Göktürks
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Türük Bodun |
Türük Bodun
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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other The Göktürks (Template:Lit.) or Turks (Template:Langx; Template:Zh) were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples.
EtymologyEdit
OriginEdit
As an ethnonym, the etymology of Turk is still unknown.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It is generally believed that the name Türk may have come from Old Turkic migration-term<ref>(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17</ref>Template:Clarification needed Template:Langx, which means 'created, born'.<ref>Faruk Sümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)</ref>
As a word in Turkic languages, Turk may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It may also mean ripe as for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The name Gök-türk emerged from the misreading of the word Kök, meaning Ashina, the endonym of the ruling clan of the historical ethnic group which was attested in Old Turkic as Template:Langx<ref name="KulteginMC">Kultegin's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig Orkhon inscriptions</ref><ref name="BilgeKaganMC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Langx,<ref name="KulteginMC" /><ref name="BilgeKaganMC" /> or Template:Langx.<ref name="TonyukukMC">Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig Bain Tsokto inscriptions</ref>
They were known in Middle Chinese historical sources as the Tūjué (Template:Zh; reconstructed in Middle Chinese as *dwət-kuɑt > tɦut-kyat).Template:Sfn
The ethnonym was also recorded in various other Middle Asian languages, such as Sogdian *Türkit ~ Türküt, tr'wkt, trwkt, turkt > trwkc, trukč; Khotanese Saka Ttūrka/Ttrūka, Rouran to̤ro̤x/türǖg, Korean 돌궐/Dolgwol, and Old Tibetan Drugu.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
DefinitionEdit
According to Chinese sources, Tūjué meant "combat helmet" (Template:Zh), reportedly because the shape of the Altai Mountains, where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet.<ref name="Zhou50">Linghu Defen et al., Book of Zhou, Vol. 50. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Sui84">Wei Zheng et al., Book of Sui, Vol. 84. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), History of the Northern Dynasties, Vol. 99. Template:In lang</ref> Róna-Tas (1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word, tturakä 'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.<ref name="Golden2006">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Göktürk is sometimes interpreted as either "Celestial Turk" or "Blue Turk" (i.e., because sky blue is associated with celestial realms).Template:Sfn This is consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a recurrent element of Altaic political culture and as such may have been imbibed by the Göktürks from their predecessors in Mongolia.<ref>Wink 64.</ref> "Blue" is traditionally associated with the East as it used in the cardinal system of central Asia, thus meaning "Turks of the East".Template:Sfn The name of the ruling Ashina clan may derive from the Khotanese Saka term for "deep blue", āššɪna.Template:Sfn
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the word Türk meant "strong" in Old Turkic;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though Gerhard Doerfer supports this theory, Gerard Clauson points out that "the word Türk is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that the noun Türk originally meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an [adjective] meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hakan Aydemir (2022) also contends that Türk originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre-Proto-Turkic verb *türü 'heap up, collect, gather, assemble'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The name as used by the Göktürks only applied to themselves, the Göktürk khanates, and their subjects. The Göktürks did not consider other Turkic speaking groups such as the Uyghurs, Tiele, and Kyrgyz to be Türks. In the Orkhon inscriptions, the Toquz Oghuz and the Yenisei Kyrgyz are not referred to as Türks. Similarly, the Uyghurs called themselves Uyghurs and used Türk exclusively for the Göktürks, whom they portrayed as enemy aliens in their royal inscriptions. The Khazars may have kept the Göktürk tradition alive by claiming descent from the Ashina. When tribal leaders built their khanates, ruling over assorted tribes and tribal unions, the collected people identified themselves politically with the leadership. Turk became the designation for all subjects of the Turk empires. Nonetheless, subordinate tribes and tribal unions retained their original names, identities, and social structures. Memory of the Göktürks and the Ashina had faded by the turn of the millennium. The Karakhanids, Qocho Uyghurs, and Seljuks did not claim descent from the Göktürks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 203 of 197–239.</ref><ref>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors, Page 34</ref>
HistoryEdit
OriginsEdit
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The Göktürk rulers originated from the Ashina clan, who were first attested to in 439. The Book of Sui reports that in that year, on 18 October, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu,<ref>Wei Shou, Book of Wei, Vol. 4-I. Template:In lang</ref><ref>Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 123. Template:In lang</ref><ref>永和七年 (太延五年) 九月丙戌 Academia Sinica Template:In lang Template:Webarchive</ref> whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of Gaochang.<ref name="Sui84" />Template:Sfn
According to the Book of Zhou and History of the Northern Dynasties, the Ashina clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation,<ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Northern99" /> specifically, the Northern Xiongnu tribes<ref>New Book of Tang, vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005</ref> or southern Xiongnu "who settled along the northern Chinese frontier", according to Edwin G. Pulleyblank.Template:Sfn However, this view is contested.Template:Sfn Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國) (MC: *sâk) which was situated north of the Xiongnu and had been founded by the Sakas<ref>Harmatta, János, (1999), "A türkök eredetmondája", Magyar Nyelv, vol. 95(4): p. 391 of 385–396. cited in Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300</ref> or Xianbei.<ref>Vásáry, István (2007) Eski İç Asya Tarihi p. 99-100, cited Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300</ref><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Northern99" />Template:Sfn According to the Book of Sui and the Tongdian, they were "mixed Hu (barbarians)" (Template:Linktext) from Pingliang (平涼), now in Gansu, Northwest China.<ref name="Sui84" /><ref name="Tong197">杜佑, 《通典》, 北京: 中華書局出版, (Du You, Tongdian, Vol.197), 辺防13 北狄4 突厥上, 1988, Template:ISBN, p. 5401. Template:In lang</ref> Pointing to the Ashina's association with the Northern tribes of the Xiongnu, some researchers (e.g. Duan, Lung, etc.) proposed that Göktürks belonged in particular to the Tiele confederation, likewise Xiongnu-associated,<ref name="Sui84" /> by ancestral lineage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, Lee and Kuang (2017) state that Chinese sources do not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks s descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation.<ref>Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 201 of 197–239.</ref>
Chinese sources linked the Hu on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the Pannonian Avars, Huns and Hungarians "Scythians". Such archaizing was a common literary topos, implying similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed
As part of the heterogeneous Rouran Khaganate, the Turks lived for generations north of the Altai Mountains, where they 'engaged in metal working for the Rouran'.<ref name="Sui84" /><ref name="Zizhi159">Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 159. Template:In lang</ref> According to Denis Sinor, the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest.Template:Sfn
According to Charles Holcombe, the early Turk population was rather heterogeneous and many of the names of Turk rulers, including the two founding members, are not even Turkic.Template:Sfn This is supported by evidence from the Orkhon inscriptions, which include several non-Turkic lexemes, possibly representing Uralic or Yeniseian words.Template:Sfn<ref>Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.</ref> Peter Benjamin Golden points out that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, who were of an undetermined ethnic origin, adopted Iranian and Tokharian (or non-Altaic) titles.Template:Sfn German Turkologist W.-E. Scharlipp points out that many common terms in Turkic are Iranian in origin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Whatever language the Ashina may have spoken originally, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a common culture.Template:Sfn<ref>Lev Gumilyov, (1967), Drevnie Turki (Ancient Turks), p. 22-25</ref>
ExpansionEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Asia 576 CE The Göktürks reached their peak in the late 6th century and began to invade the Sui dynasty of China. However, the war ended due to the division of Turkic nobles and their civil war for the throne of Khagan. With the support of Emperor Wen of Sui, Yami Qaghan won the competition. However, the Göktürk empire was divided to Eastern and Western empires. Weakened by the civil war, Yami Qaghan declared allegiance to the Sui dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When Sui began to decline, Shibi Khagan began to assault its territory and even surrounded Emperor Yang of Sui in Siege of Yanmen (615 AD) with 100,000 cavalry troops. After the collapse of the Sui dynasty, the Göktürks intervened in the ensuing Chinese civil wars, providing support to the northeastern rebel Liu Heita against the rising Tang in 622 and 623. Liu enjoyed a long string of success but was finally routed by Li Shimin and other Tang generals and executed. The Tang dynasty was then established.Template:Citation needed
Conquest by the TangEdit
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Although the Göktürk Khaganate once provided support to the Tang dynasty in the early period of the civil war during the collapse of the Sui dynasty, the conflicts between the Göktürks and Tang finally broke out when Tang was gradually reunifying China proper. The Göktürks began to attack and raid the northern border of the Tang Empire and once marched their main force of 100,000 soldiers to Chang'an, the capital of Tang. The emperor Taizong of the Tang, in spite of the limited resources at his disposal, managed to turn them back. Later, Taizong sent his troops to Mongolia and defeated the main force of Göktürk army in Battle of Yinshan four years later and captured Illig Qaghan in 630 AD.<ref name="Liu 劉">Template:Cite book</ref> With the submission of the Turkic tribes, the Tang conquered the Mongolian Plateau. From then on, the Eastern Turks were subjugated to China.<ref name="Liu 劉"/>
After a vigorous court debate, Emperor Taizong decided to pardon the Göktürk nobles and offered them positions as imperial guards.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> However, the proposition was ended by a plan for the assassination of the emperor. On 19 May 639<ref>貞觀十三年 四月戊寅 Academia Sinica Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen directly assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang at Jiucheng Palace (Template:Linktext, in present-day Linyou County, Baoji, Shaanxi). However, they did not succeed and fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the Wei River and were killed. Ashina Hexiangu was exiled to Lingbiao.<ref name="Zizhi195">Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 195. Template:In lang</ref> After the unsuccessful raid of Ashina Jiesheshuai, on 13 August 639<ref>貞觀十三年 七月庚戌 Academia Sinica Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> Taizong installed Qilibi Khan and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the Yellow River to settle between the Great Wall of China and the Gobi Desert.<ref>Ouyang Xiu et al., New Book of Tang, Vol. 215-I.</ref> However, many Göktürk generals still remained loyal in service to the Tang Empire.
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RevivalEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi, who were Turkic leaders of the Chanyu Protectorate (單于大都護府), declared Ashina Nishufu as qaghan and revolted against the Tang dynasty.<ref name="Zizhi202">Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 202 Template:In lang</ref> In 680, Pei Xingjian defeated Ashina Nishufu and his army. Ashina Nishufu was killed by his men.<ref name="Zizhi202" /> Ashide Wenfu made Ashina Funian a qaghan and again revolted against the Tang dynasty.<ref name="Zizhi202" /> Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian surrendered to Pei Xingjian. On 5 December 681,<ref>開耀元年 十月乙酉 Academia Sinica Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> 54 Göktürks, including Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian, were publicly executed in the Eastern Market of Chang'an.<ref name="Zizhi202" /> In 682, Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.<ref>Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 203 Template:In lang</ref> The restored Göktürk Khaganate intervened in the war between Tang and Khitan tribes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, after the death of Bilge Qaghan, the Göktürks could no longer subjugate other Turk tribes in the grasslands. In 744, allied with the Tang dynasty, the Uyghur Khaganate defeated the last Göktürk Khaganate and controlled the Mongolian Plateau.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
RulersEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Ashina tribe of the Göktürks ruled the First Turkic Khaganate, which then split into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and the Western Turkic Khaganate, and later the Second Turkic Khaganate, controlling much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745. The rulers were named "Khagan" (Qaghan).
ReligionEdit
Their religion was polytheistic. The great god was the sky, Tengri, who dispensed the viaticum for the journey of life (qut) and fortune (ulug) and watched over the cosmic order and the political and social order. People prayed to him and sacrificed to him a white horse as the offering. The khagan, who came from him and derived his authority from him, was raised on a felt saddle to meet him. Tengri issued decrees, brought pressure to bear on human beings, and enforced capital punishment, often by striking the offender with lightning. The many secondary powers – sometimes named deities, sometimes spirits or simply said to be sacred, and almost always associated with Tengri – were the Earth, the Mountain, Water, the Springs, and the Rivers; the possessors of all objects, particularly of the land and the waters of the nation; trees, cosmic axes, and sources of life; fire, the symbol of the family and alterego of the shaman; the stars, particularly the sun and the moon, the Pleiades, and Venus, whose image changes over time; Umay, the mother goddess who is none other than the placenta; the threshold and the doorjamb; personifications of Time, the Road, Desire, etc.; heroes and ancestors embodied in the banner, in tablets with inscriptions, and in idols; and spirits wandering or fixed in Penates or in all kinds of holy objects. These and other powers have an uneven force which increases as objects accumulate, as trees form a forest, stones form a cairn, arrows form a quiver, and drops of water form a lake.<ref>Asian Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy, Page 315</ref>
GeneticsEdit
A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite Türk soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD.Template:Sfn 50% of the samples of Y-DNA belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroup R1, while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups Q and O.Template:Sfn The extracted samples of mtDNA belonged mainly to East Eurasian haplogroups C4b1, A14 and A15c, while one specimen carried the West Eurasian haplogroup H2a.Template:Sfn The authors suggested that central Asian nomadic populations may have been Turkicized by an East Asian minority elite, resulting in a small but detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, these authors also found that Türkic period individuals were extremely genetically diverse, with some individuals being of complete West Eurasian descent. To explain this diversity of ancestry, they propose that there were also incoming West Eurasians moving eastward on the Eurasian steppe during the Türkic period, resulting in admixture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
A 2020 study analyzed genetic data from 7 early medieval Türk skeletal remains from Turkic Khaganate burial sites in Mongolia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The authors described the Türk samples as highly diverse, carrying on average 40% West Eurasian, and 60% East Eurasian ancestry. West Eurasian ancestry in the Türks combined Sarmatian-related and BMAC ancestry, while the East Eurasian ancestry was related to Ancient Northeast Asians. The authors also observed that the Western Steppe Herder ancestry in the Türks was largely inherited from male ancestors, which also corresponds with the marked increase of paternal haplogroups such as R and J during the Türkic period in Mongolia.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Admixture between East and West Eurasian ancestors of the Türkic samples was dated to 500 AD, which is 8 generations prior.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Three of the Türkic-affiliated males carried the paternal haplogroups J2a and J1a, two carried haplogroup C-F3830, and one carried R1a-Z93. The analyzed maternal haplogroups were identified as D4, D2, B4, C4, H1 and U7.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
A 2023 study published in the Journal of Systematics and Evolution analyzed the DNA of Empress Ashina (551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of the first Khagans, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in Xianyang, China.<ref name="Yang2023">Template:Cite journal</ref> The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F1d. Approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of Ancient Northeast Asian origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture.<ref name="Yang 2023 3–43"/> The results are consistent with a North-East Asian origin of the royal Ashina family and the Göktürk Khaganate.<ref name="Yang2023"/> However, the Ashina did not show close genetic affinity with central-steppe Türks and early medieval Türks, who exhibit a high (but variable) degree of West Eurasian ancestry, which indicates that there was genetic sub-structure within the Türkic empire. For example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62% of their genome, while the remaining 38% was derived from West Eurasians (BMAC and Afanasievo), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Ashina was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, and was genetically closer to East Asians, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various Turkic-speaking groups in central Asia, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of origin for the population of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the royal Ashina family.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Two Turkic-period remains (GD1-1 and GD2-4) excavated from present-day eastern Mongolia analysed in a 2024 paper, were found to display only little to no West Eurasian ancestry. One of the remains (GD1-1) was derived entirely from an Ancient Northeast Asian source (represented by SlabGrave1 or Khovsgol_LBA and Xianbei_Mogushan_IA), while the other (GD2-4) displayed an "admixed profile" deriving c. 48−50% ancestry from Ancient Northeast Asians, c. 47% ancestry from an ancestry maximised in Han Chinese (represented by Han_2000BP), and 3−5% ancestry from a West Eurasian source (represented by Sarmatians). The GD2-4 belonged to the paternal haplogroup D-M174. The authors argue that these findings are "providing a new piece of information on this understudied period".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
LegacyEdit
Members of the Turk-lead Ashina dynasty also ruled the Basmyls,<ref name="Vassal Princedoms 1960, p. 104, 132">Zizhi Tongjian Vol. 212, cited in Zuev Yu.A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (translation of 8-10th century Chinese Tanghuyao), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 104, 132 Template:In lang</ref><ref>Klyashtorny, S.G. "The Polovcian Problems (II)" in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 58, No. 3, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediaeval History of the Eurasian Steppe: Szeged, Hungary May 11—16, 2004: Part III (2005). p. 245</ref><ref>Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples, p. 142-143</ref> and the Karluk Yabghu State;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and possibly also Khazars<ref>Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. II (3): 261–281.</ref><ref>Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007a). "Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 7–57. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2.</ref> and Karakhanids (if the first Karakhanid ruler Bilge Kul Qadir Khan indeed descended from the Karluk Yabghus).<ref>"Karluk Yabghu State (756-940)" Qazaqstan Tarihy. quote: "In 840, in the Central Asian steppes an important event occurred. The Yenisei Kyrgyz invasion destroyed the Uighur Khaganate, forcing the Uighurs to flee to Turfan oasis and to Gansu [original article mistakenly has Guangzhou]. The Karluk Djabgu and the ruler of Isfijab, Bilge Kul Qadeer-Khan, took advantage of the situation and proclaimed himself as a sovereign ruler and assumed a new title of Khagan."</ref> According to some researchers, Second Bulgarian Empire's Asen dynasty might be descendants of Ashina.<ref>Sychev N. V., (2008), Книга династий, p. 161-162</ref>
GalleryEdit
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See alsoEdit
Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century Template:Sister project
- Göktürk family tree
- Horses in East Asian warfare
- Khazars
- Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
- Silver Deer of Bilge Qaghan
In popular cultureEdit
- Kürşat, fictional character based on Göktürk prince Ashina Jiesheshuai
- Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2, Göktürk-3 satellites named after Göktürks
- Gokturk exoplanet named after Gökturks
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
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