Foxfire

		File:PanellusStipticusAug12 2009.jpg Panellus stipticus, Mt. Vernon, Wisconsin (long exposure)
		File:Omphalotus olearius 33857.jpg Omphalotus olearius File:Omphalotus nidiformis lawson lightoff email.jpg Omphalotus nidiformis, glowing in the dark File:PanellusStipticusAug12 2009 Animated.gif Artificial fill light contrasts against the natural glow.

Foxfire, also called fairy fire and chimpanzee fire,<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. The bluish-green glow is attributed to a luciferase, an oxidative enzyme, which emits light as it reacts with a luciferin. The phenomenon has been known since ancient times, with its source determined in 1823.

Description

Foxfire is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. It occurs in a number of species, including Panellus stipticus, Omphalotus olearius and Omphalotus nidiformis. The bluish-green glow is attributed to luciferin, which emits light after oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. Some believe that the light attracts insects to spread spores, or acts as a warning to hungry animals, like the bright colors exhibited by some poisonous or unpalatable animal species.<ref name="inamidst">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although generally very dim, in some cases foxfire is bright enough to read by.<ref name="mykoweb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

The oldest recorded documentation of foxfire is from 382 B.C., by Aristotle,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> whose notes refer to a light that, unlike fire, was cold to the touch. The Roman thinker Pliny the Elder also mentioned glowing wood in olive groves.<ref name="warnell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Foxfire was used to illuminate the needles on the barometer and the compass of Turtle, an early submarine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is commonly thought to have been suggested by Benjamin Franklin; a reading of the correspondence from Benjamin Gale, however, shows that Benjamin Franklin was only consulted for alternative forms of lighting when the cold temperatures rendered the foxfire inactive.

After many more literary references to foxfire by early scientists and naturalists, its cause was discovered in 1823. The glow emitted from wooden support beams in mines was examined, and it was found that the luminescence came from fungal growth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The "fox" in foxfire may derive from the Old French word Template:Wikt-lang, meaning "false", rather than from the name of the animal.<ref>Smythe Palmer, Abram, The Folk and Their Word-lore: An Essay on Popular Etymologies (1904)</ref> The association of foxes with such lights is widespread, however, and occurs also in Japanese folklore in the form of kitsune-bi (狐火 lit. 'Fox's fire/flame').Template:Citation needed

See also

• Aurora Borealis, called "revontulet" (literally "foxfires") in the Finnish language
• List of bioluminescent fungi
• Will-o'-the-wisp

External links

• Foxfire: Bioluminescence in the Forest PDF file by Dr. Kim D. Coder, University of Georgia 8/99
• Bioluminescent Fungi at Mykoweb