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Order of St Michael and St George

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox order

File:Knight Commander Order Saint Michael Saint George AEA Collections.jpg
Knight Commander, KCMG insignia

The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince of Wales (the future King George IV), while he was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III.<ref name="duckers">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="royalgov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is named in honour of two military saints, Michael and George.

The Order of St Michael and St George was originally awarded to those holding commands or high position in the Mediterranean territories acquired in the Napoleonic Wars, and it was subsequently extended to holders of similar office or position in other territories of the British Empire.<ref name="royalgov" /> It is at present awarded to men and women who hold high office or who render extraordinary or important non-military service to the United Kingdom in a foreign country, and it can also be conferred for important or loyal service in relation to foreign and Commonwealth affairs.<ref name="royalgov"/>

DescriptionEdit

The three classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade:

  1. Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)Template:Efn
  2. Knight Commander or Dame Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG or DCMG)
  3. Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
Classes of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George<ref name="duckers"/><ref name="royalgov" />
Grade Knight Grand Cross Dame Grand Cross Knight Commander Dame Commander Companion
Prefix Sir Dame Sir Dame —
Post-nominals GCMG KCMG DCMG CMG
Insignia Heraldic collar of the Order of St Michael and St George File:Medal, order (AM 2018.63.1-2).jpg
File:Mattia Preti - St. George Victorious over the Dragon - WGA18398.jpg
St George and the Dragon by Mattia Preti (1678)
File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Order of St Michael and St George).svg
Coat of arms of the British monarch as sovereign of the Order of St Michael and St George

It is used to honour individuals who have rendered important services in relation to Commonwealth or foreign nations. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it. British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs, DCMGs, or CMGs. For example, the former British Ambassador to the United States, Sir David Manning, was appointed a CMG when he worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), and then after his appointment as British Ambassador to the US, he was promoted to a Knight Commander (KCMG). It is the traditional award for members of the FCO.

The Order's motto is Auspicium melioris ævi (Latin for "Token of a better age"). Its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George, patron saint of England and of soldiers. One of its primary symbols is that of St Michael trampling over and subduing Satan in battle.

The Order is the sixth-most senior in the British honours system, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse; no appointments have been made to it since 1936. The last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that country's independence in 1947.

HistoryEdit

File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg
The Order's insignia often depict St Michael subduing Satan

The Prince Regent founded the Order to commemorate the British amical protectorate over the Ionian Islands, which had come under British control in 1814 and had been granted their own constitution as the United States of the Ionian Islands in 1817. It was intended to reward "natives of the Ionian Islands and of the island of Malta and its dependencies, and for such other subjects of His Majesty as may hold high and confidential situations in the Mediterranean".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became part of Greece. A revision of the basis of the Order in 1868, saw membership granted to those who "hold high and confidential offices within Her Majesty's colonial possessions, and in reward for services rendered to the Crown in relation to the foreign affairs of the Empire". Accordingly, nowadays, almost all Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order, typically as Knights or Dames Grand Cross.

In 1965 the order was opened to women,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Evelyn Bark becoming the first female CMG in 1967.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CompositionEdit

The British sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order (by convention, on the advice of the Government).

Grand MasterEdit

The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. The office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands; now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Grand Masters include:

The Order originally included 15 Knights Grand Cross, 20 Knights Commander, and 25 Companions but has since been expanded and the current limits on membership are 125, 375, and 1,750 respectively. Members of the royal family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, nor do foreign members appointed as "honorary members".

OfficersEdit

The Order has six officers. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Blue Rod. Blue Rod does not, unlike the usher of the Order of the Garter, perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Habit and insigniaEdit

File:Order of St Michael and St George mantle with star.jpg
Mantle of the Order
File:GCMG star.jpg
Representation of the star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross
File:KCMG Jpegfile.jpg
Star and badge of a Knight or Dame Commander
File:Keten met kleinood van een GCMG.jpg
Collar worn by a Knight or Dame Grand Cross

Members of the Order wear elaborate regalia on important occasions (such as coronations), which vary by rank:

  • The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of Saxon blue satin lined with crimson silk. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.
  • The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold. It consists of depictions of crowned English lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers "SM" and "SG", all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions of St. Mark, each holding a bible and seven arrows—the emblem of the seven united Ionian Islands.

At less important occasions, simpler insignia are used:

  • The star is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed 'Maltese Asterisk' (for want of a better description—see image of badge), with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commander's star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Crosses; it does not include any gold rays. In each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a dark blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan.
  • The badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order; it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commanders and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; Dames Commanders and female Companions wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. The badge is a seven-armed, white-enamelled 'Maltese Asterisk' (see Maltese Cross); the obverse shows St Michael trampling on Satan, while the reverse shows St George on horseback killing a dragon, both within a dark blue ring bearing the motto of the Order.

Prior to 2011, the devil was portrayed with black skin while St Michael was shown as being white; this was changed that year to show both with same skin colour, although St Michael's wings were changed from being multi-colour to being pure white. The alleged racism of this imagery has resulted in the government of Jamaica suspending the use of the badge entirely.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cnn.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2020, calls were made for a complete redesign of the insignia,<ref name="cnn.com"/> including from Sir Michael Palin of Monty Python fame, a Knight Commander of the Order<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July, the Cabinet Office announced that officers of the Order who were unhappy with their insignia could exchange them for one of the newer models.<ref name="Middleton2020">Template:Cite news</ref>

On certain collar days designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or morning wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. All collars which have been awarded since 1948 must be returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. The other insignia may be retained.

ChapelEdit

File:St Paul's Cathedral Chapel of St Michael & St George, London UK - Diliff.jpg
The chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George in St Paul's Cathedral, London.

The original home of the Order was the Palace of St. Michael and St. George in Corfu, the residence of the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands and the seat of the Ionian Senate. Since 1906, the Order's chapel has been in St Paul's Cathedral in London. (The cathedral also serves as home to the chapels of the Order of the British Empire and the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor.) Religious services for the whole Order are held quadrennially; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services.

The Sovereign and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross are allotted stalls in the choir of the chapel, above which their heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank, if there is one, is used. Above the crest or coronet, the stall's occupant's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1906.

The reredos within the chapel was commissioned from Henry Poole in 1927.<ref>Henry POOLE 1873–1928 (Tate Britain); retrieved 1 October 2009.</ref>

Precedence and privilegesEdit

Members of the Order of St Michael are assigned positions in the order of precedence in England and Wales. Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. (Individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. This follows the general rule of honours, that a husband never derives any style or title from his wife.)

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders prefix "Sir", and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders prefix "Dame", to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but husbands of Dames derive no title from their wives. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary (foreign) members and clergymen do not receive the accolade and thus are not entitled to use the prefix "Sir" or "Dame". Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCMG"; Knights Commanders and Dames Commanders use "KCMG" and "DCMG" respectively; Companions use "CMG".

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

Popular referencesEdit

In the satirical British television programme Yes Minister, Jim Hacker MP is told a joke<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> by his Private Secretary, Bernard Woolley, about what the various post-nominals stand for. From Series 2, Episode 2 "Doing the Honours":

Template:Poemquote

Ian Fleming's spy, James Bond, a commander in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR), was fictionally decorated as a CMG in 1953. This is mentioned in the novels From Russia, with Love and On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and on-screen in his obituary in Skyfall. He was offered appointment as KCMG (which would have elevated him from Companion to Knight Commander in the Order) in The Man with the Golden Gun, but he rejected the offer as he did not wish to become a public figure. Judi Dench's character "M" is "offered" early retirement as a GCMG in Skyfall.

Daniel Craig, who has portrayed Bond on film, was appointed (CMG) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to film and theatre.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> The general release on 30 September 2021 of his last appearance as James Bond, in No Time to Die, had been delayed by almost two years due to a change of director and the COVID-19 pandemic. Coinciding with the film's premiere, and matching his fictional character's rank, Craig became an Honorary Commander in Britain's Royal Navy. Following this appointment, he committed to being an ambassador for the Royal Navy, particularly in its international role, and to the welfare of its service families.

Long-time Doctor Who companion Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart wore the ribbon of the order as the highest of his decorations.

Current Knights and Dames Grand CrossEdit

Template:Refimprove section Template:See also

Sovereign and Grand MasterEdit

Name Year of appointment Present age
King Charles III (ex officio) Sovereign since 2022 Template:Age
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Template:Postnominals 1967 Template:Age

Knights and Dames Grand CrossEdit

Name Known for Year of appointment Present age
David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn Template:Post-nominals Governor of Hong Kong 1991 Template:Age
Sir Wiwa Korowi Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Papua New Guinea 1992 Template:Age
Sir James Carlisle Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda 1993 Template:Age
Sir Rodric Braithwaite Template:Post-nominals Chairman of the UK Joint Intelligence Committee and Ambassador to the Soviet Union and Russia 1994 Template:Age
Sir Colville Young Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Belize Template:Age
David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick Template:Post-nominals Permanent Representative to the United Nations 1995 Template:Age
Sir Orville Turnquest ON, Template:Post-nominals, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of The Bahamas Template:Age
Sir Tulaga Manuella Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Tuvalu 1996 Template:Age
Sir John Coles Template:Post-nominals Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1997 Template:Age
Dame Pearlette Louisy GCSL, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Saint Lucia 1999 Template:Age
Sir Andrew Wood Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to Russia and Ambassador to Yugoslavia 2001 Template:Age
Sir John Goulden Template:Post-nominals Permanent Representative to the Western European Union, Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and Ambassador to Turkey Template:Age
John Kerr, Baron Kerr of Kinlochard Template:Post-nominals Permanent Under-Secretary of State of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Ambassador to the United States Template:Age
Sir Tomasi Puapua Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Tuvalu and Prime Minister of Tuvalu 2002 Template:Age
Sir David Wright Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to Japan and Ambassador to South Korea Template:Age
Sir Jeremy Greenstock Template:Post-nominals Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations 2003 Template:Age
Sir Rob Young Template:Post-nominals High Commissioner to India Template:Age
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen Template:Post-nominals Secretary General of NATO 2004 Template:Age
Sir Stephen Wall Template:Post-nominals Permanent Representative to the European Union and Ambassador to Portugal Template:Age
Sir Nathaniel Waena Template:Post-nominals, Template:Post-nominals, Template:Small Governor-General of the Solomon Islands 2005 Template:Age
Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme Template:Post-nominals Permanent Under-Secretary of State of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Ambassador to France 2006 Template:Age
Sir Emyr Jones Parry Template:Post-nominals Permanent Representative to the United Nations Security Council and Permanent Representative to NATO 2007 Template:Age
Sir Kenneth Hall ON, Template:Post-nominals, Template:Small Governor-General of Jamaica Template:Age
Dame Louise Lake-Tack Template:Post-nominals, DStJ, DGN, DNH, GCH, OM Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda Template:Age
Sir David Manning Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to the United States, Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council and Ambassador to Israel 2008 Template:Age
Sir Patrick Allen Template:Small, Template:Post-nominals, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Jamaica 2009 Template:Age
Sir Frank Kabui Template:Post-nominals Template:Small Governor-General of the Solomon Islands Template:Age
Sir Arthur Foulkes ON, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of The Bahamas and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom 2010 Template:Age
Sir Iakoba Italeli Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Tuvalu and Attorney General of Tuvalu
Peter Ricketts, Baron Ricketts Template:Post-nominals National Security Adviser and Permanent Under-Secretary of State of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2011 Template:Age
Sir Nigel Sheinwald Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to the United States and Permanent Representative to the European Union Template:Age
Sir Elliott Belgrave Template:Post-nominals, KA, CHB, SC Governor-General of Barbados 2012 Template:Age
Dame Cécile La Grenade Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Grenada Template:Age
Sir Edmund Lawrence Template:Post-nominals, CSM, JP Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Age
Dame Marguerite Pindling ON, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of The Bahamas 2014 Template:Age
Sir Rodney Williams Template:Post-nominals, KGN, KNH, GCH, GCM Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda Template:Age
Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland Template:Post-nominals First Vice-President of the European Commission and European Commissioner for Trade 2015 Template:Age
Sir John Sawers Template:Post-nominalsFRUSI Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service and Permanent Representative to the United Nations Template:Age
Sir Simon Fraser Template:Post-nominals Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 2016 Template:Age
Sir Peter Westmacott Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to the United States, Ambassador to France and Ambassador to Turkey Template:Age
Sir Robert Dadae Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Papua New Guinea 2017 Template:Age
Dame Sandra Mason FB, Template:Post-nominals, DA, SC Governor-General of Barbados Template:Age
Sir Mark Lyall Grant Template:Post-nominals National Security Adviser and Permanent Representative to the United Nations 2018 Template:Age
Sir Neville Cenac GCSL, GCMG Governor-General of Saint Lucia Template:Age
Sir Cornelius Smith ON, Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of The Bahamas 2019 Template:Age
Dame Susan Dougan Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2020 Template:Age
Sir David Attenborough Template:Post-nominals Television broadcaster and conservationist Template:Age
Sir Tim Barrow Template:Post-nominals Ambassador to the European Union, Ambassador to Russia and Ambassador to Ukraine Template:Age
Sir Julian King Template:Post-nominals European Commissioner for the Security Union, Ambassador to France and Ambassador to Ireland Template:Age
Simon McDonald, Baron McDonald of Salford Template:Post-nominals Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Ambassador to Germany and Ambassador to Israel 2021 Template:Age
Dame Froyla Tzalam Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Belize 2022
Sir Iain Macleod Template:Post-nominals Legal Adviser to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Tuvalu
Mark Sedwill, Baron Sedwill Template:Post-nominals Cabinet Secretary, Head of the Home Civil Service and National Security Adviser Template:Age
Dame Marcella Liburd Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2023 Template:Age
Sir Simon Gass Template:Post-nominals Chair of the Joint Intelligence Committee and Ambassador to Iran Template:Age
Dame Cynthia Pratt ON, Template:Post-nominals, CB, CD, JP Governor-General of The Bahamas Template:Age
Sir Stephen Lovegrove Template:Post-nominals National Security Adviser and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence 2024 Template:Age
Sir David Tiva Kapu Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Solomon Islands 2025
Sir Errol Charles Template:Post-nominals Governor-General of Saint Lucia Template:Age

Honorary Knights and Dames Grand Cross and CommanderEdit

See List of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of St Michael and St George.

OfficersEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GalleryEdit

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 1.png

    Companion class of the order with the wearer's instruction guide.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 8.png

    CMG class in a case.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 4.png

    Reverse of a CMG badge showing Saint George.

  • Btweedsmuir2.jpg

    Riband, badge and star of a GCMG worn by John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 5.png

    Obverse of the CMG badge showing Saint Michael.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 3.png

    CMG class of the Order of St. Michael & St. George by Spink & Son.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 10.png

    CMG in a case by Spink.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 2.png

    Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 9.png

    CMG in a case by Spink

  • Francis Wallace Grenfell.jpg

    Riband (worn incorrectly), star and collar of GCMG worn by Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell

  • Stamp of Seychelles - Zil Eloigne Sesel - 1986 - Colnect 633925 - Queen Elizabeth 60th birthday.jpeg

    A Seychellois stamp depicting Elizabeth II in robes of the order, 1986

  • Uroš Predić - vojvoda Živojin Mišić, 1919.jpg

    Star and collar of GCMG worn by Serbian Field Marshal Živojin Mišić

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 6.png

    CMG set.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 7.png

    Set of the Companion class.

  • Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (Great Britain) - Memorial JK - Brasilia - DSC00425.JPG

    GCMG breast star.

  • Medal, order (AM 2001.25.1079-4).jpg

    Companion class on a neck riband.

  • Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George 11.png

    CMG class of the order.

  • The Duke and Duchess of Kent, 2013.JPG

    Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the Order, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent

  • Britse ridderorde (The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George), ontvangen door Willem Drees, NG-2003-46.jpg

    The GCMG set of former Dutch Prime Minister Willem Drees.

  • Medal, order (AM 809264-2).jpg

    Miniature of the order.

  • Medal, order (AM 2018.63.1-2).jpg

    KCMG breast star.

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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Template:British Honours System Template:Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George Template:Former Australian Honours

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