Fourth Reich

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates The term Fourth Reich (Template:Langx) is commonly used to refer to a hypothetical successor to Adolf Hitler's Third Reich (1933–1945) and the possible resurgence of Nazi ideas.<ref name=USNazi /> It has also been used pejoratively by political opponents.<ref name=Heffer /><ref name=HT>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

OriginEdit

The term "Third Reich" was coined by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck in his 1923 book Das Dritte Reich. He defined the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) as the "First Reich", the German Empire (1871Template:Ndash1918) as the "Second Reich", while the "Third Reich" was a postulated ideal state including all German people, including Austria. In the modern context, the term refers to Nazi Germany. It was used by the Nazis to legitimize their regime as a successor state to the retroactively-renamed First and Second Reichs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The term "Fourth Reich" has been used in a variety of different ways. Neo-Nazis have used it to describe their envisioned revival of an ethnically pure state, mostly in reference to, but not limited to, Nazi Germany.<ref name=USNazi>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Others have used the term derogatorily, such as conspiracy theorists like Max Spiers, Peter Levenda, and Jim Marrs who have used it to refer to what they perceive as a covert continuation of Nazi ideals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Neo-NazismEdit

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File:Karte des Deutschen Reiches, Weimarer Republik-Drittes Reich 1919–1937.svg

Map of Germany in 1937

Neo-Nazis envision the Fourth Reich as featuring Aryan supremacy, anti-semitism, Lebensraum, aggressive militarism and totalitarianism.<ref name=Schmidt /> Upon the establishment of the Fourth Reich, German neo-Nazis propose that Germany should acquire nuclear weapons and use the threat of their use as a form of nuclear blackmail to re-expand to Germany's former boundaries of 1937 and beyond.<ref name=Schmidt>Template:Cite book</ref>

Various Neo-Nazis in South America made the establishment of a Fourth Reich one of their goals. Certain Nazi refugees, most notably Otto Skorzeny and Hans-Ulrich Rudel, were deeply involved with neo-Nazi networks and promoting an ambition of a "Fourth-Reich" centered in Latin America.<ref>Glenn Infield. The Secrets of the SS. Stein and Day, New York, 1981</ref><ref>Joseph Wechsberg, The Murderers Among Us. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967. pp. 81, 116.</ref>

Based on pamphlets published by David Myatt in the early 1990s,<ref>These writings of Myatt included the 14 pamphlets in his Thormynd Press National-Socialist Series, most of which were republished by Liberty Bell Publications (Reedy, Virginia) in the 1990s, and essays such as Towards Destiny: Creating a New National-Socialist Reich [archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20040712101315/http://www.geocities.com/myattns/newreich.html] and a constitution for the 'fourth Reich' [archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20041208070520/http://www.geocities.com/myattns/cons_reich.html]</ref> many neo-Nazis came to believe that the rise of the Fourth Reich in Germany would pave the way for the establishment of the Western Imperium, a pan-Aryan world empire encompassing all land populated by predominantly European-descended peoples (i.e., Europe, Russia, Anglo-America, Australia, New Zealand, and White South Africa).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Usage to indicate German influence in the European UnionEdit

Some commentators in Europe have used the term "Fourth Reich" to point at the influence that they believe Germany exerts within the European Union.<ref name=Heffer>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For example, Simon Heffer wrote in the Daily Mail that Germany's economic power, further boosted by the European financial crisis, is the "economic colonisation of Europe by stealth", whereby Berlin is using economic pressure rather than armies to "topple the leadership of a European nation". This, he says, constitutes the "rise of the Fourth Reich."<ref name=NS-myth>Template:Cite news</ref> Likewise, Simon Jenkins of The Guardian wrote that it is "a massive irony that old Europe's last gasp should be to seek ... German supremacy".<ref name=NS-myth /> According to Richard J. Evans of the New Statesman, this kind of language had not been heard since German reunification which sparked a wave of Germanophobic commentary.<ref name=NS-myth /> In a counterbalancing perspective, the "Charlemagne" columnist at The Economist reports that the German hegemony perspective does not match reality.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In August 2012, the Italian newspaper Il Giornale had as headline the phrase "Fourth Reich" (Quarto Reich) as a protest against German hegemony.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

This perspective gained particular traction in the United Kingdom in the run up to 2016 EU referendum and the subsequent negotiations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2021, against the background of the 2015–present Polish constitutional crisis, Jarosław Kaczyński, Polish deputy Prime Minister and head of Poland's ruling party, told the far-right Polish newspaper GPC that "Germany is trying to turn the EU into a federal 'German fourth Reich'".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He explained that he was referring to the connection with the first Reich (the Holy Roman Empire), not the third one (Nazi Germany), and there was nothing negative about the comparison. But he criticized the vision of greater federalism, as displayed by Olaf Scholz and his coalition, as "utopian and therefore dangerous". Kaczynski remarked that, "if we Poles agreed to such a modern submission we would be degraded in many ways".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Usage to describe the rise of right-wing populismEdit

The term has come to be used by commentators on the left, seeing the rise of right-wing populism as akin to the emergence of fascism in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. In a 1973 interview, black American writer James Baldwin said of Richard Nixon's reelection, "To keep the nigger in his place, they brought into office law and order, but I call it the Fourth Reich."<ref name=HT /> In 2019, a professor of history at Fairfield University named Gavriel D. Rosenfeld remarked that "Too many hyperbolic comparisonsTemplate:Sndfor example, between Donald Trump and Adolf Hitler Template:Snddulls the power of historical analogies and risks crying wolf. Too little willingness to see past dangers lurking in the present risks underestimating the latter and ignoring the former."<ref name=HT />

References in popular cultureEdit

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FilmEdit

In the Finnish comedy science fiction film Iron Sky in 1945 some Nazis escaped to the far side of the Moon and established the Fourth Reich.
In the 1978 film adaption of The Boys from Brazil, Dr. Josef Mengele (Gregory Peck) creates clones of Hitler and places them around the world so they would eventually rise to political power and start the Fourth Reich.

TelevisionEdit

In the 1967 episode of Mission: Impossible, "The Legacy", descendants of Adolf Hitler's most trusted Nazi officers meet in Zurich, Switzerland, to locate Hitler's hidden personal fortune in order to launch a new Fourth Reich.
In the TV series Hunters, several Nazi leaders escaped to South America and plan to establish the Fourth Reich via Nazis brought to the United States by Operation Paperclip. It is revealed that Hitler and Eva Braun are still alive; however, Braun appears to be leading the remaining Nazis rather than Hitler.

NovelsEdit

The 1978 Robert Ludlum novel The Holcroft Covenant involves the discovery of a plot by hidden Nazis around the world to create a Fourth Reich by infiltrating many different businesses and countries' governments. His 1995 novel The Apocalypse Watch reaches its climax with the destruction of a Fourth Reich set in the 1990s, and the discovery of an ancient Adolf Hitler controlling a massive multinational corporation.
Ira Levin's 1976 novel The Boys from Brazil Dr. Josef Mengele creates clones of Hitler and places them around the world so they would eventually rise to political power and start the Fourth Reich.

ComicsEdit

In the British comic 2000 AD a storyline called The Shicklgruber Grab from Strontium Dog mutant bounty hunters Johnny Alpha and Wulf Sternhammer are hired to go back to 1945 and bring Hitler to the future to stand trial. Hitler, who murdered Eva Braun shortly after marrying her, and used his simpleton body double to fake his suicide so he could escape and start the Fourth Reich, gets dragged to the future not understanding what is going on.

Video gamesEdit

In Call of Duty: Vanguard, the term "Fourth Reich" is used to describe either a Nazi government-in-exile that the antagonists are forming, or the state of Germany after Hitler's death but before the end of WWII.
In the Metro franchise, there is a faction within the Moscow Metro known as the Fourth Reich. Instead of wanting racial purity, the Reich's goal is genetic purity, killing anyone believed to have any mutant abnormalities.
In the Hearts of Iron IV expansion Trial of Allegiance, an alternate history path for Argentina allows the player to create the Fourth Reich with Hitler (as "Señor Hilter") as its leader if they are in a war with a capitulated Nazi Germany.

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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Schultz, Sigrid. Germany Will Try It Again (Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1944)
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