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Garratt locomotive

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File:Garratt articulated steam locomotive -- concept diagram.png
Characteristics of the Garratt articulated locomotive
File:EAR 1953 Steam & diesel catalogue Page 80 - Nr. 5902.jpg
The Garratt with the highest tractive effort in the world was the East African Railways 59 class. Its tractive effort of 83,350 pounds was twice that of a British Railways class 9F 2-10-0

A Garratt locomotive is a type of articulated steam locomotive invented by the engineer Herbert William Garratt that is articulated into three parts.Template:Sfn Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge". The two other parts, one at each end, have a pivot to support the central frame; they consist of a steam engine unit – with driving wheels, trailing wheels, valve gear, and cylinders, and above it, fuel and/or water storage.

Articulation permits locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. The design also provides more driving wheels per unit of locomotive weight, permitting operation on lightly engineered track. Garratt locomotives produced as much as twice the tractive effort<ref group="note">Tractive effort is not the same as power: it is the measurement of a force, whereas power is the rate of doing work. The locomotive with the highest tractive effort is not necessarily the most powerful.</ref> of the largest conventional locomotives of railways that introduced them, reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.

Advantages of the Garratt designEdit

The principal benefit of the Garratt design is that the boiler and firebox unit are slung between the two engine units. A further advantage is that the firebox and ashpan are not restricted in dimensions by running gear; the ashpan can have much larger capacity than on a normal locomotive, allowing longer continuous runs without needing to stop and empty the ashpan to clear combustion products from the grate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A large firebox and its unrestricted air supply also allowed the Garratt to operate with poor-quality fuel without reducing steaming capacity.<ref name="Trains_1955">Fawcett, B. "Contortionist of the high iron", Trains, June 1955</ref>

Garratts ran equally well in either direction, negating the need for turntables. Often they ran with the cab leading the boiler (sometimes called [fuel] bunker leading), especially on routes with tunnels.<ref name="Trains_1955"/>

Most Garratts were designed for freight or mixed traffic, but several Garratt classes were designed for passenger service. A French-built Algerian Railways Garratt holds the world speed record for an articulated locomotive at Template:Convert.<ref name=Glancey/> Garratts operating at higher speeds had one advantage over the Mallet design on account of the geometry of the design. When swinging around curves, the boiler and cab unit moved inward, reducing the centrifugal force, whereas the Mallet's forward articulated unit moved out as the locomotive rounded curves.<ref name="Hollingsworth" />

As O.S. Nock wrote,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Garratt type holds several advantages over the Mallet type:

This [the Mallet] was so designed to provide a very large engine unit, to be managed by a single crew, but to spread the dead weight over many axles and thus avoid excessive loads on the track and under-line bridges, and at the same time retain flexibility of wheelbase to facilitate operation on severely curved sections of line. The Mallet, having driving-wheel units beneath the boiler, retains the limitation in dimensions inherent in the orthodox type of steam locomotive, while the immense length of some of these machines is itself a handicap. Except with oil firing, ... one cannot put the cab in front. H.W. Garratt ... patented ... the idea of having a single large boiler slung on a cradle carried on two entirely separate engine units. ... The boiler could be developed to ideal proportions, unfettered by any wheels beneath it. It could be kept short, and of large diameter, which is the best possible form for securing a high rate of evaporation.

Although at the end of the steam locomotive era, most conventional steam locomotives had reached their maximum in "critical dimensions", the Garratt still had potential for further development, with larger driving wheels, larger boilers, and greater output still achievable.<ref name="Hollingsworth" />

Disadvantages of the Garratt conceptEdit

The major theoretical disadvantage of a Garratt (shared with all tank engines) was that adhesive weight decreases as water is used up from the front tank and coal and water from the rear tank and bunker. The phenomenon does exist, but was minimised by the adhesion of the multiplicity of driving wheels, sufficient usually to avoid wheel slippage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Competitors, look-alikes, and variations on the themeEdit

File:Garratt Lokomotive Baureihe U südafrikanische Eisenbahn.jpg
South African Union Garratt

The Garratt was not alone in the field of articulated locomotives; most notably, articulated locomotives in the United States based on the Mallet design achieved power outputs far exceeding those of Garratts. Away from North America were the Fairlie and Meyer articulated types. Further, similar designs to the Garratt were the Union Garratt, Modified Fairlie, and Golwé. Of these, the closest was the Union Garratt, a type originally prompted by the perceived necessity for a rigid connection between a bunker or tender and a firebox fed by a mechanical stoker. They were, in effect, a hybrid Fairlie and Garratt with the rear bunker attached to the frame instead of being carried on the rear bogie.<ref name= dickinson>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The class GH and class U Union Garratts of the South African Railways were examples.<ref group="note">The Union Garratt did not enjoy the success of the standard Garratt. It was soon evident that mechanical stokers could function across the connection between a Garratt's boiler and engine unit, making the rationale for the Union Garratt redundant. A weakness was the Union Garratts' extended boiler frames and the position of the bunker and hind water tank on those frames; the South African Railways U and GH classes had much heavier axle-loadings than Garratts of comparable size, weight, and power, and wear on the hind pivot was severe. The Union Garratt, like the Golwé and Modified Fairlie, was not perpetuated on anything like the scale of the Garratt, and no known examples survive.</ref>

Garratt developmentEdit

File:K1 works photograph.jpg
A builder's photo of the K1 locomotive (Tasmanian Government Railways K class), the first Garratt locomotive
File:K1 drawing.jpg
Works drawing of K1

Herbert William Garratt, a British locomotive engineer, invented the articulated locomotive concept that bore his name, for which he was granted a patent (no. 12079). At the time, he was the New South Wales Railways' inspecting engineer in London following a career with British colonial railways. Garratt first approached Kitson and Company with his design, but his idea was rejected, perhaps because that company were already committed to the Kitson-Meyer articulated design. He then approached Beyer, Peacock and Company, which were only marginally more interested.<ref name="Durrant">Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Page needed

The first GarrattsEdit

In 1907, Beyer, Peacock and Company submitted a proposal for a Template:Track gauge gauge Template:Whyte Garratt to the New South Wales Government Railways, which was not proceeded with. The following year a design for a Template:Track gauge gauge Mallet locomotive was submitted in reply to an enquiry from the Government of Tasmania. The company then proposed a Garratt design based on, but a little heavier than, the design for New South Wales, with capacity to negotiate curves of Template:Cvt radius and 1 in 25 gradients.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The proposal was accepted, and two locomotives were built in 1909, which became the K class.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Tasmanian Railways stipulated two features that were not in Herbert Garratt's original concept. The first was a compound configuration in which two high-pressure cylinders were on the rear engine unit and a pipe led to two larger, low-pressure cylinders on the front engine unit. The second was to have the cylinders facing inwards, which would reduce the distances between both the main steam pipe and the high-pressure cylinders and between the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders.<ref name=Turner>Template:Cite book</ref> The latter feature made the locomotive unnecessarily complicated and placed the high-pressure cylinders directly underneath the cab, making it uncomfortably hot for the crew on the rare days when Tasmania's West Coast Range was warm. Only one more Garratt locomotive was produced with compound propulsion (by Beyer, Peacock & Co. in 1927 for Burma Railways).<ref name="Durrant-46">Template:Harvnb</ref> The company built no more Garratts with inward-facing cylinders, but two Garratts operated by the Southern Fuegian tourist railway at Ushuaia in Argentina, largely based on the K class, have that feature.<ref name= dickinson/>Template:Refn

Early design and construction difficulties involved the steam-tight flexible connections between the boiler unit and the power units. However, Beyer, Peacock's engineers solved them after studying a description of the spherical steam joints used on a Fairlie locomotive.<ref>Template:Cite book, quoted by Tom Rolt from Edgar Alcock regarding his time at Beyer Peacock.</ref>

Darjeeling Himalayan RailwayEdit

The third Garratt (another Template:Whyte, like the first two) was built in 1910 for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and given the class letter "D". The power output was intended to be double that of the line's existing Template:Whyte locomotives, but only a 65% increase in loading was achieved.<ref name="Hughes3-37">Template:Harvnb</ref>

First main-line classEdit

In 1911, Beyer, Peacock & Company built six Template:Whyte Garratts for the Western Australian Government Railways. The M class were followed by the Ms class and the Msa class. These locomotives formed the pattern for the Victorian Railways narrow gauge G class and the Australian Portland Cement Garratts.<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed

Final Garratts constructedEdit

File:Class NG G16 no. NG115.jpg
Class NG G16 no. NG115

Beyer, Peacock built more than a thousand Garratt or Beyer-Garratt locomotives.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn The final built to a Beyer-Peacock design, in Template:Nowrap, were eight Template:Track gauge gauge South African Railways Class NG G16 locomotives.Template:Refn

Production listEdit

The following list shows known Garratt construction by all manufacturers.<ref name="Garratt Builders B">Template:Garratt Builders B</ref><ref name="Garratt Builders O">Template:Garratt Builders O</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Type Gauge Railway Class Units Year Builder
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Southern Fuegian Railway, Argentina Ing.L.D.Porta 1 1994 Argentina
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Southern Fuegian Railway, Argentina Ing.H.R.Zubieta 1 2006 Girdlestone Rail, South Africa
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre E 1 1927 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre A 2 1911 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre A 2 1911 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre B 2 1919 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre B 4 1921 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre 5 1924 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre C 4 1926 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Darjeeling Himalayan, India D 1 1910 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways K 2 1909 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Mines du Zaccar, Algeria 1 1936 Haine Saint-Pierre
0-4-0+0-4-0 Template:Sort Mines du Zaccar, Algeria 1 1937 Haine Saint-Pierre
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Mines du Zaccar, Algeria 1 1912 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Porto Feliz Sugar Co., Brazil 1 1927 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Piracicaba Sugar Co., Brazil 1 1927 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Vivian & Sons (British Copper/ICI) 1 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sneyd Colliery, Burslem 1 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Guest, Keen & Baldwins 1 1934 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Baddesley Colliery, Baddesley Ensor 1 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. du Congo 1 1913 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. du Congo 12 1920-21 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. du Congo 9 1924-25 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. du Congo 10 1925-26 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway, Burma 2 1913 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort SNCV, Belgium Type 23 1 1929 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort SNCV, Belgium Type 23 1 1930 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Limburg Tramway, the Netherlands 1 1931 Hanomag & Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ceylon Government Railway H1 1 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort São Paulo Railway Company, Brazil 1 1919 São Paulo Railway
Template:Whyte Template:Sort São Paulo Railway Company, Brazil Q 3 1915 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Leopoldina Railway, Brazil 4 1943 Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2 Template:Sort Wells & Walsingham Light Railway 1 1986 Neil Simkins
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Wells & Walsingham Light Railway 1 2010 Wells & Walsingham Light Railway
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G11 3 1919 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G11 2 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Victorian Railways, Australia G 2 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort São Paulo Railway, Brazil U 1 1912 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort São Paulo Railway, Brazil V 1 1936 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Madagascar B 2 1926 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GA 1 1920 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Australian Portland Cement 1 1936 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Australian Portland Cement 1 1939 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways M 6 1911 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways Ms 7 1912 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways Msa 10 1930 Midland Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Argentine North Eastern Railway (FCNEA) 3 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort London Midland & Scottish Railway 3 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Argentine North Eastern Railway (FCNEA) 4 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Entre Rios Railway (FCER), Argentina 5 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort London Midland & Scottish Railway 30 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G16 8 1939 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G16 7 1951 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G16 7 1958 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G12 2 1927 Franco-Belge, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G14 1 1930 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G13 3 1927 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G13 2 1928 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G13 7 1928 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G16 8 1967-68 Hunslet-Taylor
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways NG G16 4 1936 John Cockerill
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nepal Government Railway 1 1932 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nepal Government Railway 1 1947 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government Railway 3 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government Railway 2 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government Railway 2 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government Railway 4 1942 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government Railway 2 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Great Western of Brazil 2 1929 Armstrong Whitworth
Template:Whyte Template:Sort La Robla Railway, Spain 2 1931 Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Assam Bengal Railway, India T 5 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Transandine Railway, Argentina E12 4 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Minera de Sierra Minera, Spain 2 1930 Euskalduna, Spain
Template:Whyte Template:Sort La Robla Railway, Spain 2 1929 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.G. de F. Catalanes, Spain 4 1922 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.G. de F. Catalanes, Spain 4 1925 St. Leonard, Belgium
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GB 1 1921 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Natal Navigation Collieries, South Africa 1 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GG 1 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Dundee Coal & Coke, South Africa 1 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Trans Zambezia, Moçambique/Nyasaland E 1 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Consolidated Main Reef Mine, South Africa 1 1935 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways L 2 1912 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort New Cape Central Railway, South Africa G 2 1923 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Trans Zambezia, Moçambique/Nyasaland E 2 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GB 6 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GC 6 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GD 4 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 13 12 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GD 7 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GD 3 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 14 6 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Guayaquil & Quito Railway, Ecuador 3 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rio Tinto Railway, Spain 2 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 14 10 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 14A 12 1952 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 14A 6 1953 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GCA 26 1928 Krupp
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GCA 13 1927 Krupp
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GDA 5 1929 Linke-Hofmann-Busch
Template:Whyte Template:Sort North Western Railway, India GAS 1 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ceylon Government Railway C1 1 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort São Paulo Railway, Brazil R1 6 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ceylon Government Railway C1A 8 1945 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Burma Railways GA.I 1 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Burma Railways GA.II 1 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Burma Railways GA.III 3 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort War Department, Assam Bengal Railway Light 10 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Burma Railways GA.IV 8 1929 Krupp
Template:Whyte Template:Sort London & North Eastern Railway U1 1 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ottoman Railways, Turkey 1 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Mauritius Railway 3 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Bengal Nagpur Railway, India HSG 2 1925 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. Franco Ethiopien & Libya 6 1939 Ansaldo, Italy
Template:Whyte Template:Sort War Department, India/Burma 14 1944 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Royal State Railways of Thailand 6 1929 Henschel
2-8-2+2-8-2 Template:Sort Royal State Railways of Thailand 2 1936 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Development Corporation 1 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Development Corporation 1 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GE 6 1924 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GE 10 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 8 1929-30 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GE 2 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Development Corporation 2 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 6 1938 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 6 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort War Department, Congo/Gold Coast/Rhodesia 18 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 30 1953 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Central of Peru 1 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nitrate Railways, Chile 3 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nitrate Railways, Chile 3 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Central of Peru 3 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Central of Aragon, Spain 6 1931 Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Renfe, Spain 10 1960 Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways M 2 1912 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Entre Rios Railway (FCER), Argentina 5 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Argentine North Eastern (FCNAR) 3 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ferrocarril Pacifico de Colombia 2 1924 Armstrong Whitworth
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Mogyana Railway, Brazil 2 1912 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Mogyana Railway, Brazil 3 1914 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Ferrocarril Dorada, Colombia 2 1938 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Midland of Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Leopoldina Railway, Brazil 2 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Leopoldina Railway, Brazil 6 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Leopoldina Railway, Brazil 8 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Vicoa Ferrea do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 10 1931 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort New Zealand Government Railways G 3 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 4 1935 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 2 1936 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 6 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 4 1939 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 6 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GF 37 1927 Hanomag
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GF 18 1928 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GF 10 1928 Maffei
Template:Whyte Template:Sort PLM, Algeria 231-132.AT 1 1932 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Algeria 231-132.BT 12 1936 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Algeria 231-132.BT 4 1937 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Algeria 231-132.BT 6 1939 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Algeria 231-132.BT 7 1940 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Central of Aragon, Spain 6 1931 Euskalduna, Bilbao
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sudan Railways 250 4 1936 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sudan Railways 250 6 1937 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15th 4 1940 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15th 10 1947 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15th 20 1948–49 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15A 15 1949–50 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15A 15 1950 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 15A 10 1952 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Bengal Nagpur Railway, India N 16 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Bengal Nagpur Railway, India NM 10 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Sierra Leone Government 14 1955-56 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC 4 1926 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC1 12 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC1 8 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway 3 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Cordoba Central Railway, Argentina E11 10 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC1 2 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tanganyika Railway GA 3 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort War Department, Kenya Uganda Railway Heavy 7 1943 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort War Department, Burma Light 20 1945 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC6 6 1949 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Burma Railways GE 4 1949 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Luanda Railway (CFL) 500 6 1949 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway 6 1950 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 60 4 1954 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 59 27 1955 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 60 8 1954 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 59 7 1955 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 60 5 1954 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française 93 10 1938 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française 93 10 1939 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française 93 7 1941 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort East African Railways 60 12 1954 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rede Ferrovaria do Noroeste, Brazil 6 1952 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC 10 1931 NBL
Template:Whyte Template:Sort PLM, Algeria 241-142.YAT 4 1931 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Railways ASG 5 1944 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways ASG 2 1945 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Railways ASG 3 1944 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 6 1945 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways ASG 3 1945 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 3 1945 Clyde Engineering
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Government Railways ASG 9 1943-44 Islington Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 1 1943-44 Islington Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 2 1944 ca Islington Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 5 1943-44 Midland Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 5 1944 ca Midland Railway Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Government Railways ASG 5 1943-44 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 1 1944 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Western Australian Government Railways ASG 2 1945 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Australian Portland Cement ASG 1 1945 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Tasmanian Government Railways ASG 3 1944 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Railways ASG 1 1944 Newport Workshops
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10A 6 1927 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GL 2 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Emu Bay Railway, Tasmania 3 1929 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10B 14 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Nigerian Railways 2 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GL 6 1930 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GM 16 1938 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GEA 50 1945-47 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Government Railways BG 10 1951 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10C 10 1951 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10C 2 1952 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 3 1956 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10C 6 1952 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB) 10D 10 1955-56 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 5 1956 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 20 15 1954-55 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 15 1956 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 20 6 1957 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Rhodesia Railways 20A 40 1957-58 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 10 1958 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Moçambique 951 12 1952 Haine Saint-Pierre
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F. du Bas Congo a Katanga 900 12 1953 Haine Saint-Pierre
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Queensland Government Railways BG 20 1951 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South Australian Railways 400 10 1953 Franco-Belge, France
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Moçamedes Railway (CFM) 100 6 1953 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort C.F.Moçambique 971 5 1956 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 25 1952 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GO 25 1954 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 30 1954 Henschel
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Angola: Luanda Railway (CFL) 550 6 1954 Krupp
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 12 1956 NBL
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 10 1958 NBL
Template:Whyte Template:Sort South African Railways GMA 10 1958 NBL
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Iranian State Railway 86 4 1936 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Soviet Railways ? [Ya] 1 1932 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, Argentina 951 1 1931 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway, Argentina 14 12 1928 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, Argentina 951 3 1930 Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4 Template:Sort Bengal Nagpur Railway, India P 4 1939 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC3 6 1939 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC3 6 1940 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort Kenya Uganda Railway EC3 18 1949 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort New South Wales Government Railways AD60 25 1952 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort New South Wales Government Railways AD60 17 1952 Beyer, Peacock
Template:Whyte Template:Sort New South Wales Government Railways AD60 5 1952 Beyer, Peacock

Garratts around the worldEdit

Template:Refsection Garratts were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America. No Garratts were used on North American railroads, the most likely explanation being that American rail companies considered the Garratt's coal and water capacities insufficient for their requirements.<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed

AfricaEdit

File:Class GMAM 4122 July 2004 (7863980914).jpg
South African Class GMAM Garratt

The Garratt was most widely used in Africa:<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed large numbers were in South Africa, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Algeria, and smaller numbers in Angola, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda and Zaïre.

AlgeriaEdit

In Algeria, 29 Template:Whyte Garratts, constructed between 1936 and 1941 by the Société Franco-Belge de Matériel de Chemins de Fer at Raismes in Northern France, operated until the Algerian independence war caused their withdrawal in 1951. This class, designated 231-132BT,[fr] was streamlined and featured Cossart motion gear, mechanical stokers and Template:Convert driving wheels, the largest of any Garratt class. On a test in France, one of these achieved a speed of Template:Convert—a record for any Garratt class (and indeed any articulated class).<ref name=Glancey>Template:Harvnb</ref>

AngolaEdit

All three main railways in Angola used Garratts. The largest user was the Template:Track gauge gauge Caminho de Ferro de Benguela. Forty-eight were purchased from Beyer, Peacock between 1926 and 1956. They came in four batches: class 10A (301–306); class 10B (311–324) in 1930; class 10C (331–348) in 1954; and class 10D (361–370).

The second-largest user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda, which bought six Template:Whyte locomotives (501–506) from Beyer, Peacock in 1949, and six more (551–556) from Krupp of Germany in 1954.

The third user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes, who bought six Template:Whyte locomotives (101–106) from Henschel & Son of Germany.

BotswanaEdit

Garratts operated on Template:TrackGauge gauge through trains from South Africa to Rhodesia.Template:Citation needed

Kenya, Tanzania and UgandaEdit

Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours, which operated railways in British East Africa and the Uganda Protectorate from 1929 to 1948, acquired 77 Garratts between the same years. The Tanganyika Railway also acquired 3 in 1928. In 1948, the railways merged to form the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation, commonly known in the railways context as East African Railways, shown by the letters "EAR" on rolling stock.

In addition to the 80 acquired Garratts, East African Railways operated 63 that it purchased new between 1954 and 1956, making a total of 143. More details are in the following table.

Class Type Qty Loco nos Built Formerly Notes
50 EC1 18 5001–5020 1928 KUR 45–64 1
51 EC1 2 5101–5102 1930 KUR 65–66
52 EC2 10 5201–5210 ? KUR 67–76 2
53 GA 3 5301–5303 1928 TR 700–702 1
55 GB 11 5501–5511 1945 KUR 120–121
plus 9 from Burma
56 EC6 6 5601–5606 1949 KUR 122–127
57 EC3 12 5701–5712 1940 KUR 77–88 3
58 EC3 18 5801–5818 1949 KUR 89–106 3
59 Mountain 34 5901–5934 1955–1956 (new)
60 Governor 29 6001–6029 1954 (new) 2
Notes:
Template:Numbered list

The East African Railways Template:Whyte 59 class Garratts were the largest and most powerful steam locomotives to run on metre gauge, having a large Template:Convert grate and a tractive effort of Template:Convert. The 34 oil-fired locomotives remained in regular service until 1980. Template:As of, the Nairobi Railway Museum held two of them.<ref name="Hollingsworth">Template:Harvnb</ref>

MozambiqueEdit

Template:Whyte and Template:Whyte Garratts operated in Mozambique, some built as late as 1956.Template:Sfn

Rhodesia / Zimbabwe and ZambiaEdit

File:Beyer-Garratt locomotive (15th class, Zambia Railways ex Rhodesia Railways) no. 405 at Ndola, Zambia (Basil Roberts).jpg
Locomotive no. 405 (15th class, Zambia Railways, formerly 15th class Rhodesia Railways) at Ndola, Zambia, in 1968

Rhodesia imported 246 Template:TrackGauge gauge Garratts of four different wheel arrangements: Template:Whytes of the 13th, 14th and 14A classes; Template:Whytes of the 15th class, Template:Whytes of the 16th, 16A, and 18th classes; and Template:Whytes of the 20th and 20A classes. Many went to Zambia Railways in 1967 when Rhodesia Railways surrendered the lines in Zambia to its government. Zimbabwe's economic and political situation has extended the life of its Garratts. Five Garratts, including some from the Zimbabwe National Railway Museum, were returned to service in 2004–05 to haul commuter trains. Template:As of they were performing shunting duties around the city of Bulawayo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Sierra LeoneEdit

On the Sierra Leone Government Railway, this Template:TrackGauge gauge system had Template:Whyte Garratts starting in the 1920s and in the middle 1950s purchased 14 Template:Whyte Garratts.

South AfricaEdit

In 1921, the South African Railways held a comparative trial between three Template:Track gauge locomotives: a class 14B 4-8-2 tender engine; a class MH Mallet 2-6-6-2, and a newly arrived class GA Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 – the first Garratt of that gauge to enter service in South Africa. The trial was conducted on the line between Durban and Ladysmith, which had gradients as steep as 1 in 30 and curves as tight as Template:Convert in radius. The Garratt proved the superior locomotive in all regards.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The most powerful of all Garratts irrespective of gauge were the South African Railways' eight Template:TrackGauge gauge GL class locomotives of 1929–30, which delivered Template:Convert of tractive effort. They were all out of service by the late 1960s.<ref name="South African Government">Template:Cite book</ref> There was also a proposal for a quadruplex super Garratt locomotive with a 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement for South African Railways, but this was never built.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">Template:Harvnb</ref>

File:Class NG G16 no. NG128.jpg
Beyer, Peacock-built no. NG128, c. 1951

On the two foot gauge lines in South Africa, several successive classes of Garratts were made, of which the NG G16 became the most powerful steam locomotive ever built for the gauge. Some of these were imported to Wales for the Welsh Highland Railway.

SudanEdit

Sudan operated at least one Template:Whyte Garratt.Template:Sfn

AsiaEdit

Myanmar (Burma)Edit

Burma had 43 metre gauge Garratts. Five B class Template:Whyte Garratts went to the Burma Railway Company between 1924 and 1927, with seven more built by Krupp of Germany in 1929.<ref name="Hughes2-48">Template:Harvnb</ref> They were followed by 31 locomotives transferred from India for War Department service: ten Template:Whyte locomotives, class GB (ex-Indian class MWGL); twelve Template:Whyte locomotives of class GC (ex-Indian class MWGH); and nine Template:Whyte locomotives of class GD (ex-Indian class MWGX).<ref name="Hughes4-11">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Hughes4-8485">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="BP-list">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A class of four Template:Whyte locomotives, the GE class, was built for Burma Railways in 1949,<ref name="BP-list" /> but was diverted to the Assam Railway in India.<ref name="Hughes4-57">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Two 0-6-0+0-6-0 2 ft 6in gauge Beyer-Garratts were supplied to the Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway which became the Arakan Light Railway. BP works Nos. 5702 & 5703 of 1913 refer.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)Edit

Ceylon had 10 Garratts: an H1 class Template:Track gauge Template:Whyte in 1924, a C1 class Template:Track gauge Template:Whyte in 1927 and eight more C1 class Template:Track gauge gauge Template:Whytes in 1945.<ref name="BP-list" /><ref name="Hughes4-92">Template:Harvnb</ref>

IndiaEdit

File:Beyer Garratt 6594.jpg
Bengal Nagpur Railway 815, Class N (BP 6594 of 1930), at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi

India had 83 Garratts. One Template:Track gauge gauge Template:Whyte was built for the Indian State in 1925.<ref name=BP-list/> The Template:Track gauge gauge Bengal Nagpur Railway had 32 Garratts: a pair of HSG class Template:Whyte locomotives built in 1925; 16 N class and 10 NM class Template:Whyte locomotives built in 1930–31 and four P class Template:Whyte locomotives built in 1939.<ref name="BP-list" /><ref name="Hughes4-33">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The metre gauge Assam-Bengal Railway had six T class Template:Whyte locomotives built in 1927. They later became the GT class on the Bengal Assam Railway. Three types of Garratt were supplied for war service on the BAR: ten MWGL class Template:Whyte locomotives; twelve MWGH Template:Whyte locomotives; and 18 MWGX class Template:Whyte War Department standard light Garratts. Of these, only nine MWGX stayed in India, with the remainder transferred to Burma.<ref name="Hughes4-11" /><ref name="BP-list" /> After the war, the four Burma Railways GE class Template:Whytes were diverted to the Assam Railway.Template:Citation needed

IranEdit

The Trans-Iranian Railway had four Template:Whyte Garratts (class 86) built in 1936.<ref name="BP-list" />

MauritiusEdit

Mauritius had three standard gauge Template:Whyte Garratts that were built in 1927.<ref name="BP-list" />

NepalEdit

The Nepal Government Railway (NGR) had Template:Whyte Garratt locomotives manufactured by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1932 and 1947.<ref name="Garratt Builders B" />

Siam (Thailand)Edit

File:SRT 451 (457 B W).jpg
Preserved Garratt no.457 at Kanchanaburi railway station, Thailand

The Royal State Railway of Siam acquired 8 Garratts built by the German company Henschel during 1929–1937 for heavy freight duties in the Pak Chong highland areas. One has been preserved; it is displayed at Kanchanaburi railway station.

TurkeyEdit

Turkish State Railways had just one standard gauge Template:Whyte Garratt that was built in 1927.<ref name="BP-list" />

AustralasiaEdit

The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG) was designed in Australia as an emergency measure during World War II, when demand on Template:Track gauge narrow-gauge railways could not be met by the available stock of locomotives. The ASG was used on the railways of Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania and, after the war, on the South Australian Railways, the Emu Bay Railway in Tasmania and the Fyansford Cement Works railway in Victoria.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed

The first was built in a record-breaking four months, entering service in September 1943.<ref name=Gunzburg>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Oberg>Template:Cite book</ref> Considerable differences between the states, especially in loading gauges, sharpness of curves and limits to axle load, compromised the design, as did the inclusion of features that led to unreliability. A royal commission convened in 1946 to investigate the locomotives, whose deficiencies had caused enginemen to go on strike, concluded: "It is obvious when one analyses the evidence that the new Australian Standard Garratt has put up a poor performance. At times these locomotives have done good work but they cannot compare with the old Beyer Garratts, which have such an enduring record of service."<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Refn Many were withdrawn in September 1945, weeks after the war ended. Those sold to the South Australian Railways in 1952 (as a stopgap) served for only 18 months, but others lasted longer: on the Queensland Government Railways for two years, at Fyansford and Emu Bay for 11 years, on the Tasmanian Government Railways (including some ex-QR engines) for 13 years, and on the Western Australian Government Railways for 14 years, during which periods many of the defects were rectified or components replaced.<ref name=knowles>Template:Cite journal</ref>

New South WalesEdit

File:AD6029 crossing the viaduct in North Wagga.jpg
Preserved former New South Wales Government Railways AD60 class no. 6029, City of Canberra

New South Wales Government Railways introduced the Template:Whyte AD60 Garratt in 1952, built by Beyer, Peacock. The AD60 weighed 265 tonnes, with a 16-tonne axle loading. As delivered, it developed a tractive effort of Template:Convert), not as powerful as the South African Railways GMA/M Template:Whyte Garratts of 1954, which developed a tractive effort of Template:Convert.<ref name="South African Government"/> Following modifications in 1958 to thirty AD60s, their tractive effort was increased to Template:Convert. These locomotives remained in service until the early 1970s with a replacement "6042" using the boiler cradle of 6043 (The original was scrapped in 1968) the last withdrawn in February 1973.Template:Sfn Oberg wrote he witnessed an AD60 clear a dead 1220-tonne double-headed diesel freight (total weight 1450 tonnes) from a 1 in 55 grade without wheel slip.Template:Sfn Four AD60's survive today: 6029 (which operates occasionally out of Thirlmere), 6039 (under private ownership at Dorrigo Museum), 6040 (on static display at THNSW, Thirlmere), & 6042 (also owned by the Dorrigo museum but sitting in the middle of a field in Forbes, NSW).

QueenslandEdit

Queensland Railways operated 30 Beyer Garratt locomotives. These were mainly based in the Rockhampton area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

South AustraliaEdit

File:Drawing of South Australian Railways 400 class Beyer-Garratt articulated locomotive (Peter Manning).png
The South Australian Railways 400 class

One of ten Garratts delivered in 1953 to the South Australian Railways – number 409 – is on static display at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia. The locomotives were ordered in 1951 from Beyer, Peacock & Company, when there was a need for more and bigger motive power to haul the heavy ore trains on the Template:Track gauge narrow-gauge line between Broken Hill and Port Pirie. The company subsequently subcontracted the order, with main specifications identical to those of the notable 60th class of the East African Railways, to Société Franco-Belge, its European associate based in Raismes.<ref name=nrm409>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By 1955, the 400 class had taken over most of the working of the Broken Hill line. They operated as oil-burners, with provision for a mechanical stoker to be installed if converted to burn coal. They were also designed to be easily converted for service on either the broad or standard gauge. They were superseded by diesel power in 1963.<ref name=nrm409/>

TasmaniaEdit

Following the success of the K class Garratts on the North East Dundas Tramway, the Tasmanian Government Railways imported Beyer, Peacock Garratts for their main lines, in particular the Template:Whyte M class for express passenger work. These were the only eight-cylinder Garratts.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed The M1 achieved a world speed record of Template:Convert on 30 November 1912. Their 5-foot (1.5 m) diameter driving wheels were at the time the largest on any narrow-gauge locomotive in Australia.Template:Sfn Their eight cylinders proved a nightmare to maintain, and after several fatal and disastrous derailments in the late 1920s, mainly due to inadequate trackwork, they were withdrawn and scrapped.

VictoriaEdit

Victorian Railways operated two Beyer Garratts, used on the Crowes and Walhalla narrow-gauge railway lines. The two engines were classified as G class, numbered G41 and G42; the latter engine has been restored. It is currently in use at the Puffing Billy Railway near Melbourne. It was not used in public service on that line prior to the preservation era. Fyansford Cement Works operated a 3'6" gauge line, with an ASG (G33) and 2 Garratts (No.1 and No.2) similar in design to the WAGR Ms class, although these 2 were not designated any class of their own. No.1 was scrapped but No.2 and G33 are preserved at the Bellarine Railway, with G33 currently undergoing restoration work.Template:Cn

New ZealandEdit

File:NZR g class garratt.jpg
A NZR G class Garratt locomotive

Beyer, Peacock built three Template:Whyte NZR G class locomotives in 1928, which were too powerful for the system and had complicated valve mechanisms. Unusually, these engines had three cylinders (Template:Cvt) each, on two sets of engine frames, thus creating a six-cylinder Garratt; they were the second and final Garratts to employ this arrangement, the other being the one-off LNER U1. They entered service in 1929. Walschaerts valve gear operated the outside cylinders with the inner third cylinder linked by a Gresley conjugated valve gear. Photos verify the coal bunker was carried on an extension to the boiler frame rather than on the rear engine frame, as with most Garratts. The engines delivered Template:Convert of tractive effort, which was too powerful for the drawbars on the rolling stock. After a few years they were rebuilt as six Pacifics, also unsuccessful, but which saw nearly twenty years of service.Template:Sfn

Though no NZR Garratts survived, three preserved imported African Garratts are in New Zealand: Rhodesia Railways class 15A No. 398 of the Flying 15 Trust, Pakakarakiki, class 14A No. 509 of Mainline Steam Trust Plimmerton (under restoration), and South African Railways GMAM class No. 4083 at Mercer Auckland with the Mainline Steam Trust awaiting restoration. When it first arrived in NZ in the 1990s, it was steamed and ran in their former Parnell Depot yard. See preservation below.

EuropeEdit

Garratts were mainly employed in Great Britain, Russia, and Spain, where some five railway companies employed seven classes. These included the 1931 order for Central of Aragon Railway for six Template:Whyte "Double Pacific" Garratts for fast passenger service. In addition a Dutch and a Belgian tramway also operated one or more engines based on and built to the Garratt design.

NetherlandsEdit

In 1931, the Dutch Limburgsche Tramweg Maatschappij (LTM) 'Limburg tramway company' ordered a single standard gauge Garratt, numbered LTM 51, from Henschel (Germany) with builder's number 22063. This design was slightly different in that the coal bunker was located on the boiler frame and both machines only holding the watertanks. More importantly, it was the only Garratt with inside cylinders. The wheel arrangement was C+C (Template:Whyte). Due to abandonment of the line in 1938, the locomotive was sold to a metal merchant, who in turn sold it to an engineers' bureau, that sold it in 1941 to Germany. Further whereabouts of this machine are unknown, but it is presumed scrapped.

SpainEdit

Spain had a varied collection of Garratts from most builders; Beyer, Peacock themselves only building a pair of Template:Track gauge Template:Whytes for Rio Tinto in 1929. The first Garratts in Spain, however, were four metre gauge Template:Whytes built for the Ferrocarriles Catalanes in 1922 by Sociéte Anonyme St. Leonard of Liége, Belgium. Four more followed in 1925. Also on the metre gauge, the Ferrocarril de la Robla bought two pairs of Template:Whytes, the first from Hanomag of Germany in 1929, the second from Babcock & Wilcox of Bilbao in 1931. The Compania Minera de Sierra Minera also bought a pair of metre-gauge Template:Whytes in 1930.

On the broad gauge, the Central of Aragon Railway bought six Template:Whytes from Babcock & Wilcox and six Template:Whytes from Euskalduna of Bilbao, both in 1931. The last Garratts supplied to Spain were 10 Template:Whytes for Renfe by Babcock & Wilcox in 1960.

United KingdomEdit

File:WHR Garratt 143.jpg
South African Railways Template:Track gauge gauge NG G16 class Garratt on the Welsh Highland Railway
File:WHR NG138 Dinas.JPG
WHR NG138 at Dinas, 2003

British usage of Garratts was minimal. A single large Garratt (Template:Whyte, London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 number 2395/9999/69999) was built in 1925 for banking heavy coal trains on the Woodhead route; 33 Template:Whyte Garratts were built for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway between 1927 and 1930, although their undersized axle-boxes made them unreliable and they were withdrawn in the mid-1950s. They were also trialled unsuccessfully on the Lickey Incline between Bromsgrove and Birmingham.

Four standard-gauge Garratt locomotives were supplied by Beyer, Peacock for industrial service in the UK. One survived and is preserved at Bressingham Steam Museum. No. 6841 Template:Whyte William Francis was built in 1937 for use at Baddesley Colliery.<ref>Preserved British Steam Locomotives</ref>

On the Welsh Highland Railway, a Template:Track gauge narrow-gauge tourist line in Wales, a few imported South African NGG16 Garratts haul the greater part of service trains on the railway.

USSREdit

File:Ya-01.jpg
Soviet Ya.01 class 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt

Beyer, Peacock constructed the largest steam locomotive built in Europe, a Template:Whyte for the USSR, works order number 1176, in 1932. The locomotive had the Russian classification Ya.01 (Я.01). This massive machine was built to the Russian standard Template:Track gauge gauge and a loading gauge height of Template:Convert. It underwent extensive testing and proved to be very able to operate in extremely low temperatures, due to adequate protection of the external plumbing between boiler and engine units. This may have been the lowest temperature operation of a Garratt type. The locomotive was used for a number of years for coal traffic in the Donbass region, but was never replicated. This decision appears to be a combination of unfamiliar maintenance processes and politics.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

North AmericaEdit

No Garratts appeared in North America, although the American Locomotive Company became the sole licensee to build Garratts there. Alco was unable to garner sufficient interest from US railroads to produce even a prototype or demonstrator. This reluctance was reportedly based on a concern that tractive effort and factor of adhesion would suffer as the weight of water and fuel over the driving wheels diminished.<ref name="Trains_1955"/>

United StatesEdit

In 1975, one Template:Whyte Garratt NG class No. 50 formerly of the South African Railways was imported and is used on the private Template:TrackGauge gauge Hempstead & Northern Railroad in Hempstead, Texas, which also operate another former South African Railways Template:Whyte "Mikado" type No. 18.Template:Citation needed

South AmericaEdit

ArgentinaEdit

The British-owned Template:Track gauge gauge Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway operated twelve Garratt Template:Whyte oil-fired locomotives, numbers 4851–4862, built by Beyer, Peacock in 1929. They were used on the Bahía Blanca North Western section, particularly on the Toay line), on the main Bahía Blanca North Western line to General Pico, and between Tres Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. They were withdrawn in the 1950s due to the rapid decline in freight traffic caused by the increasing competition from road transport.Template:Sfn

Other British-owned railway companies in Argentina operated Garratt locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock:

The Southern Fuegian Railway at Ushuaia uses two Template:Track gauge gauge Garratts to haul tourist trains.

BoliviaEdit

Three meter gauge Template:Whyte were delivered to the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway in 1929, followed by six more in 1950.Template:Sfn

BrazilEdit

In Brazil after 1927, the São Paulo Railway operated broad-gauge Template:Whyte Garratts that ran passenger trains at 70 mph.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

ColombiaEdit

In Colombia, one Template:TrackGauge gauge Template:Whyte Garratt was purchased by the FC Pacifico in 1924 and two more by the La Dorada in 1937.<ref>Gustavo Arias de Grieff, La Mula de Hierro, 1986</ref>

PeruEdit

Four Template:Whyte standard gauge Garratts were delivered to the Central Railway of Peru from 1929 to 1931. (Donald Binns, The Central Railway of Peru and The Cerro de Pasco Railway, 1996)

War locomotivesEdit

During World War II, several Garratt designs were built to meet the wartime needs of narrow-gauge railways in Africa, Asia, and Australia.<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed

Six Template:Whyte Garratts were built for the Template:Track gauge gauge Sierra Leone Government Railway in 1942, to a design first supplied to that railway in 1926. Five of the older Garratts were converted to a Template:Whyte wheel arrangement to increase their tractive effort.Template:Citation needed

Seventy Garratts were constructed by Beyer, Peacock for the War Department, to three standard designs. A Template:Whyte based on the South African Railways GE class was constructed on Template:Track gauge gauge for West Africa and Rhodesia, while a heavier class of Template:Whyte was constructed for East African Railways. A lighter metre-gauge Template:Whyte was constructed for India, Burma, and East Africa. This design was particularly successful, and was the basis for several postwar classes.<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed

The Australian Standard Garratt was designed in 1942, for use on Template:Track gauge gauge railways, in the critical period of World War II following the Japanese bombing of Darwin in 1942, and aerial attacks on other northern Australian centres.<ref name="Butlin, S.J.">Template:Cite book</ref> It was a Template:Whyte locomotive, designed in Australia and constructed by a number of Australian railway workshops. Several design problems with the class emerged, and use of the locomotive encountered resistance from the drivers' union, especially in Queensland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most were withdrawn at the end of the war,<ref name="Durrant" />Template:Page needed although a number continued to operate successfully in Tasmania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PreservationEdit

File:Preserved South African Railways class GL Beyer-Garratt locomotive no 2352 at Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, November 2010.jpg
Preserved South African Railways class GL Beyer-Garratt locomotive no 2352 at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, 2010

About 250 Garratts may exist today. However, many are dumped in varying states of disrepair in remoter parts of the world, and the number that may be likely to survive has been estimated as fewer than 100.<ref name= dickinson/> Template:As of, about 15 operating Garratt locomotives can be found in Europe, Africa, Argentina, the US and Australia.<ref name="Garratt Survivors">Template:Garratt Survivors</ref>

The first Garratt locomotive, the K class of the North East Dundas Tramway, has been preserved. After the line closed in 1929 the locomotives were put up for sale. K1 was purchased by Beyer, Peacock in 1947 for their museum. The preserved locomotive has parts from both original engines. When Beyer, Peacock ceased trading, the locomotive was sold to the Ffestiniog Railway, who initially proposed to cut it down to meet their loading gauge. For a number of years it was on loan to the National Railway Museum and was exhibited in York. In 1995 it was removed from York to commence restoration in Birmingham. It was returned to Wales in 2000 where restoration was continued at the Ffestiniog Railway workshops at Boston Lodge. It was fitted with a new boiler and restored to full running order on the Welsh Highland Railway by September 2008. The Welsh Highland Railway owns several former South African SAR NGG 16 Class Garratts, and operates both the first (K1) and last (NG/G16 143) Garratts constructed by Beyer, Peacock.<ref>Belbin & McKillop. pp.6–7</ref>Template:Citation needed. The K1 ten year boiler ticket expired in 2014. Even though the locomotive had worked infrequently, a full boiler overhaul was required to meet UK regulations. The FR/WHR declined to fund this activity, citing lack of revenue generating opportunities for the locomotive and the need to maintain their core fleet of NG/G16 locomotives. Finally, in 2019 it was decided to move the locomotive to the Statfold Barn Railway in Central England on a ten year loan with two boiler overhauls in the agreement. The first boiler overhaul was quickly completed along with other work at a cost of 60,000 GBP and the locomotive seen in steam at Statfold in February 2020.

In Spain, a Template:Whyte number 282F-0421, nicknamed "Garrafeta", occasionally ran in the Lleida area but no longer. An enormous Template:Whyte, number 462F-0401, is under slow cosmetic restoration. Both locomotives are managed by ARMF, a non-profit organisation which also holds the only main line repair workshop for historical railway vehicles on broad gauge network.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A single Hanomag-built narrow gauge example exists in the USA located in Hempstead Texas. It has been made operational again since November 2015.

Several Australian Garratts have been restored to operating condition. G 42, formerly used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways, works regularly on the Puffing Billy Railway in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne. The Puffing Billy Railway is also rebuilding ex SAR NG/G16 129 which entered service in late 2019. The Queensland Railways removed 1009, its sole remaining Template:Track gauge gauge Template:Whyte Garratt, from an open-air museum and fully restored it to working order. It was out of service by December 2007, awaiting a new boiler. NSWGR AD60 6029 was restored to operating condition in Canberra. As of 2018, 6029 is privately owned and is stored at Thirlmere, NSW. It is occasionally used by the NSW Rail Museum on mainline excursions. 3'6" Garratts No.2 and G33 from Fyansford Cement Works are both preserved with the Bellarine Railway, with G33 undergoing restoration work and No.2 in storage.Template:Cn

In Kenya, East African Railways 59 class 5918 was maintained in operating condition from 2001 to 2011. Likewise in Zimbabwe 20th class 730 and 740 were held in operating condition until 2004. They have not run since 2004 when 730 was briefly used on Bulawayo commuter services. None are likely to operate again without external funding for major repairs as the only work available for them are excursion trains for foreign tourists and rail enthusiasts.

No New Zealand Railways G class Garratts survived, but three more modern Southern African Garratts have been imported for restoration in New Zealand, with No.509's boiler certified and restoration nearing completion as of 2018.

In December 2007, Zimbabwe class 14A Garratt number 509, overhauled in Bulawayo was offloaded in New Zealand for operational preservation by the Mainline Steam trust.<ref>Railways Africa 2008/1 p 34</ref>Template:Citation needed In early 2011 Zimbabwe 15th class 398 was also delivered to New Zealand for restoration to operating condition by Steam Inc.

As of December 2020 there is only one place in the World where one can with reasonable confidence view a Garratt in daily operating service. Ushuaia, Argentina whilst Dinas in North Wales offers the sight of daily operation for about 10 months of the year.Template:Citation needed

In September 2018, South Eastern Zone of Indian Railways made a successful trial run of a Beyer-Garratt numbered 811 from Kharagpur. A heritage service is planned and scheduled to start from the upcoming festival season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In fictionEdit

In the movie Big World! Big Adventures! of the television program, Thomas & Friends, an EAR 59 class Garratt, named Kwaku, was introduced.

See alsoEdit

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