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}}Template:Main other Template:Infobox Chinese FujianTemplate:Efn is a province in South China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population is Quanzhou, with other notable cities including the port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou. Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally to Taiwan; as a result of the Chinese Civil War, a small portion of historical Fujian is administered by Taiwan, romanized as Fuchien.

While the population predominantly identifies as Han, it is one of China's most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up the Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese is also spoken in Fujian, by the Hakka people. Min dialects, Hakka, and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, much of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien).

With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, its GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th in East China region and 8th nationwide in GDP.<ref name="data2022"/> Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at Template:CNY (Template:US$ in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu.<ref name="data2022"/>

Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NameEdit

The name Fujian ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and nearby Jianzhou ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or present-day Nanping ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})).

HistoryEdit

Template:More citations needed

Prehistoric FujianEdit

Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about Template:Convert southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, which is definitive evidence of weaving.

The Tanshishan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) site (Template:Circa), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character.

Tianlong Jiao (2013)<ref name="Jiao2013">Jiao, Tianlong. 2013. "The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China." In Underhill, Anne P., et al. A Companion to Chinese Archaeology, 599-611. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with the population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture.

There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang.<ref name="Jiao2013"/>

There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures.<ref name="Jiao2013"/> These are the Niubishan culture (Template:Zh) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and the Hulushan culture (Template:Zh) from 2050 to 1550 BC.

Minyue kingdomEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Map of Minyue.png
Map of Minyue

Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" (Template:Zh), which is perhaps an ethnic name (Template:Zh), and "Yuè", after the State of Yue, a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in Zhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older.

Qin dynastyEdit

The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty, the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status.<ref name="Britannica">Britannica</ref>

Han dynastyEdit

Template:See also In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty. In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as a tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains, which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi, and southern Zhejiang.<ref>Fuijan. Britannica.com.</ref>

After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, primarily in the 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward. The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end.

Fujian was part of the much larger Yang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui).

The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan, the founder of the Kingdom of Wu, spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains.

Jin eraEdit

The first wave of immigration of the noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by civil wars and rebellions by tribal peoples from the north and west. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China: Template:Citation needed span

Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang (Western Liang), and Chen) reigned south of the Yangtze River, including Fujian.

Sui and Tang dynastiesEdit

Template:See also During the Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Britannica"/>

During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of Yang Province.

During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger Jiangnan East Circuit, whose capital was at Suzhou. Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties.

The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to a boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian.

Five Dynasties Ten KingdomsEdit

File:Map of Fujian, 957 Eng.png
Situation of Fujian in 957

As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, a second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers (Wang Chao, Template:Ill and Wang Shenzhi), who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang, another southern kingdom.<ref>Fukien. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221639/Fujian Template:Webarchive</ref>

Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by the Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou.

Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom.Template:Citation neededTemplate:When<ref name="《伊本・白图泰游记》">{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 by Southern Tang's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao, who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and Zhang ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian) Prefectures in de facto independence from the Southern Tang state.<ref name=ZZTJ288>Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 288.</ref> (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).)<ref name=HS483>History of Song, vol. 483.</ref> Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to Song, which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord.<ref name=XZZTJ1>Xu Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 1.</ref>

File:Later Zhou.png
Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit

After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi, who was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over.<ref name=HS483/> In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong, ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity.<ref name=XZZTJ9>Xu Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 9.</ref>

Song dynastyEdit

The area was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region.Template:Citation needed

VietnamEdit

Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's Red River Delta. The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn.<ref name="WernerWhitmore2012">Template:Cite book</ref> Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce.<ref name="Truong2007">Template:Cite book</ref>

During the Lý and Trần dynasties, many Chinese ethnic groups with the surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near the end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225.<ref name="EmbreeLewis1988">Template:Cite book</ref>

In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records.<ref name="Woodside1971">Template:Cite book</ref> Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials.<ref name="Gunn2011">Template:Cite book</ref> Clothing, food, and languages were fused with the local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong.

In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas, Philippines.<ref>http://www.filipiknow.net/visayan-pirates-in-china/ Template:Webarchive https://archive.org/details/cu31924023289345 Template:Webarchive https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n181/mode/2up Template:Webarchive pp. 165-166. http://nightskylie.blogspot.com/2015/07/philippine-quarterly-of-culture-and.html Template:Webarchive</ref>

Yuan dynastyEdit

After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province, whose capital was at Hangzhou. From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in the Ispah Rebellion, advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported.

Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding, who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after the outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion. Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ming dynastyEdit

After the establishment of the Ming dynasty, Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He's naval expeditions. Further development was severely hampered by the sea trade ban, and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550.Template:Citation needed Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military.

An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/29740/1/Han_Hee_Yeon_C_201105_PhD_thesis.pdf Template:Webarchive pp. 269-271.</ref>

The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records.<ref>Chuan-chou Fu-chi (Ch.10) Year 1512</ref>

Qing dynastyEdit

The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of a large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor, a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan.

The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water".

Incoming refugees did not translate into a major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of Guangdong. In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture. Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province (Fujian-Taiwan-Province), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity.<ref>Seung-young Kim, "Open Door or Sphere of Influence?: The Diplomacy of the Japanese–French Entente and Fukien Question, 1905–1907." International History Review 41#1 (2019): 105-129; see also Review by Noriko Kawamura in H-DIPLO. Template:Webarchive</ref>

Republic of ChinaEdit

File:闽南护法区.png
Map of the Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian

Template:See also The Xinhai revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China.

The anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian was established by Chen Jiongming from 1918 to 1920.

Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934.

Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II.

People's Republic of ChinaEdit

After the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu Islands.

In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in the economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years.

Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain developmentTemplate:Citation needed while at the same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage.

In 2023, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council of China jointly proposed making Fujian a demonstration zone in cross-strait integration between Taiwan and mainland China. Under the plan, the Chinese government would boost economic and transportation cooperation with Taiwan and make it easier for Taiwanese people to live, buy property, access social services and study in Fujian.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GeographyEdit

File:Peak Yunu.jpg
Wuyi Mountains
File:Min River in Nanping.JPG
Min River in Nanping

The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" (Template:Zh). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi. It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fujian's highest point is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of Template:Convert.

Fujian faces East China Sea to the east, South China Sea to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the southeast. The coastline is rugged and has many bays and islands. Major islands include Quemoy (also known as Kinmen, controlled by the Republic of China), Haitan Island, and Nanri Island. Meizhou Island occupies a central place in the cult of the goddess Matsu, the patron deity of Chinese sailors.

The Min River and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include the Jin and the Jiulong. Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.

Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the Template:Convert-wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the Taiwan Strait are also part of the province. The islands of Kinmen and Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China.

Fujian contains several faults, the result of a collision between the Asiatic Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang fault zones in this area have annual displacement rates of 3–5 mm. They could cause major earthquakes in the future.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:XiamenCity.jpg
Xiamen in Southeastern Fujian

Fujian has a subtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, the coastal regions average around Template:Convert while the hills average Template:Convert. In the summer, temperatures are high, and the province is threatened by typhoons coming in from the Pacific. Average annual precipitation is Template:Convert.

TransportationEdit

RoadsEdit

File:Fuzhou, Kuiqi Interchange.png
Kuiqi interchange in Fuzhou

Template:As of, there are Template:Convert of highways in Fujian, including Template:Convert of expressways. The top infrastructure projects in recent years have been the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway (US$624 million) and the Sanmingshi-Fuzhou expressway (US$1.40 billion). The 12th Five-Year Plan, covering the period from 2011 to 2015, aims to double the length of the province's expressways to Template:Convert.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

RailwaysEdit

File:Fuzhou Train.JPG
Fuzhou train station

Due to Fujian's mountainous terrain and traditional reliance on maritime transportation, railways came to the province comparatively late. The first rail links to neighboring Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Zhejiang Province, opened respectively, in 1959, 2000, and 2009. As of October 2013, Fujian has four rail links with Jiangxi to the northwest: the Yingtan–Xiamen Railway (opened 1957), the Hengfeng–Nanping Railway (1998), Ganzhou–Longyan Railway (2005) and the high-speed Xiangtang–Putian Railway (2013). Fujian's lone rail link to Guangdong to the west, the Zhangping–Longchuan Railway (2000), will be joined with the high-speed Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway (Xiashen Line) in late 2013. The Xiashen Line forms the southernmost section of China's Southeast Coast High-Speed Rail Corridor. The Wenzhou–Fuzhou and Fuzhou–Xiamen sections of this corridor entered operation in 2009 and link Fujian with Zhejiang with trains running at speeds of up to Template:Convert.

Within Fujian, coastal and interior cities are linked by the Nanping–Fuzhou (1959), Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo (2007) and Longyan–Xiamen Railways, (2012). To attract Taiwanese investment, the province intends to increase its rail length by 50 percent to Template:Convert.<ref name="China Expat City Guide: Dandong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AirEdit

The major airports are Fuzhou Changle International Airport, Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport, Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport, Nanping Wuyishan Airport, Longyan Guanzhishan Airport and Sanming Shaxian Airport. Xiamen is capable of handling 15.75 million passengers as of 2011. Fuzhou is capable of handling 6.5 million passengers annually with a cargo capacity of more than 200,000 tons. The airport offers direct links to 45 destinations including international routes to Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Hong Kong.<ref name="China Expat City Guide: Dandong"/>

Administrative divisionsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The People's Republic of China controls most of the province and divides it into nine prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city):

Administrative divisions of Fujian

Template:Image label begin Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label end

Division code<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Division Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Circular reference</ref> Population 2020<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Circular reference</ref> Seat Divisions<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Districts Counties CL cities
350000 Fujian Province 121,400.00 41,540,086 Fuzhou city 31 42 11
350100 Fuzhou city 12,155.46 8,291,268 Gulou District 6 6 1
350200 Xiamen city 1,699.39 5,163,970 Siming District 6
350300 Putian city 4,119.02 3,210,714 Chengxiang District 4 1
350400 Sanming city 22,928.79 2,486,450 Sanyuan District 2 8 1
350500 Quanzhou city 11,245.00 8,782,285 Fengze District 4 5* 3
350600 Zhangzhou city 12,873.33 5,054,328 Longwen District 4 7
350700 Nanping city 26,280.54 2,645,548 Jianyang District 2 5 3
350800 Longyan city 19,028.26 2,723,637 Xinluo District 2 4 1
350900 Ningde city 13,452.38 3,146,789 Jiaocheng District 1 6 2
Template:Legend

* - including Kinmen County, ROC (Taiwan). Claimed by the PRC. (included in the total Counties' count)

All of the prefecture-level cities except Nanping, Sanming, and Longyan are found along the coast.

These nine prefecture-level cities are subdivided into 84 county-level divisions (31 districts, 11 county-level cities, and 42 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,102 township-level divisions (653 towns, 233 townships, 19 ethnic townships, and 195 subdistricts).

The People's Republic of China claims five of the six townships of Kinmen County, Republic of China (Taiwan) as a county of the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou.<ref name="statqz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="govqz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="xzqhqz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The PRC claims Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, Republic of China (Taiwan) as part of Xiuyu District of the prefecture-level city of Putian.

Finally, the PRC claims Lienchiang County (Matsu Islands), Republic of China (Taiwan) as a township of its Lianjiang County, which is part of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou.

Together, these three groups of islands make up the Republic of China's Fujian province.

Urban areasEdit

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">Template:Cite book</ref> 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">Template:Cite book</ref> 2020 City proper
1 Xiamen 4,617,251 3,119,110 5,163,970
2 FuzhouTemplate:Efn-lr 3,723,454 2,824,414Template:Efn-lr 8,291,268
3 Putian 1,539,389 1,107,199 3,210,714
4 QuanzhouTemplate:Efn-lr 1,469,157 1,154,731 8,782,285
5 Jinjiang 1,416,151 1,172,827 Template:Small
6 Nan'an 936,897 718,516 Template:Small
7 Longyan 886,281 460,086Template:Efn-lr 2,723,637
8 Zhangzhou 845,286 614,700 5,054,328
9 Fuqing 744,774 470,824 Template:Small
10 Shishi 589,902 469,969 Template:Small
11 Longhai 584,371 422,993 Template:Small
12 Nanping 537,472 301,370Template:Efn-lr 2,680,645
13 Ningde 425,499 252,497 3,146,789
14 Fu'an 397,068 326,019 Template:Small
15 Sanming 378,423 328,766 2,486,450
16 Fuding 351,341 266,779 Template:Small
17 Yong'an 248,425 213,732 Template:Small
18 Jian'ou 226,100 192,557 Template:Small
19 Shaowu 217,836 183,457 Template:Small
20 Wuyishan 159,308 122,801 Template:Small
21 Zhangping 147462 113,739 Template:Small
— Changle Template:Small 278,007Template:Efn-lr Template:Small
— Jianyang Template:Small 150,756Template:Efn-lr Template:Small

Template:Notelist-lr

Template:Largest cities

PoliticsEdit

Template:Further Template:Main article

List of provincial-level leadersEdit

CCP Party SecretariesEdit

  1. Zhang Dingcheng ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1949–1954
  2. Ye Fei ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1954–1958
  3. Jiang Yizhen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1958–1970
  4. Han Xianchu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1971–1973　
  5. Liao Zhigao ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1974–1982
  6. Xiang Nan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1982–1986　
  7. Chen Guangyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1986–1993　
  8. Jia Qinglin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1993–1996　
  9. Chen Mingyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1996–2000　
  10. Song Defu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2000–2004
  11. Lu Zhangong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2004–2009　
  12. Sun Chunlan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2009–2012
  13. You Quan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2012–2017
  14. Yu Weiguo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2017–2020
  15. Yin Li ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2020–2022
  16. Zhou Zuyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2022–present

Chairpersons of Fujian People's CongressEdit

  1. Liao Zhigao ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1979–1982
  2. Hu Hong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1982–1985
  3. Cheng Xu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1985–1993
  4. Chen Guangyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1993–1994
  5. Jia Qinglin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1994–1998
  6. Yuan Qitong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1998–2002
  7. Song Defu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2002–2005
  8. Lu Zhangong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2005–2010
  9. Sun Chunlan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2010–2013
  10. You Quan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2013–2018
  11. Yu Weiguo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2018–2021
  12. Yin Li ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2021–2023
  13. Zhou Zuyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2023–present

GovernorsEdit

  1. Zhang Dingcheng ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1949–1954
  2. Ye Fei ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1954–1959
  3. Jiang Yizhen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1959
  4. Wu Hongxiang ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): acting: 1960–1962
  5. Jiang Yizhen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1962
  6. Wei Jinshui ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1962–1967
  7. Han Xianchu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1967–1973
  8. Liao Zhigao ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1974–1979
  9. Ma Xingyuan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1979–1983
  10. Hu Ping ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1983–1987
  11. Wang Zhaoguo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1987–1990　
  12. Jia Qinglin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1990–1994　
  13. Chen Mingyi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1994–1996　
  14. He Guoqiang ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1996–1999　
  15. Xi Jinping ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 1999–2002　
  16. Lu Zhangong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2002–2004
  17. Huang Xiaojing ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2004–2011
  18. Su Shulin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2011–2015
  19. Yu Weiguo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2015–2018
  20. Tang Dengjie ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2018–2020
  21. Wang Ning ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2020–2021
  22. Zhao Long ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): 2021–present

EconomyEdit

File:FuzhouTaijiang.jpg
Fuzhou, the capital and largest city in Fujian province

Fujian is one of the more affluent provinces in China, with many industries spanning tea production, clothing, and sports manufacturers such as Anta, 361 Degrees, Xtep, Peak Sport Products and Septwolves. Fujian was one of the first provinces in China authorized by the central government to receive foreign investments.<ref name=":26">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Many foreign firms have operations in Fujian. They include Boeing, Dell, GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK, and Panasonic.<ref>Market Profiles on Chinese Cities and Provinces, http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/mpfuj.htm Template:Webarchive</ref> Within Fujian, the city of Xiamen was one of China's first special economic zones ("SEZs").<ref name=":26" />Template:Rp

In 2022, Fujian's GDP was CN¥5.31 trillion (US$790 billion in nominal), ranking 8th in GDP nationwide and appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies.<ref name="data2022" /> Along with its coastal neighbours Zhejiang and Guangdong, Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at Template:CNY (Template:US$ in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu.<ref name="data2022" /> The primary, secondary and tertiary economy respectively contributed to ¥307 billion ($45.7 billion), ¥2.51 trillion ($372.8 billion), and ¥2.50 trillion ($371 billion) to Fujian's economy.<ref name="data2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Historical GDP of Fujian Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008)<ref name="SNA2008">China NBS / Bulletin on Reforming Fujian's GDP Accounting and Data Release System: fj.gov.cn (23-Oct-17)Template:Dead link (Chinese)</ref>
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017<ref>Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO (October 2017 Template:Webarchive) data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published on China Statistical Yearbook Template:Webarchive.</ref>)
year GDP GDP per capita (GDPpc)
based on mid-year population 		Reference index
GDP in millions real
growth
(%) 		GDPpc exchange rate
1 foreign currency
to CNY
CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		USD 1 Int'l$. 1
(PPP)
2016 2,881,060 433,744 822,948 8.4 74,707 11,247 21,339 6.6423 3.5009
2015 2,623,920 421,283 739,237 9.0 68,645 11,021 19,339 6.2284 3.5495
2014 2,429,260 395,465 684,221 9.9 64,097 10,434 18,053 6.1428 3.5504
2013 2,207,780 356,485 617,233 11.0 58,702 9,478 16,411 6.1932 3.5769
2012 1,988,380 314,991 559,981 11.4 53,250 8,436 14,997 6.3125 3.5508
2011 1,770,380 274,104 505,029 12.3 47,764 7,395 13,625 6.4588 3.5055
2010 1,484,580 219,304 448,432 13.9 40,320 5,956 12,179 6.7695 3.3106
2009 1,232,420 180,416 390,315 12.3 33,677 4,930 10,666 6.8310 3.1575
2008 1,088,940 156,793 342,779 13.0 29,938 4,311 9,424 6.9451 3.1768
2007 930,190 122,329 308,531 15.2 25,730 3,384 8,534 7.6040 3.0149
2006 762,740 95,680 265,052 14.8 21,226 2,663 7,376 7.9718 2.8777
2005 658,860 80,430 230,451 11.6 18,448 2,252 6,453 8.1917 2.8590
2000 376,454 45,474 138,438 9.3 11,194 1,352 4,117 8.2784 2.7193
1990 52,228 10,919 30,675 7.5 1,763 369 1,035 4.7832 1.7026
1980 8,706 5,810 5,821 18.4 348 232 233 1.4984 1.4955
1978 6,637 4,268 17.8 273 176 1.5550
1970 3,470 1,410 9.9 173 70 2.4618
1962 2,212 899 98.6 137 56 2.4618
1957 2,203 846 6.7 154 59 2.6040
1952 1,273 573 23.3 102 46 2.2227

In terms of agricultural land, Fujian is hilly and farmland is sparse. Rice is the main crop, supplemented by sweet potatoes and wheat and barley.<ref>ukien. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221639/Fujian Template:Webarchive</ref> Cash crops include sugar cane and rapeseed. Fujian leads the provinces of China in longan production, and is also a major producer of lychees and tea. Seafood is another important product, with shellfish production especially prominent.

Because of its geographic location with Taiwan, Fujian has been considered the battlefield frontline in a potential war between mainland China and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment from the Chinese central government and developed much slower than the rest of China before 1978. Since 1978, when China opened to the world, Fujian has received significant investment from overseas Fujianese around the world, Taiwanese and foreign investment.

Minnan Golden Triangle, which includes Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Zhangzhou, accounts for 40 percent of the GDP of Fujian province.

Fujian province will be the major economic beneficiary of the opening up of direct transport with Taiwan, which commenced on December 15, 2008. This includes direct flights from Taiwan to major Fujian cities such as Xiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, ports in Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Fuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure for increased economic trade with Taiwan.<ref name="economist.com">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Fujian is the host of China International Fair for Investment and Trade annually. It is held in Xiamen to promote foreign investment for all of China.

Economic and Technological Development ZonesEdit

File:Anhai Bay - DSCF8869.JPG
CitationClass=web }}</ref>
  • Dongshan Economic and Technology Development Zone
  • Fuzhou Economic & Technical Development Zone
  • Fuzhou Free Trade Zone
  • Fuzhou Hi-Tech Park
  • Fuzhou Taiwan Merchant Investment Area
  • Jimei Taiwan Merchant Investment Area
  • Meizhou Island National Tourist Holiday Resort
  • Wuyi Mountain National Tourist Holiday Resort
  • Xiamen Export Processing Zone
  • Xiamen Free Trade Zone
  • Xiamen Haicang Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Xiamen Torch New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese version)
  • Xinglin Taiwan Merchant Investment Area

DemographicsEdit

File:She ethnic townships in Fujian.png
The ethnic townships in Fujian

As of 1832, the province was described as having an estimated "population of fourteen millions."<ref name=Roberts1>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2021, Fujian's population was estimated to be 41.87 million, with an urbanization rate of 69.7%.<ref name="data2022"/>

Fujianese who are legally classified as Han Chinese make up 98% of the population. Various Min Chinese speakers make up the largest subgroups classified as Han Chinese in Fujian, such as Hoklo people, Fuzhounese people, Putian people and Fuzhou Tanka.

The Hakka, a Han Chinese people with their own distinct identity, live in the central and southwestern parts of Fujian. The She, an ethnic group scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the largest minority ethnic group of the province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many ethnic Chinese around the world (especially in Southeast Asia) trace their ancestries to the Fujianese branches of the Hoklo and Teochew peoples. Descendants of Southern Min-speaking emigrants make up the majorities of ethnic-Chinese populations in Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, and Philippines. Eastern Min-speaking people (especially Fuzhounese people) are one of the major sources of Chinese immigrants to the United States since the 1990s.<ref name=Sound>Template:Cite news</ref>

ReligionEdit

Template:Pie chart

The predominant religions in Fujian are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions, and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, just over 30% of the population believes and is involved in Chinese ancestral religion; 3.5% of the population identifies as Christian.<ref name="Wang2015" /> The reports did not give figures for other religions; 65.19% of the population may be irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese salvationist religions, or Islam. Notably, Fujian is one of the only places in the world where Manichaeism may still be practiced.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2010, there were reportedly just under 116,000 Muslims in Fujian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Quanzhou Tianhou Gong 20120229-21.jpg

    Temple of Tianhou (the Queen of Heaven) in Quanzhou

  • Roadside hillock Buddhist temple in Siming, Xiamen, Fujian, China.jpg

    A roadside Buddhist temple in Siming, Xiamen

  • Shuitou - Hai chao an - DSCF8926.JPG

    A small folk temple in Shuitou

  • Zhangzhou Guanyuan Weihuimiao 20120225-5.jpg

    A folk temple in Zhangzhou

  • Mosque in Quanzhou, Fujian, China.jpg

    One of the oldest mosques in China is located in Quanzhou.

  • 玫瑰山庄.JPG

    Rare Rose Hill Catholic parish in Fuzhou

  • Cangxia church.JPG

    Christ Church in Cangxia, Fuzhou

CultureEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Wuyishan Chengcun 2012.08.24 09-06-40.jpg
Ancient temple in Fujian
File:GuanBingG.JPG
Kompyang (房村光餅) sold on the streets of Fujian cities

Because of its mountainous nature and waves of migration from central China and assimilation of numerous foreign ethnic groups such as maritime traders in the course of history, Fujian is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse places in China. Local dialects can become unintelligible within Template:Convert, and the regional cultures and ethnic composition can be completely different from each other as well. This is reflected in the expression that "if you drive five miles in Fujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles, the language does".<ref name="NYTDialects">French, Howard W. "Uniting China to Speak Mandarin, the One Official Language: Easier Said Than Done Template:Webarchive." The New York Times. July 10, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2008.</ref> Most varieties spoken in Fujian are assigned to a broad Min category. Recent classifications subdivide Min into<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The seventh subdivision of Min, Qiong Wen, is not spoken in Fujian. Hakka, another subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken around Longyan by the Hakka people who live there.

As is true of other provinces, the official language in Fujian is Mandarin, which is used for communication between people of different localities,<ref name="NYTDialects"/> although native Fujian peoples still converse in their native languages and dialects respectively.

Several regions of Fujian have their own form of Chinese opera. Min opera is popular around Fuzhou; Gaojiaxi around Jinjiang and Quanzhou; Xiangju around Zhangzhou; Fujian Nanqu throughout the south, and Puxianxi around Putian and Xianyou County.

Fujian cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood, is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is composed of traditions from various regions, including Fuzhou cuisine and Min Nan cuisine. The most prestigious dish is Fotiaoqiang (literally "Buddha jumps over the wall"), a complex dish making use of many ingredients, including shark fin, sea cucumber, abalone and Shaoxing wine (a type of Chinese alcoholic beverage).

Many well-known teas originate from Fujian, including oolong, Wuyi Yancha, Lapsang souchong and Fuzhou jasmine tea. Indeed, the tea processing techniques for three major classes of tea, namely, oolong, white tea, and black tea were all developed in the province. Fujian tea ceremony is an elaborate way of preparing and serving tea. The English word "tea" is borrowed from Hokkien. Mandarin and Cantonese pronounce the word chá.

Nanyin is a popular form of music of Fujian.

Fuzhou bodiless lacquer ware, a noted type of lacquer ware, is noted for using a body of clay and/or plaster to form its shape; the body later removed. Fuzhou is also known for Shoushan stone carvings.

TourismEdit

File:Quanzhou Qingyuan Shan 20120301-08.jpg
Stone Statue of Laozi.
File:Hekeng - view from the lookout - DSCF3048.JPG
Hekeng village, in Shuyang Town, is one of the many tulou villages of Fujian's Nanjing County.

Fujian is home to several tourist attractions, including four UNESCO World Heritage Sites, one of the highest in China.

Cultural featuresEdit

The Fujian Tulou are Chinese rural dwellings unique to the Hakka in southwest Fujian. These 46 buildings<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> were listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 2008.

Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, is notable for its beaches, winding lanes, and rich architecture. The island is on China's list of National Scenic Spots and is classified as a 5A tourist attraction by the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA). It was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Site in 2017. Also in Xiamen is the South Putuo Temple.

The Guanghua Temple is a Buddhist temple in Putian. It was built in the penultimate year of the Southern Chen dynasty. Located in the northern half of the mouth of Meizhou Bay, it is about 1.8 nautical miles from the mainland and faces the Strait of Taiwan to the southeast. Covering an area of six square miles, the island is swathed in luxuriant green foliage. The coastline is indented with over 12 miles of the beach area. Another Buddhist temple, Nanshan Temple is located in Zhangzhou.

The Kaiyuan Temple is a Buddhist temple in West Street, Quanzhou, the largest in Fujian province, with an area of Template:Convert.<ref>"Kaiyuan Temple". Chinaculture.org. Retrieved 31 January 2012.</ref> Although it is known as both a Hindu and Buddhist temple, on account of added Tamil-Hindu influences, the main statue in the most important hall is that of Vairocana Buddha, the main Buddha according to Huayan Buddhism.

In the capital of Fuzhou is the Yongquan Temple, a Buddhist temple built during the Tang dynasty.

The Chongwu Army Temple honors twenty-seven fallen soldiers of the People's Liberation Army who died during an attack by Nationalist forces in 1949, including five who died shielding a teenage girl during the attack.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The site is frequented by locals and tourists.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Around Meizhou Islands is the Matsu pilgrimage.

Natural featuresEdit

Mount Taimu is a mountain and a scenic resort in Fuding. It offers a grand view of mountains and sea and is famous for its natural scenery including granite caves, odd-shaped stones, cliffs, clear streams, cascading waterfalls, and cultural attractions such as ancient temples and cliff Inscriptions.

The Danxia landform in Taining was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 2010. It is a unique type of petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).

The Wuyi Mountains was the first location in Fujian to be listed by UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 1999. They are a mountain range in the prefecture of Nanping and contain the highest peak in Fujian, Mount Huanggang. It is famous as a natural landscape garden and a summer resort in China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable individualsEdit

The province and its diaspora abroad also have a tradition of educational achievement and have produced many important scholars, statesmen, and other notable people. These include people whose ancestral home (祖籍) is Fujian (their ancestors originated from Fujian). In addition to the below list, many notable individuals of Han Chinese descent in Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere have ancestry that can be traced to Fujian.

Some notable individuals include (in rough chronological order):

Han, Tang, and Song dynasties
Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties
20th-21st century

SportsEdit

Fujian includes professional sports teams in both the Chinese Basketball Association and the Chinese League One.

The representative of the province in the Chinese Basketball Association is the Fujian Sturgeons, who are based in Jinjiang, Quanzhou. The Fujian Sturgeons made their debut in the 2004–2005 season, and finished in seventh and last place in the South Division, out of the playoffs. In the 2005–2006 season, they tied for fifth, just one win away from making the playoffs.

The Xiamen Blue Lions formerly represented Fujian in the Chinese Super League, before the team's closure in 2007. Today the province is represented by Fujian Tianxin F.C., who play in the China League Two, and the Fujian Broncos.

Education and researchEdit

Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.<ref name=":0" />

Colleges and universitiesEdit

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NationalEdit

ProvincialEdit

PrivateEdit

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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SourcesEdit

Economic data

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External linksEdit

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