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).<ref name="auto9" /> 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No

North America

Country	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	25 November 1943<ref name="ottawa.emb.mfa.gov.tr"/>	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).<ref name="auto118">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019.<ref name="auto118" /> 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.<ref name="auto118" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	12 July 1928<ref name="gob.mx"/>	See Mexico–Turkey relations File:Visita de Estado del señor Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Presidente de la República de Turquía. (16328684579).jpg President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Mexico has an embassy in Ankara<ref>Embassy of Mexico in Ankara</ref> and a consulate in Istanbul.<ref>Consulate of Mexico in Istanbul</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019.<ref name="auto109">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD).<ref name="auto109" /> 66,557 Mexican tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mexico City.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–United States relations File:President Trump and the First Lady Visit with the President of Turkey and Mrs. Emine Erdogan (49061400831).jpg Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies. United States has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana. Turkey has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle (starts 9 March 2022) and Washington, D.C. 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C. Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.	Template:No

Caribbean

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	June 1999<ref name="caricom.org"/>	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.<ref name="auto24">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto24" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	5 November 1974<ref name="ReferenceM"/>	See Bahamas–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.<ref name="auto39">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto39" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	20 September 1972<ref name="foreign.gov.bb"/>	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Barbados.<ref name="auto20">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD).<ref name="auto20" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	25 November 1952<ref name="cubaminrex.cu"/>	See Cuba–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Havana.<ref name="auto43">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).<ref name="auto43" /> The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.<ref name="kutlu">Kutlu, M. N. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Latin Amerika (Başlangıç Dönemi). Ankara: LAMER Yayınları. 2012</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	13 April 2006<ref name="digitallibrary_un_org" />	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Dominica.<ref name="auto110">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto110" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo.<ref name="auto36">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).<ref name="auto36" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	8 May 1975<ref name="ReferenceN"/>	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Grenada.<ref name="auto40">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019.<ref name="auto40" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Haiti–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.<ref name="auto18" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).<ref name="auto18" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	30 March 1971<ref name="mfaft.gov.jm"/>	See Jamaica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.<ref name="auto41">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto41" />	Template:No
Template:Flag		The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to St. Kitts and Nevis.<ref name="auto121">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto121" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	25 May 2005<ref name="ReferenceR"/>	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Lucia.<ref name="auto49">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto49" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines.<ref name="auto131">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD).<ref name="auto131" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	22 May 1972<ref name="ReferenceL"/>	See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).<ref name="auto" />	Template:No

Central America

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize.<ref name="auto124">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).<ref name="auto124" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	21 September 1950<ref name="rree.go.cr"/>	See Costa Rica–Turkey relations Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto58">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in San Jose.<ref name="auto58" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).<ref name="auto58" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).<ref name="auto12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Guatemala–Turkey relations Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name="auto81">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City.<ref name="auto81" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).<ref name="auto81" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	4 April 1950<ref name="Memoria">Template:Cite book</ref>	The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.<ref name="auto84">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).<ref name="auto84" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	21 September 1950<ref name="aa.com.tr" />	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Managua.<ref name="auto28">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto28" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto28" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Panama–Turkey relations Panama has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto79">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Panama.<ref name="auto79" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).<ref name="auto79" />	Template:No

Latin America, rest of

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	26 July 1950<ref name="diputados.bo"/>	See Bolivia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in La Paz.<ref name="auto10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).<ref name="auto10" /> 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Brazil–Turkey relations File:Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva & Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Brasilia, 27 May 2010 (5).jpg Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto103">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo.<ref name="auto103" /> Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.<ref name="auto103" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).<ref name="auto103" /> 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	10 April 1959<ref name="turquia.embajada.gov.co"/>	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Ecuador–Turkey relations Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil. Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).<ref name="auto158">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	2 May 1973<ref name="minfor.gov.gy"/>	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Guyana.<ref name="auto104">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD).<ref name="auto104" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto75">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Lima.<ref name="auto75" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).<ref name="auto75" /> 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Suriname–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname.<ref name="auto46">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD).<ref name="auto46" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	29 December 1950Template:Citation needed	See Turkey–Venezuela relations Turkey has an embassy in Caracas and an honorary consulate in Maracaibo.<ref name="auto78">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto78" />	Template:No

Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır.<ref name="auto5" /> Turkey has an embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja.<ref name="auto5" /> Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.63/2.55 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991.<ref name="auto5" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Baku.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Nur-Sultan and a consulate general in Almaty. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan.<ref name="auto38" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Nur-Sultan.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto122" /> Turkey has an embassy in Bishkek.<ref name="auto122" /> Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 519 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 442/77 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Turkmenistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ashgabat. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991.<ref name="auto65" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul Turkey has an embassy in Tashkent. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No

Asia-Pacific

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Afghanistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kabul and Consulate General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul and Çanakkale.<ref name="auto152" /> Turkey has an embassy in Canberra and Consulate General in Melbourne and Sydney.<ref name="auto152" /> Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.<ref name="auto152" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.66 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 521.6/544.8 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia.<ref name="auto152" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Melbourne.	Template:No
Template:Flag		See Bangladesh–Turkey relations Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto117">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka.<ref name="auto117" /> Both countries are members of OIC.<ref name="auto117" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.<ref>"Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in Urmila Phadnis, S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	27 June 1984<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	See Brunei–Turkey relations Brunei Darussalam has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto102">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.<ref name="auto102" /> Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Cambodia–Turkey relations Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh. Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See China–Turkey relations China has an embassy in Ankara and Consulate General in Istanbul and İzmir.<ref name="auto14" /> Turkey has an embassy in Beijing and Consulate General in Guangzhou,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hong Kong<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Shanghai<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD).<ref name="auto144">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto144" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.<ref name="auto144" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands.<ref name="auto557" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.<ref name="auto557" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See East Timor–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.<ref name="auto57" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto57" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.<ref name="auto141" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto141" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See India–Turkey relations File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on May 01, 2017 (1).jpg Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India. India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.<ref name="auto2" /> Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Indonesia–Turkey relations Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta.<ref name="auto13" /> Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.<ref name="auto13" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Japan–Turkey relations Japan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tokyo<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a Consulate General in Nagoya.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.<ref name="auto129" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto129" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Laos–Turkey relations The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto139" /> Turkey has an embassy in Vientiane.<ref name="auto139" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Maldives–Turkey relations The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto108" /> The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.<ref name="auto108" /> Both countries are members of OIC.<ref name="auto108" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Malaysia–Turkey relations Malaysia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.	Template:Yes
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands.<ref name=":6" /> Marshall Islands has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name=":6" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name=":6" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name=":7" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Mongolia–Turkey relations Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Myanmar–Turkey relations The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto50" /> Turkey has an embassy in Yangon.<ref name="auto50" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag		The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru.<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name=":8" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See New Zealand–Turkey relations New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto111">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Wellington.<ref name="auto111" /> Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019. 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.<ref name="auto111" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	7 June 2014<ref>Template:Cite news"Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."</ref>	Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| See North Korea–Turkey relations The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto62" /> The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea.<ref name="auto62" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto62" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Pakistan–Turkey relations Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulate General in Karachi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Lahore.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.<ref name="auto114" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.<ref name="auto114" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| Papua New Guinea has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name="auto127" /> The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea.<ref name="auto127" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto127" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Philippines–Turkey relations Philippines has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto85" /> Turkey has an embassy in Manila.<ref name="auto85" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.<ref name="auto85" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.<ref name="auto85" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Samoa–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.<ref name="auto94" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto94" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Singapore–Turkey relations Singapore has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto45" /> Turkey has an embassy in Singapore.<ref name="auto45" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.<ref name="auto45" />	Template:Yes
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since 8 March 1979.<ref name="auto136" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See South Korea–Turkey relations South Korea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto95" /> Turkey has an embassy in Seoul.<ref name="auto95" /> Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).<ref name="auto89">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto89" /> Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.<ref name="auto89" /> Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.	Template:Yes
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto99" /> Turkey has an embassy in Colombo.<ref name="auto99" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	Started in 1934, Ended in 1971	See Taiwan–Turkey relations Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Tajikistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dushanbe. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Thailand–Turkey relations Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto80" /> Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok.<ref name="auto80" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.<ref name="auto80" /> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.<ref name="auto80" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Tonga–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976.<ref name="auto11" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto11" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu.<ref name="auto143" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto143" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.<ref name=":5" /> Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name=":5" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).<ref name=":5" />	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto98" /> Turkey has an embassy in Hanoi.<ref name="auto98" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.<ref name="auto98" />	Template:No

Western Asia

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag		See Armenia–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended over the Nagorno-Karabakh War.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Bahrain–Turkey relations Bahrain has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Manama. Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.	Template:No
Template:Flag		Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.	Template:Yes
Template:Flag	1983<ref name="mfa.gov.ct.tr"/>	See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Northern Cyprus has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Gaziantep, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in North Nicosia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.	Template:Free
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Georgia–Turkey relations Georgia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon.<ref name="auto35">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Tbilisi and a consulate general in Batumi.<ref name="auto35" /> Both countries are members of Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and WTO. Turkey supports Georgia's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.58/0.27 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto35" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tbilisi.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Iran–Turkey relations Iran has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum.<ref name="auto112/">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad.<ref name="auto112/" /> Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.60 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.31/3.29 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.	Template:No
Template:Flag	16 January 1928	See Iraq–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	2001	See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
Template:Flag		See Israel–Turkey relations Israel has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019. The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel. Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto96">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Amman.<ref name="auto96" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto96" /> Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March.<ref name="auto96" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.	Template:No
Template:Flag	10 January 1964<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Kuwait–Turkey relations Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City. Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	Template:No
Template:Flag	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut. Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD). 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.	Template:Yes-no<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	18 June 1973<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Oman–Turkey relations Oman has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Muscat. Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Palestine–Turkey relations Palestine has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto100" /> Turkey has a consulate general in Jerusalem accredited to Palestine.<ref name="auto100" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 84 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 82/2 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	20 March 1973<ref name="ARR: Arab Report and Record"/>	See Qatar–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Doha. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has a military base in Qatar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.	Template:No
Template:Flag	3 August 1929<ref name="ReferenceA"/>	See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate general in Jeddah.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	8 March 1946	See Syria–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate general in Dubai. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No
Template:Flag	4 March 1946<ref name="Bilateral Political Relations betwe"/>	See Turkey–Yemen relations Yemen has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto123">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Sana'a.<ref name="auto123" /> Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto123" />	Template:No

Europe

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Albania–Turkey relations Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tirana. Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD).<ref name="auto133">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto133" /> Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tirana There are over 500,000 Albanians residing in Turkey.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.<ref name="auto72" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).<ref name="auto72" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	1526<ref name="Lonnie Johnson 1989">Template:Cite book</ref>	See Austria–Turkey relations Austria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Vienna<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Bregenz<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Salzburg<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.43 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.14/1.29 billion USD).<ref name="auto7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 401,475 Austrian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto7" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Vienna.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Belarus–Turkey relations Belarus has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto119">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Minsk.<ref name="auto119" /> Both countries are members of OSCE.<ref>Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD).<ref name="auto92" /> 258,419 Belarusian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Belgium–Turkey relations Belgium has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Brussels<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Antwerp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.7 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/3.1 billion USD).<ref name="auto128" /> 220 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Belgium.<ref name="auto128" /> See Turks in Belgium 557,435 Belgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto128" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Brussels.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	1908<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	See Bulgaria–Turkey relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Sofia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Burgas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Plovdiv.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.1 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.0 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 2,713,464 Bulgarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Sarajevo. Turkey supports Bosnia and Herzegovina's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 661 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 420/241 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Fojnica, Mostar and Sarajevo.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Croatia–Turkey relations Croatia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are members of NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 384 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 232/152 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Zagreb.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Czech Republic–Turkey relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Prague.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).<ref name="auto4" /> 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic.<ref name="auto4" /> 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto4" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	Template:Dts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Denmark–Turkey relations Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).<ref name="auto23">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark.<ref name="auto23" /> See Turks in Denmark 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto23" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Estonia–Turkey relations Estonia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).<ref name="auto6" /> 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto6" /> 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.<ref name="auto6" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Finland–Turkey relations Finland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).<ref name="auto59" /> 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland.<ref name="auto59" /> See Turks in Finland 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto59" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See France–Turkey relations France has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Paris<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Bordeaux,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lyon,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Marseille,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nantes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Strasbourg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.8/7.6 billion USD).<ref name="auto150">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 650 thousand Turkish citizens reside in France and 3,152 French citizens reside in Turkey.<ref name="auto150" /> 875,957 French tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto150" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Paris.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Germany–Turkey relations Germany has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Berlin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Cologne,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Düsseldorf,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Essen,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Frankfurt,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hamburg<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hanover,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Karlsruhe<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mainz,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Munich,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Münster,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nuremberg<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Stuttgart.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 35.9 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 16.6/19.3 billion USD).<ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 3 million people of Turkish origin reside in Germany.<ref name=":9" /> 5,027,472 German tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto3" /> Relations with Turkey significantly deteriorated after the 2016–17 Turkish purges and Turkey's turn to authoritarianism including the arrest of journalists such as Die Welt's Deniz Yücel. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Berlin and Cologne.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Greece-Turkey relations File:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and George Papandreou, Turkey November 2009.jpg Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009 Greece has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Athens<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Komotini,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Piraeus,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rhodes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Thessaloniki.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Holy See–Turkey relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	Template:No
Template:Flag	1521<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Hungary–Turkey relations Hungary has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Budapest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Hungary is an observer in the Turkic Council. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.5 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.16/1.4 billion USD).<ref name="auto137">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 149,523 Hungarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,600 Turkish citizens reside in Hungary.<ref name="auto137" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Budapest.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Iceland–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.<ref name="auto29">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.<ref name="auto29" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD).<ref name="auto29" /> 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.<ref name="auto29" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Ireland–Turkey relations Ireland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dublin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland.<ref name="auto17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011.<ref name="auto17" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Dublin.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	25 September 1856<ref name="books.google.com">Template:Cite book</ref>	See Italy–Turkey relations Italy has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Rome<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Milan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD). 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Kosovo–Turkey relations Kosovo has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Pristina and a consulate general in Prizren. Trade volume between the two countries was 249 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 241/7 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Peja, Pristina and Prizren.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Latvia–Turkey relations Latvia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Riga.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.<ref name="auto159" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD).<ref name="auto159" /> 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	Template:Dts<ref name=":11" />	Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern.<ref name="auto88">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Lithuania–Turkey relations Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).<ref name="auto151" /> 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.<ref name="auto151" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Luxembourg–Turkey relations Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).<ref name="auto154">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.<ref name="auto154" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Malta–Turkey relations Malta has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Valletta.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Chişinău<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Comrat. Comrat is the capital of Gagauzia, an autonomous region populated by the Gagauz, an Orthodox Christian Turkic people, the region hence acting as a bridge to Turkey and Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a response internal challenges to Gagauzia's autonomy, Mikhail Formuzal, President of People's Assembly in Comrat is seeking Turkey's aid to defend Gagauz culture and identity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Both countries are members of BSEC. Trade volume between the two countries was 568 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 322/246 million USD).<ref name="auto47" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Comrat.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Monaco–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.<ref name="auto147" /> Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.<ref name="auto147" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Montenegro–Turkey relations Montenegro has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Podgorica.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 46 million USD in 2015.<ref name="auto134" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Podgorica.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Netherlands–Turkey relations Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in The Hague<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Amsterdam,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Deventer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Rotterdam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 8.97 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.76/3.20 billion USD).<ref name="auto140">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 500 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in the Netherlands.<ref name="auto140" /> 1,117,290 Dutch tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto140" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amsterdam.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See North Macedonia–Turkey relations North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola. Both countries are members of NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).<ref name="auto63">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto63" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Norway-Turkey relations Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD).<ref name="auto126" /> 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway .<ref name="auto126" /> 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto126" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> ||See Poland–Turkey relations Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).<ref name="auto135">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto135" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" /> See also Polonezköy
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> ||See Portugal–Turkey relations Portugal has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Lisbon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Romania–Turkey relations Romania has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Bucharest<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Constanţa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of BSEC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.8/2.6 billion USD).<ref name="auto66">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 763,320 Romanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto66" /> Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Bucharest and Constanța.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	1699<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	See Russia–Turkey relations File:Putin meets Erdogan (2024-06-03) (1).jpg President Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024 Russia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Moscow<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Kazan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Novorossiysk<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Saint Petersburg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of BSEC, G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 26.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.85/22.4 billion USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 7,017,657 Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Kazan and Moscow.	Template:No
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Serbia–Turkey relations Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of BSEC, Central European Free Trade Agreement and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 731 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 493/328 million USD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 282,347Serbian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Belgrade.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Slovakia–Turkey relations Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).<ref name="auto44" /> 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto44" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Slovenia–Turkey relations Slovenia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ljubljana.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015.<ref name="auto155" /> 50,414 Slovenian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Spain–Turkey relations Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Barcelona.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD).<ref name="auto73">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto73" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Madrid.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Sweden–Turkey relations Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).<ref name="auto97" /> 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden.<ref name="auto97" /> See also Turks in Sweden 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto97" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Switzerland–Turkey relations Switzerland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bern<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Consulates General in Geneva<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Zürich.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD).<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland.<ref name="auto21" /> 314,572 Swiss tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name=":10" />	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–Ukraine relations Ukraine has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kyiv<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Odesa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of WTO. Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD).<ref name="auto42" /> 1,547,996 Ukrainian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto42" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kyiv.	Template:Yes-no<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Turkey–United Kingdom relations File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends NATO Summit (53850724928).jpg Turkish President Erdoğan and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer at the 2024 NATO Summit in Washington, D.C. The United Kingdom is accredited to Turkey through its embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul, and an honorary vice consulate in Antalya. The United Kingdom also has a consulate in İzmir, and honorary consulates in Bodrum, Fethiye, and Marmaris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkey has an embassy in London<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate general in Edinburgh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. Bilaterally the two countries have a Free Trade Agreement,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and an Investment Agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 billion USD in 2011.<ref name="auto25">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom.<ref name="auto25" /> 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto25" /> Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in London.	Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />

International organizations

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Colbegin

• ASEAN (Sectoral Dialogue Partner)
• ACD
• ADB
• Australia Group
• BIS
• Black Sea Naval Force
• BSEC
• CE
• Community of Portuguese Language Countries (observer)
• Developing-8
• EBRD
• G20
• IAEA
• IBRD
• International Energy Agency
• NATO
• NEA
• NSG
• OECD
• OIC
• OSCE
• Turkic Council
• TURKPA
• TÜRKSOY
• UfM

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
• List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
• Turkey's membership of international organizations
• Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
• Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
• Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
• Dixon, Jeffrey C., "Turkey, Islam and the EU," Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, "Fading Attraction: Turkey's Shifting Relationship with the European Union," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
• Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
• Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead," Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
• Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
• Kubicek, Paul, "Turkey's Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
• Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 34–48.
• Kuniholm, Bruce R., "Turkey and NATO," in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
• McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30.
• Oguzlu, Tarik, "Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?" Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
• Pierini, Marc, "Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
• Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, "A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
• Reuther, Helmut (ed.). Deutschlands Aussenpolitik seit 1955. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Aussenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
• Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
• Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
• Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

• "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26.
• Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
• Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
• Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
• International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
• International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
• Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
• Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16.
• Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
• Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
• Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
• Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
• Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

• Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
• Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, "The 'Ankara Moment': The Politics of Turkey's Regional Power in the Middle East," Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
• Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
• Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9–32.
• Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103.
• Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
• Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
• Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
• Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679–692.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
• Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
• Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
• Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
• Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
• Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21.
• Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

• "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47.
• Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69.
• DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
• Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
• Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43.
• Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48.
• Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
• Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302.
• Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20.
• Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72.
• Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
• Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
• Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
• Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
• Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–461.
• Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
• Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349–370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

• Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110.
• Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
• Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
• Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
• Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle East Journal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593–610.

Turkey–United States relations

• Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1–15.
• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Barkey, Henri. "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 447–464.
• Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp. 1–25.
• Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish–American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

• "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923–1968)" ("Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923–1968"). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42.
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
• Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141–155.
• Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
• Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918–1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

• Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp. 164–81.
• Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, "Turkey's Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?" Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
• Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1–12.
• Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
• Danforth, Nicholas. 2021. The Remaking of Republican Turkey: Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
• Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222–236.
• Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp. 923–940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Robins, Philip, "Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan," Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
• Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November–December 1993, pp. 110–126.

Foreign relations (2002–present)

• Duran, Burhanettin, "JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation," in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
• Dursun-Özkanca, Ova. 2019. Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-Alliance Opposition. Cambridge University Press.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "Turkey's Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times," Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
• Kutlay, Mustafa, "Economy as the 'Practical Hand' of 'New Turkish Foreign Policy': A Political Economy Explanation," Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Renda, Kadri Kaan, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?" Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Sandole, Dennis J.D., "Turkey's Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the 'Clash of Civilizations'," International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
• Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on "The Future of Turkish Democracy," 15 July 2014.

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
• Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2015), Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Template:Webarchive