Radio clock

File:Atomic clock.jpg

A modern LF radio-controlled clock

A radio clock or radio-controlled clock (RCC), and often colloquially (and incorrectly<ref name="Lombardi"/>) referred to as an "atomic clock", is a type of quartz clock or watch that is automatically synchronized to a time code transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock. Such a clock may be synchronized to the time sent by a single transmitter, such as many national or regional time transmitters, or may use the multiple transmitters used by satellite navigation systems such as Global Positioning System. Such systems may be used to automatically set clocks or for any purpose where accurate time is needed. Radio clocks may include any feature available for a clock, such as alarm function, display of ambient temperature and humidity, broadcast radio reception, etc.

One common style of radio-controlled clock uses time signals transmitted by dedicated terrestrial longwave radio transmitters, which emit a time code that can be demodulated and displayed by the radio controlled clock. The radio controlled clock will contain an accurate time base oscillator to maintain timekeeping if the radio signal is momentarily unavailable. Other radio controlled clocks use the time signals transmitted by dedicated transmitters in the shortwave bands. Systems using dedicated time signal stations can achieve accuracy of a few tens of milliseconds.

GPS satellite receivers also internally generate accurate time information from the satellite signals. Dedicated GPS timing receivers are accurate to better than 1 microsecond; however, general-purpose or consumer grade GPS may have an offset of up to one second between the internally calculated time, which is much more accurate than 1 second, and the time displayed on the screen.

Other broadcast services may include timekeeping information of varying accuracy within their signals. Timepieces with Bluetooth radio support, ranging from watches with basic control of functionality via a mobile app to full smartwatches obtain time information from a connected phone, with no need to receive time signal broadcasts.

Single transmitter

Radio clocks synchronized to a terrestrial time signal can usually achieve an accuracy within a hundredth of a second relative to the time standard,<ref name="Lombardi">Template:Cite journal</ref> generally limited by uncertainties and variability in radio propagation. Some timekeepers, particularly watches such as some Casio Wave Ceptors which are more likely than desk clocks to be used when travelling, can synchronise to any one of several different time signals transmitted in different regions.

Longwave and shortwave transmissions

Radio clocks depend on coded time signals from radio stations. The stations vary in broadcast frequency, in geographic location, and in how the signal is modulated to identify the current time. In general, each station has its own format for the time code.

List of radio time signal stations

List of radio time signal stations

Frequency	Callsign	Country Authority	Location	Aerial type	Power	Remarks
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RJH69	{{#invoke:flag	Belarus}} VNIIFTRI	Vileyka Template:Coord	Triple umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>3 umbrella antennas, fixed on 3 guyed tubular masts, insulated against ground with a height of Template:Cvt and 15 guyed lattice masts with a height of Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val	This is Beta time signal.<ref name="vniiftri">Template:Cite FTP — official signal specification.</ref> The signal is transmitted in non-overlapping time: 02:00–02:20 UTC RAB99 04:00–04:25 UTC RJH86 06:00–06:20 UTC RAB99 07:00–07:25 UTC RJH69 08:00–08:25 UTC RJH90 09:00–09:25 UTC RJH77 10:00–10:25 UTC RJH86 11:00–11:20 UTC RJH63
	RJH77	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Arkhangelsk Template:Coord	Triple umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>3 umbrella antennas, fixed on 18 guyed lattice masts, height of central masts: 305 metres</ref>	Template:Val
	RJH63	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Krasnodar Template:Coord	Umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>umbrella antenna, fixed on 13 guyed lattice masts, height of central mast: Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val
	RJH90	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Nizhny Novgorod Template:Coord	Triple umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>3 umbrella antennas, fixed on 3 guyed tubular masts, insulated against ground with a height of Template:Cvt and 15 guyed lattice masts with a height of Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val
	RJH86<ref name="vniiftri" /><ref group=lower-alpha>in air RJH66</ref>	Template:KGZ VNIIFTRI	Bishkek Template:Coord	Triple umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>3 umbrella antennas, fixed on 18 guyed lattice masts, height of central masts: Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val
	RAB99	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Khabarovsk Template:Coord	Umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>umbrella antenna, fixed on 18 guyed lattice masts arranged in 3 rows, height of central masts: Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	JJY	Template:JPN NICT	Mount Otakadoya, Fukushima Template:Coord	Capacitance hat, height Template:Cvt	Template:Val	Located near Fukushima<ref name=McCarthy09 />
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RTZ	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Irkutsk Template:Coord	Umbrella antenna	Template:Val	PM time code
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	JJY	Template:JPN NICT	Mount Hagane, Kyushu Template:Coord	Capacitance hat, height Template:Cvt	Template:Val	Located on Kyūshū Island<ref name=McCarthy09 />
	MSF	Template:GBR NPL	Anthorn, Cumbria Template:Coord	Triple T-antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>3 T-antennas, spun Template:Cvt above ground between two Template:Cvt high guyed grounded masts in a distance of Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val	Range up to Template:Cvt
	WWVB	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Coord	Two capacitance hats, height Template:Cvt	Template:Val	Received through most of mainland U.S.<ref name=McCarthy09 />
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RBU	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow Template:Coord	Umbrella antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>umbrella antenna, fixed on a Template:Cvt high central tower insulated against ground and five Template:Cvt high lattice masts insulated against ground in a distance of Template:Convert from the central tower</ref>	Template:Val	PM time code
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	BPC	Template:CHN NTSC	Shangqiu, Henan Template:Coord	4 guyed masts, arranged in a square	Template:Val	21 hours per day, with a 3-hour break from 05:00–08:00 (China Standard Time) daily (21:00–24:00 UTC)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	HBG	Template:Flagdeco Switzerland METAS	Prangins Template:Coord	T-antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>T-antenna spun between two Template:Cvt tall, grounded free-standing lattice towers in a distance of Template:Cvt</ref>	Template:Val	Discontinued as of 1 January 2012
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	DCF77	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}} PTB	Mainflingen, Hessen Template:Coord	Vertical omni-directional antennas with top-loading capacity, height Template:Convert<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Template:Val || Located southeast of Frankfurt am Main with a range of up to Template:Cvt<ref name=McCarthy09>Dennis D. McCarthy, P. Kenneth Seidelmann Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics Wiley-VCH, 2009 Template:ISBN page 257</ref><ref name="compuphase_h0420">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} 090917 compuphase.com</ref>
	BSF	Template:TWN	Zhongli Template:Coord	T-antenna<ref group=lower-alpha>T-antenna spun between two telecommunication towers in a distance of Template:Cvt</ref>		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha>Frequency for radio navigation system</ref>	BPL	Template:CHN NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi Template:Coord	Single guyed lattice steel mast	Template:Val	Loran-C compatible format signal on air from 05:30 to 13:30 UTC,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> with a reception radius up to Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	RNS-E	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Bryansk Template:Coord	5 guyed masts	Template:Val	CHAYKA compatible format signal<ref name="vniiftri" /> 04:00–10:00 UTC and 14:00–18:00 UTC
	RNS-V	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Template:Coord	Single guyed mast	Template:Val	CHAYKA compatible format signal<ref name="vniiftri" /> 23:00–05:00 UTC and 11:00–17:00 UTC
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha name="teleswitch">Frequency for radio teleswitch system</ref>	DCF49	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}} PTB	Mainflingen Template:Coord	T-antenna	Template:Val	EFR radio teleswitch<ref name="efr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} — in German</ref> time signal only (no reference frequency) FSK ± 170 Hz 200 baud
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha name="teleswitch" />	HGA22	{{#invoke:flag	}} PTB	Lakihegy Template:Coord	Single guyed mast	Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha name="teleswitch" />	DCF39	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}} PTB	Burg bei Magdeburg Template:Coord	Single guyed mast	Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha name="AM">Frequency for AM-broadcasting</ref>	ALS162	{{#invoke:flag	France}} Template:Ill	Allouis Template:Coord	Two guyed steel lattice masts, height Template:Cvt, fed on the top	Template:Val	AM-broadcasting transmitter, located Template:Cvt south of Paris with a range of up to Template:Cvt, using PM with encoding similar to DCF77<ref group=lower-alpha>and requiring a more complex receiver for demodulating time signal</ref>
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap<ref group=lower-alpha name="AM" /><ref group=lower-alpha>since 1988, before 200 kHz</ref>	Template:Nowrap	Template:GBR NPL	Droitwich Template:Coord	T-aerial<ref group=lower-alpha>Droitwich uses a T-aerial suspended between two Template:Nowrap (699') guyed steel lattice radio masts, which stand Template:Cvt apart.</ref>	Template:Val<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Additional Template:Nowrap transmitters is at Burghead and Westerglen. The time signal is transmitted by Template:Nowrap phase modulation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	BPM	Template:CHN NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi Template:Coord			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 07:30–01:00 UTC<ref name=bpm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val	Binary-coded decimal (BCD) time code on Template:Nowrap sub-carrier
	WWVH	Template:USA NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii Template:Coord		Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	CHU	Template:CAN NRC	Ottawa, Ontario Template:Coord		Template:Val	300 baud Bell 103 time code
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RWM	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow Template:Coord		Template:Val	CW (Template:Val, Template:Val)
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	BPM	Template:CHN NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi Template:Coord			BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier. 00:00–24:00 UTC<ref name=bpm />
	HLA	Template:KOR KRISS	Daejeon Template:Coord		Template:Val
	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val<ref group=lower-alpha>Time signal article says 2.5 kW</ref>	BCD time code on Template:Nowrap sub-carrier
	WWVH	Template:USA NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii Template:Coord		Template:Val
	YVTO	Template:VEN	Caracas Template:Coord		Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	CHU	Template:CAN NRC	Ottawa, Ontario Template:Coord		Template:Val	Template:Nowrap Bell 103 time code
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RWM	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow Template:Coord		Template:Val	CW (Template:Val, Template:Val)
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	BPM	Template:CHN NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi Template:Coord			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 00:00–24:00 UTC<ref name=bpm />
	LOL	Template:ARG SHN	Buenos AiresTemplate:Refn		Template:Val	Observatorio Naval Buenos Aires<ref name="lol" />
	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val	BCD time code on Template:Nowrap sub-carrier
	WWVH	Template:USA NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii Template:Coord		Template:Val
	PPE<ref name="onrdsh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Template:BRA || Rio de Janeiro, RJ Template:Coord<ref name="onrdsh" /> || Horizontal half-wavelength dipole<ref name="onrdsh" /> || Template:Val<ref name="onrdsh" /> || Maintained by National Observatory (Brazil)
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	CHU	Template:CAN NRC	Ottawa, Ontario Template:Coord		Template:Val	300 baud Bell 103 time code
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	RWM	{{#invoke:flag	}} VNIIFTRI	Taldom, Moscow Template:Coord		Template:Val	CW (Template:Val, Template:Val)
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	BPM	Template:CHN NTSC	Pucheng, Shaanxi Template:Coord			(BCD time code on 125 Hz sub-carrier not yet activated) 01:00–09:00 UTC<ref name=bpm />
	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val	BCD time code on Template:Nowrap sub-carrier
	WWVH	Template:USA NIST	Kekaha, Hawaii Template:Coord		Template:Val
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val	BCD time code on Template:Nowrap sub-carrier
Template:Ntsh Template:Nowrap	WWV	Template:USA NIST	Near Fort Collins, Colorado Template:Coord	Broadband monopole	Template:Val	Schedule: variable (experimental broadcast)
	MIKES	{{#invoke:flag	Finland}} MIKES	Espoo, Finland Template:Coord	λ/4 sloper antenna	Template:Val<ref name=MIKES>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} Reproduces a QSL letter from MIKES with technical details.</ref> || 1 kHz amplitude modulation similar to DCF77. As of 2017 the transmission is discontinued until further notice.<ref name="BIPM">BIPM Annual Report on Time Activities – Time Signals , retrieved 2018 July 31.</ref> "MIKES has a transmitter for time code and precise 25 MHz frequency for those near the Helsinki metropolitan area who need precise time and frequency."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Descriptions Template:Reflist

Many other countries can receive these signals (JJY can sometimes be received in New Zealand, Western Australia, Tasmania, Southeast Asia, parts of Western Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America at night), but success depends on the time of day, atmospheric conditions, and interference from intervening buildings. Reception is generally better if the clock is placed near a window facing the transmitter. There is also a propagation delay of approximately Template:Nowrap for every Template:Cvt the receiver is from the transmitter.

Clock receivers

A number of manufacturers and retailers sell radio clocks that receive coded time signals from a radio station, which, in turn, derives the time from a true atomic clock.

One of the first radio clocks was offered by Heathkit in late 1983. Their model GC-1000 "Most Accurate Clock" received shortwave time signals from radio station WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado. It automatically switched between WWV's 5, 10, and 15 MHz frequencies to find the strongest signal as conditions changed through the day and year. It kept time during periods of poor reception with a quartz-crystal oscillator. This oscillator was disciplined, meaning that the microprocessor-based clock used the highly accurate time signal received from WWV to trim the crystal oscillator. The timekeeping between updates was thus considerably more accurate than the crystal alone could have achieved. Time down to the tenth of a second was shown on an LED display. The GC-1000 originally sold for US$250 in kit form and US$400 preassembled, and was considered impressive at the time. Heath Company was granted a patent for its design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:US patent reference</ref>

By 1990, engineers from German watchmaker Junghans had miniaturized this technology to fit into the case of a digital wristwatch. The following year the analog version Junghans MEGA with hands was launched.

In the 2000s (decade) radio-based "atomic clocks" became common in retail stores; as of 2010 prices start at around US$15 in many countries.<ref>" Radio controlled clock £19.95 Template:Webarchive</ref> Clocks may have other features such as indoor thermometers and weather station functionality. These use signals transmitted by the appropriate transmitter for the country in which they are to be used. Depending upon signal strength they may require placement in a location with a relatively unobstructed path to the transmitter and need fair to good atmospheric conditions to successfully update the time. Inexpensive clocks keep track of the time between updates, or in their absence, with a non-disciplined quartz-crystal clock, with the accuracy typical of non-radio-controlled quartz timepieces. Some clocks include indicators to alert users to possible inaccuracy when synchronization has not been recently successful.

The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has published guidelines recommending that radio clock movements keep time between synchronizations to within ±0.5 seconds to keep time correct when rounded to the nearest second.<ref name="lombardi2" >"How Accurate is a Radio Controlled Clock?" by Michael Lombardi (2010).</ref> Some of these movements can keep time between synchronizations to within ±0.2 seconds by synchronizing more than once spread over a day.<ref>RADIO-CONTROLLED WALLCLOCK INSTRUCTION MANUAL</ref>

Timepieces with Bluetooth radio support, ranging from watches with basic control of functionality via a mobile app to full smartwatches<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> obtain time information from a connected phone, with no need to receive time signal broadcasts.

Other broadcasts

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Attached to other broadcast stations

Broadcast stations in many countries have carriers precisely synchronized to a standard phase and frequency, such as the BBC Radio 4 longwave service on 198 kHz, and some also transmit sub-audible or even inaudible time-code information, like the Radio France longwave transmitter on 162 kHz. Attached time signal systems generally use audible tones or phase modulation of the carrier wave.

Teletext (TTX)

Digital text pages embedded in television video also provide accurate time. Many modern TV sets and VCRs with TTX decoders can obtain accurate time from Teletext and set the internal clock. However, the TTX time can vary up to 5 minutes.<ref name="digitalspy_co_uk-showthread_php_p_11057588">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} 100506 digitalspy.co.uk</ref>

Many digital radio and digital television schemes also include provisions for time-code transmission.

Digital Terrestrial Television

The DVB and ATSC standards have 2 packet types that send time and date information to the receiver. Digital television systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (with short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (with long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality.

VHF FM Radio Data System (RDS)

RDS can send a clock signal with sub-second precision but with an accuracy no greater than 100 ms and with no indication of clock stratum. Not all RDS networks or stations using RDS send accurate time signals. The time stamp format for this technology is Modified Julian Date (MJD) plus UTC hours, UTC minutes and a local time offset.

L-band and VHF Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAB systems provide a time signal that has a precision equal to or better than Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) but like FM RDS do not indicate clock stratum. DAB systems can equal GPS stratum 2 accuracy (short term clock discipline) and stratum 1 (long term clock discipline) provided the transmitter site (or network) supports that level of functionality. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)

DRM is able to send a clock signal, but one not as precise as navigation satellite clock signals. DRM timestamps received via shortwave (or multiple hop mediumwave) can be up to 200 ms off due to path delay. The time stamp format for this technology is BCD.

Gallery

• Low cost DCF77 receiver.jpg

  LF time signal receiver

• Junghans Mega.jpg

  World's first radio clock wrist watch, Junghans Mega (analog model)

• Funkuhr.JPG

  Radio controlled analog wall clock

• Bahnhof Kinding (Altmühltal), Bahnsteiguhr 2007.jpg

  The DCF77 time signal is used by organizations like the Deutsche Bahn railway company to synchronize their station clocks

Multiple transmitters

A radio clock receiver may combine multiple time sources to improve its accuracy. This is what is done in satellite navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System, Galileo, and GLONASS. Satellite navigation systems have one or more caesium, rubidium or hydrogen maser atomic clocks on each satellite, referenced to a clock or clocks on the ground. Dedicated timing receivers can serve as local time standards, with a precision better than 50 ns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The recent revival and enhancement of LORAN, a land-based radio navigation system, will provide another multiple source time distribution system.

GPS clocks

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Many modern radio clocks use satellite navigation systems such as Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications. For this reason, these devices are technically referred to as GPS-disciplined oscillators.

GPS units intended primarily for time measurement as opposed to navigation can be set to assume the antenna position is fixed. In this mode, the device will average its position fixes. After approximately a day of operation, it will know its position to within a few meters. Once it has averaged its position, it can determine accurate time even if it can pick up signals from only one or two satellites.

GPS clocks provide the precise time needed for synchrophasor measurement of voltage and current on the commercial power grid to determine the health of the system.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Astronomy timekeeping

Although any satellite navigation receiver that is performing its primary navigational function must have an internal time reference accurate to a small fraction of a second, the displayed time is often not as precise as the internal clock. Most inexpensive navigation receivers have one CPU that is multitasking. The highest-priority task for the CPU is maintaining satellite lock—not updating the display. Multicore CPUs for navigation systems can only be found on high end products.

For serious precision timekeeping, a more specialized GPS device is needed. Some amateur astronomers, most notably those who time grazing lunar occultation events when the moon blocks the light from stars and planets, require the highest precision available for persons working outside large research institutions. The Web site of the International Occultation Timing Association<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> has detailed technical information about precision timekeeping for the amateur astronomer.

Daylight saving time

Various formats listed above include a flag indicating the status of daylight saving time (DST) in the home country of the transmitter. This signal is typically used by clocks to adjust the displayed time to meet user expectations.

See also

• Casio Wave Ceptor
• Clock network
• Speaking clock
• Standard frequency and time signal service
• Time from NPL
• Time and frequency transfer
• Time synchronization in North America

External links

• IOTA Observers Manual This manual from the International Occultation Timing Association has very extensive details on methods of accurate time measurement.
• NIST website: WWVB Radio Controlled Clocks
• NTP Project Development Website

{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Time signal authorities Template:Time topics Template:Time measurement and standards Template:UTC time offsets Template:Electric clock technology Template:Authority control