Funk metal
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Funk metal (also known as thrash-funk<ref name="lawrence">Template:Cite news</ref> or punk-funk)<ref name="facts"/><ref name="smith"/><ref name="primusbook"/> is a subgenre of funk rock and alternative metal that infuses heavy metal music (often thrash metal) with elements of funk and punk rock. Funk metal was part of the alternative metal movement, and has been described as a "brief but extremely media-hyped stylistic fad".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The funk metal scene formed in California during the mid-1980s with a group of bands who were initially playing a mix of funk, hard rock, hip hop and punk; the genre quickly evolved to include elements of thrash metal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="louderwcal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Funk Metal"/>
CharacteristicsEdit
Funk metal has also been called thrash-funk or punk-funk. It was most prevalent in the American state of California, particularly in Los Angeles and San Francisco.<ref name="stereotrt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to AllMusic, funk metal "takes the loud guitars and riffs of heavy metal and melds them to the popping bass lines and syncopated rhythms of funk".<ref name="Funk Metal" /> They go on to state "funk metal evolved in the mid-'80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Fishbone began playing the hybrid with a stronger funk underpinning than metal. The bands that followed relied more on metal than funk, though they retained the wild bass lines."<ref name="Funk Metal">Funk Metal. AllMusic, Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref> Faith No More, another Californian alternative group who emerged in the mid-1980s, have been described as a funk metal band that also dabbled in rap metal.<ref name="Rap-Metal">[{{#ifeq: yes | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2931{{
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}} Rap-Metal ]. Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref> Rage Against the Machine's mix of funk and metal not only included rap, but also elements of hardcore.<ref name="RS RATM">The Battle of Los Angeles : Rolling Stone. November 1, 2003. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref> AllMusic formerly categorized funk metal as a style of alternative rock, in spite of the genre's name. The website currently categorizes it as a style of heavy metal.<ref name="Funk Metal"/>
Certain bands not from a punk/alternative background, such as glam metal groups Bang Tango and Extreme, have also frequently incorporated funk into their musical style.<ref>Prato, Greg. Bango Tango > Overview . Retrieved February 3, 2012.</ref><ref>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Extreme > Biography . Retrieved February 3, 2012.</ref> Bands such as Primus and Mordred emerged from the thrash metal underground.<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/>
In his book Know Your Enemy: The Story of Rage Against the Machine, Joel McIver wrote that funk metal is "a slightly clumsy term applied in the late eighties to any rock band whose bass player used a slapping style." He goes on to write "The best known funk-metallers were the Red Hot Chili Peppers (who later achieved global success with a more pop-oriented approach) and Living Colour. Other funk-metallers ranged from the credible, such as Infectious Grooves (a side-project of crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies), to the relatively obscure, such as the Dan Reed Network."<ref name="know">Template:Cite book</ref>
Roy Shuker described the genre in his 1994 book Understanding Popular Music, writing: "the 'classic' distinction between rock and pop [runs] into some difficulties when we consider various forms of 'alternative' music, illustrating the difficulties of forcing genres into too rigid a typology. For example, where would we place the wild musical genre called 'thrash funk', a fusion of 1970s funk, punk rock, rap, California surf, skateboard and hippy cultures, which, according to press reports, swept San Francisco clubs in 1990."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shuker wrote about the genre again in the 2005 edition of his book Popular Music: The Key Concepts, calling it "less structured than earlier forms of metal, with the bass guitar relied on more than the lead."<ref name="shuker">Template:Cite book</ref>
The genre managed to gain some international popularity through foreign acts such as British groups Atom Seed<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Scat Opera, as well as Super Junky Monkey, an all-female funk metal/avant-garde band from Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Although never breaking through in the United States, Swedish band Electric Boys attracted recognition throughout Europe,<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/><ref name="elec"/> with AllMusic calling them one of the "most celebrated purveyors of the short-lived funk-metal phenomenon."<ref name="elec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Funk metal's prevalence in the late 1980s and 1990–91 predated the rise of grunge music in late 1991, which hurt the popularity of more traditional forms of hard rock/metal.<ref name="know"/> In a January 1991 Spin article, Electric Boys singer Conny Bloom claimed funk metal had become a trend since people thought other hard rock of that era was "boring".<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/>
HistoryEdit
Origins (early–mid 1980s)Edit
The roots of funk metal can be traced back to the Atlanta band Mother's Finest. In the late 1970s, the band already trying to make the leap from the classic funk rock of their Epic Records label to a more powerful sound. This can be heard in the song "Hard Rock Lover", which features a heavier rhythm section made up of bassist Jerry "Wizzard" Seay and drummer "B.B. Queen" Borden. It would be in 1981 when they could finally make the complete transition in their album Iron Age, an authentic mixture of heavy rock and funk that establishes the elements of origin for funk metal. The decision to take that direction towards heavy metal had some consequences, such as the departure of keyboardist Michael Keck, who could not find a place in that new sound.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album was produced by Jeff Glixman, who also worked with bands like Black Sabbath (for whom Mother's Finest opened for on their Technical Ecstasy Tour), Saxon, Magnum or Kansas. According to Alex Henderson of AllMusic, "with the right promotion, Iron Age could have made MF a big hit with the Quiet Riot/Judas Priest/Scorpions crowd, but the album was a commercial flop instead of the big commercial breakthrough that it should have been".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The self-titled 1984 debut album from Los Angeles band Red Hot Chili Peppers has been cited by some as the first truly funk metal or punk-funk release.<ref name="citypaper">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unlike with earlier funk rock albums from the 1970s and the early 1980s, it included elements of both punk and hip hop.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At that point, the band were already signed to the major label Capitol Records. Faith No More released their independent debut We Care a Lot the following year. Like with the Red Hot Chili Peppers' debut, it also mixed funk, hip hop and punk music.<ref name="louderwcal"/> While Faith No More originated from San Francisco's punk scene of the early 1980s, their guitarist Jim Martin was connected to the city's thrash metal scene, adding heavier influences to the band's sound. According to Louder Sound, Faith No More, Fishbone and Red Hot Chili Peppers "pre-dated the funk metal gold rush" of the very late 1980s and early 1990s, when major labels began signing bands associated with the sound.<ref name="louder">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1988, Neil Perry of Sounds Magazine referred to Faith No More's 1987 major label debut Introduce Yourself as "a breathtaking harmonisation of molten metal guitar, deadly dance rhythms and poignant, pointed lyrics".<ref name="sounds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the Red Hot Chili Peppers' album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, released the same year, guitarist Hillel Slovak started to experiment with sounds other than punk rock/hard rock, including thrash metal.<ref name="Kiedis 204">Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 204</ref> During late 1987, Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers toured together in support of these two albums.<ref name="rhcpbook">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Martin recalled: "We were travelling in a box van with no windows. We drove all the way to the east coast for the first show. Flea asked me if we liked to smoke weed. I said: ‘Yes’ and he said: ‘We're going to get along just fine’. We did something like 52 dates in 56 days."<ref name="tr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Faith No More subsequently went on a solo tour of the United Kingdom in 1988. Following this tour, their singer Chuck Mosley was fired due to his increasingly erratic behavior.<ref name="tr"/>
New York band Living Colour, who entered the mainstream during the late 1980s, were named by Rolling Stone as "black funk metal pioneers."<ref name="RS Living Colour">Fricke, David (November 13, 2003). Living Colour: Collideoscope : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref> Ska-influenced Los Angeles band Fishbone are also noted for being an all-black group. They had ties with the Red Hot Chili Peppers and have been labelled as early leaders of the funk metal/punk-funk movement.<ref name="facts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The band got signed to the major label Columbia Records in 1983, releasing several albums through them, but never had a significant hit song.<ref name="facts"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Entertainment Weekly noted in a May 1991 article that "despite the rise of black rockers like Living Colour, the American funk-metal scene is predominantly white."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Many reviewers often cited Living Colour as having been a band that were directly inspired by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The vocalist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis, played down similarities between the two bands. He stated at the time, "Living Colour to me sounds nothing like Red Hot Chili Peppers. But I have to deal with [this] on a daily basis: 'Wow, Living Colour's really biting your style. Y'ever see the guy on stage? He moves just like you.'"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The A.V. Club later wrote in 2013 that, "Living Colour was boundary-breaking—and yet the group was given more boundaries right out of the gate. As funk-metal like that of Faith No More solidified into a subgenre with set rules and sounds, the last thing Living Colour wanted was to be called funk-metal."<ref name="av">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Primus, a band with thrash metal origins formed in the mid-1980s, has been widely described as funk metal, though they have also crossed many other genres and bandleader/bassist Les Claypool dislikes the categorization.<ref name="The Funky">Gore, Joe (August 1991). New Rage: The Funky from Guitar Player. Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After getting signed to Interscope Records, Claypool remarked in 1991, "We've been lumped in with the funk metal thing just about everywhere. I guess people just have to categorise you".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Claypool has mentioned being inspired by The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, comparing it to Led Zeppelin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Popularity (late 1980s–early 1990s)Edit
The success of Faith No More's 1989 song "Epic" helped heighten interest in the genre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="citypaper"/> Funk metal band Living Colour also achieved mainstream success with their song "Cult of Personality", which was a very popular hit and frequently played on MTV, helping the band's album Vivid go double-platinum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the wake of Living Colour's success, another all-black funk metal band from New York called 24-7 Spyz gained popularity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Anthony Kiedis later claimed Faith No More's new singer, Mike Patton, had stolen his style, specifically in "Epic" and its popular music video.<ref name="2020book">Template:Cite book</ref> He said "I watched [their] 'Epic' video, and I see him jumping up and down, rapping, and it looked like I was looking in a mirror."<ref name="2020book"/> Since the Red Hot Chili Peppers had not yet broken outside of America, he believed European audiences would view him as being an imitator of Patton.<ref name="2020book"/> The LA Weekly state: "Faith No More, then led by vocalist Chuck Mosley, before Patton joined the band, used to open for the similarly progressive Peppers just as the funk-metal scene was gaining momentum. By 1989, as both bands were getting exceedingly popular, they both landed European tours, with Faith No More’s scheduled to begin a few months before RHCP's. This wasn’t an issue, until Kiedis saw the video for FNM’s 'Epic'".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In an interview with Kerrang! Kiedis further said, "what a drag if people get the idea that I’m actually ripping him off. Especially in the UK where FNM is much better known than us. In America, it’s a different story, people are aware of the profound influence we had on them."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also threatened to "kidnap [Patton], shave his hair off and cut off one of his feet just so he'll be forced to find a style of his own."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Faith No More's keyboardist Roddy Bottum responded to Kiedis by saying in an interview, "to me, our band sounds nothing like Red Hot Chili Peppers. If you're talking about long hair, rapping with his shirt off, then yeah, I can see similarities [...] I haven't talked to them since this whole thing started."<ref>Kerrang magazine (August 1990)</ref> Patton addressed Kiedis' allegations in 1990 by saying to Faces Magazine that, "it just kind of came out of the blue. It doesn't bother me a bit. I got a real big kick out of it to tell you the truth. I mean, if he's gonna talk about me in interviews, that's fine - it's free press! Either he's feeling inadequate or old or I don't know, but I have no reason to talk shit about him."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kiedis and Patton were thought to have gotten on good terms with each other after face to face encounters in the 1990s, although the feud would eventually continue into the late 1990s and early 2000s with Patton's other funk metal band, Mr. Bungle, who were heavily inspired by the Red Hot Chili Peppers in their early days.<ref name="2020book"/>
The movement had reached a critical and commercial peak in 1991, with albums such as Blood Sugar Sex Magik (by Red Hot Chili Peppers), Sailing the Seas of Cheese (by Primus) and Mr. Bungle's self-titled debut attaining acclaim from the music press.<ref name="wash"/> Blood Sugar Sex Magik eventually went 7× platinum in the United States.Template:Certification Cite Ref Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post claimed in a 1991 article that "much of it sounds like art rock".<ref name="wash"/> Mr. Bungle initially began as a death metal band in Eureka, California with their 1986 demo The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny. On their subsequent 1980s demos Bowel of Chiley, Goddamnit I Love America! and OU818 they shifted to a ska-influenced funk metal sound.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1990 on the back of singer Mike Patton's success with Faith No More, and by then had started mixing their ska/funk metal style with avant-garde sounds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their 1991 debut on Warner Bros. has been labelled as "funk metal madness"<ref name="invisibleoranges1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and "an irresistibly vulgar fusion of jazz, funk, metal, and a great wealth of other things."<ref name="invisibleoranges1"/> Regarding Mr. Bungle's evolution during the 1980s and early 1990s, guitarist Trey Spruance said, "[we were interested in] Slayer and Mercyful Fate. Later it was The Specials and Fishbone. Then we moved to San Francisco and got all sophisticated. Now we are improv snobs who rule the avant-garde universe by night, and poor, fucked-up hipsters by day."<ref name="trey">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Spruance has mentioned the first two Red Hot Chili Peppers albums as an influence, with Mr. Bungle even covering their song "Baby Appeal" at a high school talent show.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, bassist Trevor Dunn has since claimed that he wasn't as big a fan of them as other members in the band were, saying "I was way more into Fishbone and Bad Manners back in the day."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In January 1991, Spin observed that major labels were seeking out bands with a "thrash-funk" or "funk metal" sound, and commented, "all of a sudden there's a virtual army of funk-metal bands, primarily centered in the San Francisco Bay Area. They range from thrashers, who lend an occasional funk edge to some of their material (Mordred and Death Angel) to straight-out funkers (Primus, Psychefunkapus and Limbomaniacs) to those who defy categorization (Faith No More)."<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/> Spin considered Limbomaniacs to be the most "rap-oriented" of the bands in the Bay Area scene.<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/> Trey Spruance notes that when living in San Francisco, Mr. Bungle played at "officially funk-metal functions" such as the Funk Fest, but he claims there wasn't as coherent a scene in the city as was being reported in the media. According to him, Mr. Bungle generally kept their separate ways from Faith No More, despite sharing the same singer, and neither Faith No More nor Mr. Bungle were particularly close with Primus.<ref>York, W. (2023). Who Cares Anyway: Post-Punk San Francisco and the End of the Analog Age. United Kingdom: Headpress.</ref>
The funk metal bands formed in the San Francisco Bay Area were influenced by the earlier, punk-oriented Los Angeles bands such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Fishbone, and there would be interaction between bands from both cities.<ref name="primusbook"/> Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith recalled in 2014 that, "the Red Hot Chili Peppers used to play with Primus. I remember when we would come up to the Bay Area—especially in the late 80s, they were a really popular band up there. People would say 'Oh, Primus is like the Bay Area Chili Peppers. You've got to hear them!'". Smith added that, "obviously, they were doing their own thing [it] was quirky and people just loved them. You could tell they had a real loyal rabid fanbase—real fans that really dug what they were into."<ref name="primusbook"/> According to Steev Esquivel of the band Skinlab, the prevalence of funk metal around this time hurt the popularity of thrash metal music in the San Francisco Bay Area. He said Primus and Faith No More "came in and shut down the metal scene single handedly", and that bands such as these attracted a large female demographic that had previously followed thrash metal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> John Joseph, who left crossover thrash band Cro-Mags to form funk metal band Both Worlds, told Spin in 1991 that, "funk is fun music to play, and it's good to see girls having a good time up front, not just dudes with spikes on their arms."<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/>
The New Jersey band Mind Funk signed to Epic Records in 1990 shortly after forming, with Spin describing their sound as mixing "metal's wall-of-sound guitar firepower and funk rhymes."<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/> At first, they were widely associated with the movement as a result of their name, although they have also since come to be associated with the grunge and stoner rock genres.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vocalist Pat Dubar distanced Mind Funk from the more funk-oriented bands in the movement, saying in 1991 that, "everyone's jumping on that bandwagon. We may have funky parts in our songs, but as far as playing straight funk, forget it. We couldn't do it as well as the guys who originated it. We take a lot of different elements from rap to the Doors and jazz and mix them together."<ref name="Spin Jan 91"/>
Los Angeles band Rage Against the Machine signed to Epic Records in 1991, the year that they formed, and achieved mainstream fame in the 1990s with their albums going multi-platinum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Infectious Grooves, another Los Angeles band, also signed to Epic Records at the beginning of the 1990s. Infectious Grooves included vocalist Mike Muir and bassist Robert Trujillo, both of Suicidal Tendencies, a hardcore/crossover thrash band. Suicidal Tendencies themselves had signed to Epic in the late 1980s and already begun adding funk metal elements to their music on 1990's Lights...Camera...Revolution!.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The drummer for Infectious Grooves was Stephen Perkins of Jane's Addiction, a band from the same scene as the Red Hot Chili Peppers who occasionally delved into funk metal.<ref name="infec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Muir gave Infectious Grooves equal status as Suicidal Tendencies, and the two bands often toured together, necessitating an exhausting two sets per night for Muir and Trujillo.<ref name="infec"/> They released three albums through Epic in the 1990s, The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move... It's the Infectious Grooves (1991), Sarsippius' Ark (1993) and Groove Family Cyco (1994). Groove Family Cyco included a diss track towards Rage Against the Machine called "Do What I Tell Ya!". The feud with Rage Against the Machine originated after their guitarist Tom Morello began speaking negatively about Suicidal Tendencies in public, leading Muir to point out the irony of Morello's band preaching anti-corporate values in their lyrics while being signed to Epic Records.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Neg Raggett of AllMusic claims that by 1992 "oodles of (mostly horribly bad) funk-metal acts were following in Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers' footsteps."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In an interview from around this time, Flea spoke negatively about derivative acts that were inspired by Faith No More and Red Hot Chili Peppers. After a writer compared Red Hot Chili Peppers to the new funk metal band Ugly Kid Joe, he said "I just know where their music is coming from – copping us, copping Faith No More, copping Pop-Rock Band No. 17B. We're coming from listening to Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, Defunkt, Funkadelic, the Meters, James Brown – the real shit. And it's coming from jamming and playing billions of hours of shit that no one will hear."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Guitar virtuoso Buckethead began releasing albums through avant-garde labels in the early 1990s, and many of them have been associated with funk metal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, Buckethead was in the experimental band Praxis with veteran funk musician Bootsy Collins and former Limbomaniacs drummer Brain (who later joined Primus). Their music has also been associated with funk metal, particularly their 1992 debut Transmutation (Mutatis Mutandis).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Decline (mid–late 1990s)Edit
By the latter part of the 1990s, funk metal was considered to be represented by a smaller group of bands, including Incubus, Sugar Ray, Jimmie's Chicken Shack and 311.<ref name="Funk Metal"/><ref name="jim">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="vice">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Incubus formed in 1991 at the height of the genre's popularity, and they were inspired by funk metal bands. Vocalist Brandon Boyd has mentioned being a fan of Mr. Bungle's debut when it was first released,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has also said "Primus was one of those bands that myself, José from our band, Mikey from our band, the three of us fully bonded over them. We would just crank their music in the car, outdoors."<ref name="origin"/> Their 1997 major label debut album S.C.I.E.N.C.E. has been labelled a "weed-and-mushrooms influenced funk/metal freakout",<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> unlike with the band's prior releases Fungus Amongus (1995) and Enjoy Incubus (1997), it further incorporated elements of electronica into funk metal.<ref name="rough">Template:Cite book</ref> Guitarist Mike Einziger said in 1997 that the band had set out to record an album that sounded like "weird science and energetic funk."<ref name="ly">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the time, they garnered heavy comparisons to Faith No More, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Primus, with critics noting similarities between the voices of singer Brandon Boyd and Mike Patton.<ref name="cmj97">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nov"/><ref name="lan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of the band's later releases still retained elements of funk, but they were viewed as being more musically straightforward than before.<ref name="allmusicmy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In November 2001, Amy Sciarretto of CMJ New Music Report claimed that Incubus was "poised to be hard rock's bastard child of Faith No More and Primus thanks to its resident hottie Brandon Boyd's easy-on-the-ears emulation of Mike Patton and Dirk Lance's bass thwapping. But between 1997's S.C.I.E.N.C.E. and 1999's Make Yourself, the album that broke Incubus at rock radio, the band took a stylistic turn."<ref name="nov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hoobastank, a band from the same Southern Californian neighborhood as Incubus, were also heavily inspired by Mike Patton and Faith No More/Mr. Bungle. Their early independent releases Muffins (1997) and They Don't Sure Don't Make Basketball Shorts Like They Used To (1998) contain elements of ska and funk metal. After signing to Island Records in the early 2000s, the band changed to a more mainstream sound, garnering comparisons to the style of music that Incubus was making in the early 2000s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=AXS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Initially beginning as a hardcore punk band in the 1980s, Sugar Ray's first two major label releases Lemonade and Brownies (1995) and Floored (1997) have been frequently labelled as funk metal<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="michigan"/> and punk-funk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="AMlittle">[{{#ifeq: yes | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0003284693{{
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}} Allmusic review]</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="michigan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Subsequent releases from Sugar Ray completely abandoned the sound of these albums in favor of a more mainstream approach, as they had gained massive popularity in 1997 with their pop/reggae single "Fly". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic says that after the success of "Fly" they "no longer tried to ape the Red Hot Chili Peppers."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1996, Australian band Regurgitator released a major label record in the country titled Tu-Plang, which has been associated with funk metal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album would be given an American release the following year, although the band went on to explore other sounds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bands usually associated with other genres such as nu metal (Korn, Primer 55),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> pop punk (Zebrahead)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and comedy rock (Bloodhound Gang)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> also incorporated elements of funk metal into their sound during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Snot's first and only full length release Get Some (1997) has been described by critics as not only a funk metal album,<ref name="am">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but also as a hardcore punk album and an early nu metal album.<ref name="am"/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Korn, who are often credited with popularizing the nu metal sound on their 1994 debut, have named Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers as their two biggest musical influences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="naples">Template:Cite news</ref> Korn has also cited 24-7 Spyz, Fishbone, Living Colour, Mr. Bungle, Primus and Rage Against the Machine as influences.<ref>Guitar World, January 1997</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine considers their debut to be "building on the funk-metal innovations of the late '80s/early '90s instead of merely replicating them."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of the members of Korn were formerly in a funk metal band called L.A.P.D., who formed in 1989 and released their sole album Who's Laughing in 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Guitarist James 'Munky' Shaffer has still considered Korn to be funk metal, saying in 2014, "Korn began as, and has remained a funk-metal band."<ref name="naples"/> Their vocalist Jonathan Davis said in 2015, "I always thought of us as a funk band, that funky groovy shit. When they came out with that nu-metal shit, like, I’ve always been fighting that shit."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The term nu metal was not yet in usage when albums such as Get Some were first released. Nu metal is generally considered to have entered the mainstream with Korn's 1998 album Follow the Leader, and the label was being used by the early 2000s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Critics have occasionally categorized Korn's work as funk metal, even after the nu metal label became prevalent. AllMusic described Korn's breakthrough 1997 single "A.D.I.D.A.S." as "a kinetic funk-metal track" in their retrospective review.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While the more well-known work of Papa Roach has been described as nu metal, vocalist Jacoby Shaddix has noted that the band's independent releases from 1994–1997 had a more funk metal sound. He reflected, "if we go back and listen to the first P-Roach recordings, we sound like a cross between Mr. Bungle, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Primus. You know, that whole '90s scene that was funky and freaky - I even wore panty hose on my head."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mega!! Kung Fu Radio, the 1997 major label debut of Powerman 5000, showcased an aggressive form of funk metal,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="pk51997">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which the band themselves branded as "action-rock".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="pk51997"/> All subsequent releases from Powerman 5000 moved towards an industrial metal/industrial rock sound. AllMusic suggests that funk metal was "played-out by the end of the decade".<ref name="jim"/>
After the release of Sailing the Seas of Cheese in 1991, Primus's subsequent albums started to delve into more experimental sounds, while still retaining a prominent funk influence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Les Claypool claimed that Primus's 1997 album Brown Album was a return to the aggressive sound of their earlier material,<ref name="interview">Interview with Primus taken from BAM magazine, July 11, 1997. Retrieved 2012-10-22.</ref> although critics labelled it as "flat-sounding"<ref>PRIMUS comes jammin' back "wipes away memories of 1997's aptly titled, flat-sounding "Brown Album." The San Diego Union, October 14, 1999. Retrieved March 1 2013. Template:Subscription required</ref> and as moving "even further into progressive and jazz-rock territory."<ref name="Allmusic review">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Primus's next studio album Antipop (1999) was co-produced by Fred Durst of the band Limp Bizkit. Durst has cited Primus as a major influence, and he encouraged them to return to the aggressive sound of their earlier material.<ref name=Devenish159>Template:Cite book</ref> Mike Wolf of CMJ New Music Monthly called the album "ozzfest funk metal" in his 1999 review, and compared it not only to Limp Bizkit but also Korn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later in 1999, Primus went on tour with Incubus, another artist who cite them as an influence.<ref name="origin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The band entered a hiatus the following year, and would not release another full length album until 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other influential 1980s and early 1990s acts such as Faith No More, Mr. Bungle<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Red Hot Chili Peppers had largely abandoned the sound in favor of other styles by the latter part of the 90s. Faith No More's bassist Billy Gould claimed he was "sick" of the genre as early as 1992,<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> though the band's 1992 album Angel Dust has been described as having some funk metal characteristics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1995, he said: "we were perceived as a gimmick: a mixture of metal and funk and we had this pretty-boy singer. We found it really repulsive. We started getting tapes from bands who were heavy metal funk bands and they were saying we were their main influence, it was horrible. Angel Dust was a way for us to stretch our arms out and hold on to our identity, [Mike] Patton cut his hair and changed how he looked."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Spin wrote in 1992 that Angel Dust had "slow, scary songs, and not as much funk-metal thrash as the average fan would expect."<ref name="sep">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2003, Brad Filicky of CMJ New Music Report claimed that after the success of their previous album The Real Thing (1989), they "grew tired of the trappings and limitations of the genre [so] rather than release that era's equivalent of Significant Other, the band flipped the script entirely and dropped an experimental bombshell on the scene."<ref name="cmj">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Faith No More would eventually announce their initial split on April 20, 1998.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The band's final two albums in the 1990s, King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime (1995) and Album of the Year (1997), have usually been considered alternative metal albums rather than funk metal albums,<ref name="vox">Vox magazine, June 1997.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although Rolling Stone still referred to Faith No More as a funk metal band when announcing their split in April 1998.<ref name="auto"/> Red Hot Chili Peppers' 1995 album One Hot Minute was still considered to have elements of their early funk metal/punk-funk sound,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> however, beginning with 1999's Californication, they began heading towards a more mainstream funk-influenced pop rock direction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to The Washington Post in 1999, acts such as Korn and Limp Bizkit built on the "funk/metal/rap hybrid" of Red Hot Chili Peppers during the four year interval between One Hot Minute and Californication.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Anthony Kiedis stated in 2002, "I don't think any of those conservative, ultra-aggro, rap metal bands had the funk influence or punk-rock energy that we had."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The feud between Kiedis and Patton was re-ignited in 1999 when Mr. Bungle's album California was pushed back by their label Warner Bros. Records as not to coincide with the similarly titled Californication, which was to be released on the same day by Warner Bros.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the album release date conflict, Kiedis had Mr. Bungle removed from a number of European summer festivals that the Red Hot Chili Peppers were set to perform at.<ref name="MrBungleFAQ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="danny canak">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result of the concert removals, Mr. Bungle parodied the Red Hot Chili Peppers on Halloween 1999, in Pontiac, Michigan (the home state of Kiedis). Patton introduced each Mr. Bungle band member with the name of one of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, before covering the songs "Give It Away", "Around the World", "Under the Bridge" and "Scar Tissue", with Patton deliberately using incorrect lyrics, such as "Sometimes I feel like I'm on heroin" and "Sometimes I feel like a fucking junkie" on "Under the Bridge".<ref name="clutch"/> Patton impersonated Kiedis by wearing a blonde wig, and while pretending to be Kiedis, mockingly said to the crowd: "Don't you call me Mike, my name is Anthony. How dare you make that mistake. Mike has been ripping me off for many years."<ref name="clutch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His bandmates also mocked the heroin overdose death of former Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist Hillel Slovak.<ref name="clutch"/> Kiedis heard about the show and responded by having Mr. Bungle removed from the 2000 Big Day Out Festival in Australia.<ref name="MrBungleFAQ"/> Regarding the concert removals, Mr. Bungle's guitarist Trey Spruance said, "It was pretty weird, having been fans of the first two RHCP albums, realizing that somehow something personal had gone amiss somewhere. So amiss that a decade and a half after we’d liked this now hugely popular band’s music (and hadn't thought much about since), we'd be dealing with the fact that they were unmistakably trying to bury us."<ref name="fnmf16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mr. Bungle ceased being active in late 2000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of their last shows were with Incubus in 2000 at the SnoCore Tour. By then, Mr. Bungle had stopped playing music from their first album, instead playing their avant-garde/experimental rock songs from Disco Volante (1995) and California.<ref name="MrBungleFAQ"/> The only songs from their first album to be played during the California tour were "Travolta" (also known as "Quote Unquote") and "My Ass is on Fire", which was re-worked to have electronic elements. In late 2000, Rage Against the Machine also split.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Later years and legacy (2000s onward)Edit
During 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a hugely successful funk metal cover of Michael Jackson's "Smooth Criminal", an electro funk song.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bands formed in the 2000s and 2010s that have been described as funk metal include Psychostick,<ref name="citypaper"/> Twelve Foot Ninja<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Prophets of Rage<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (a supergroup featuring members of Cypress Hill, Public Enemy and Rage Against the Machine).
In 2016, Vice referred to funk metal as "a mostly-forgotten and occasionally-maligned genre".<ref name="vice"/> Trey Spruance mentioned his fondness for the genre in a 2007 interview. When asked if he thought it would make a comeback, he stated "Fuckin' revisionists probably won't think its cool enough... they'll go straight for the flannels and heroin."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, Blabbermouth.net labelled the genre as "absurdly entertaining and considerably more inventive than many of the cross-pollinated subgenres that came later", further adding that "obviously, funk-metal was not built to last and both grunge and nu-metal were far bigger commercial propositions in the years that followed."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fox News host Greg Gutfeld injected himself into the Kiedis-Patton feud in 2016, calling Red Hot Chili Peppers "the worst band in the universe" and "poor man's Faith No More."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2020, Mr. Bungle reunited as a thrash metal band, with the band's earlier funk metal material not being performed live.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> German band Slope's 2024 album Freak Dreams, released on Century Media, was widely described as funk metal upon release.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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