Gene Sperling

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Eugene Benton Sperling (born December 24, 1958) is an American lawyer who was director of the National Economic Council and assistant to the president for economic policy under Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is the only person to serve as national economic advisor under two presidents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Outside of government, he founded the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution in 2002.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

In February 2021, as the nomination of Neera Tanden for OMB director faced opposition, Sperling was considered to be one of the leading contenders to assume the top position.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sperling served as Senior Advisor to President Biden and Implementation Coordinator of the American Rescue Plan. On August 5, 2024, the White House announced that Sperling was leaving the administration to work with the Vice President's election campaign.

Early life and educationEdit

Sperling was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan,<ref name=JVL>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the son of Doris Louise (née Hyman) and Lawrence Sperling.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is of Jewish descent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=JVL/> He attended Pioneer High School and then Community High School from which he graduated. In 1982, he graduated with a B.A. in political science from the University of Minnesota where he was captain of the Men's Varsity Tennis Team.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1985 he graduated with a juris doctor from Yale Law School where he served as a senior editor of the Yale Law Journal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While at Yale Law School, he worked for future Labor Secretary Robert Reich.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and worked as an economic adviser on Michael Dukakis' campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Prior to joining the National Economic Council, Sperling served as deputy director of economic policy for the presidential transition and economic policy director of the Clinton-Gore presidential campaign. From 1990 to 1992, he was an economic advisor to Governor Mario Cuomo of New York.<ref name="clinton4.nara">National Economic Council, Profile of Gene Sperling Template:Webarchive</ref>

CareerEdit

Clinton administrationEdit

Sperling served as deputy director (from 1993 to 1996) and then director (from 1996 to 2001) of the National Economic Council during the Clinton administration. As deputy director from 1993 to 1996, Sperling helped design and pass several of President Clinton's early initiatives, including 1993 Deficit Reduction Act,<ref name="clinton4.nara"/> the major expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit,<ref name="huffpo.sperling.leaves">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Direct Student Loan Act.<ref name="worldbank.sperling">World Bank, Profile of Gene Sperling</ref>

As director from 1996 to 2001, Sperling was a principal negotiator of the 1997 bipartisan Balanced Budget Act, which included the creation of the Children's Health Insurance Program. He reportedly held up the final negotiation to ensure that the design of the child tax credit would lead to bigger payments for lower-income families on the Earned Income Tax Credit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also played a leading role in the design and passage of other Clinton administration economic initiatives, including the Hope Scholarship Tax Credit, the New Markets Tax Credit, the Children's Health Insurance Program, the Gear-UP Early College Mentoring program, expanded debt relief to poor nations, and stronger international protections against abusive child labor.<ref name="clinton4.nara" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the architect of the Save Social Security First budget strategy, and co-negotiated the final week of the China WTO agreement in Beijing in 1999 with United States Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky. Sperling worked with then-Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers to negotiate protections for the Community Reinvestment Act in the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, also known as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act. These protections helped secure passage of the bill.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sperling represented the U.S. government and gave a keynote address at the World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal in 2000, where the world committed to the second millennium development goal of universal primary education.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Post-Clinton administrationEdit

After leaving the Clinton Administration, Sperling focused on promoting universal education, particularly for girls in poor and developing nations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 2002, he founded the Center for Universal Education at the Council on Foreign Relations and the Brookings Institution and served as its first executive director for seven years from 2002 to 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In that role, Sperling advocated for a global compact for education for all children, with publications on universal education for all nations in Foreign Affairs, The New York Times, Washington Post, Financial Times, Los Angeles Times, and IMF Quarterly: Finance and Development.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also authored concept papers for the Education for All Fast Track Initiative on Closing the Trust Gaps: Unlocking Financing for Education in Fragile State and How to Unlock Financing for Fragile States and Move Toward a More Unified Global Architecture for Education Financing: Eight Preliminary Recommendations.<ref>Working Paper 6 FTI and Fragile States and Fragile Partnerships inee.org</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sperling was a member of U.N. Millennium Task Force on Girls' Education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2003, Sperling also founded the Global Campaign for Education-US, a broad-based coalition of national and community-based organizations, international NGOs, teacher unions, faith-based groups, and think tanks dedicated to ensuring universal quality education for all children.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The organization's mission is "to promote education as a basic human right and mobilize to create political will in the United States and internationally to ensure universal quality education."<ref name=":1" />

In 2004, he co-authored the book What Works in Girls' Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World with Barbara Herz.<ref>Council on Foreign Relations, What Works in Girls' Education Template:Webarchive</ref> In addition, Sperling was also a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and authored The Pro-Growth Progressive: An Economic Strategy for Shared Prosperity in that role.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For four years, he was a consultant and had partial writing credit for four episodes for the television series The West Wing.<ref>Politico, Sperling on 'West Wing': 'Pretty realistic,' but don't walk as fast, March 13, 2013.</ref> Sperling is the author of the 2020 book Economic Dignity,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> building on a 2019 piece he published in Democracy Journal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Sperling was a top economic adviser for Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.<ref>A look at the Clinton economic plan Template:Webarchive, Kai Ryssdal interviews Gene Sperling, Marketplace, January 31, 2008</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Prior to joining the Obama administration, Sperling earned $887,727 from Goldman Sachs in 2008 for his work helping to create and implement their 10,000 Women charitable initiative, which funds business education for women in developing nations. He was also compensated $158,000 for speeches, mostly to financial companies. Sperling received $2.2 million in total compensation in 2008 from a variety of consulting jobs, board seats, speaking fees and fellowships.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Obama administrationEdit

From 2009 to 2011, Sperling served as a counselor to Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. He advised on responding to the financial crisis, was a member of the Obama Auto Rescue Task Force, was Geithner's top aide on fiscal, budget, tax, and small business issues, and coordinated the Treasury efforts on design and passage of the Affordable Care Act.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sperling was a leading advocate in the administration for increasing refundable tax credits for working families, extending unemployment benefits, adding restrictions on executive compensation for companies receiving public funds, and proposing a fee on major financial institutions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ioffe">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Sperling was reported to have been one of the key members of the administration to advocate to President Obama that he save Chrysler.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sperling is credited with designing the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, which created a $30 billion fund for loans and the State Small Business Credit Initiative.<ref name="Ioffe"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In January 2011, President Barack Obama appointed Sperling as the director of the National Economic Council, Sperling's second tenure in that position. In that role, Sperling played a key role representing the White House in budget negotiations with Congress as well as serving as the White House point person on several of the president's top priorities including job creation, manufacturing policy, housing, GSE reform, and skills initiatives. He was credited with being the key architect of the $447 billion American Jobs Act<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and he led the Obama Administration's Detroit rescue task force in 2013, which mobilized $300 million to support Detroit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sperling also led the design and implementation of the president's initiatives on supporting workers facing long-term unemployment,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Manufacturing Innovation Hubs,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> SelectUSA,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the College Opportunity Summit,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the ConnectED initiative.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Robert Greenstein, president of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "If you look at key budget legislation – in 1993, 1997, 2009, 2010 or 2012 – there is no administration official who did more over the past 20 years to dramatically expand tax credits for low-income workers, with the result that these credits now lift 10 million people out of poverty."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sperling was named one of the 100 Most Powerful People in Finance worldwide in 2013 by Worth Magazine.<ref>Worth,The Power 100: The 100 Most Powerful People in Finance Template:Webarchive.</ref> He was named one of the 50 Most Powerful People in Washington by GQ in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sperling left the National Economic Council in March 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Two years after Sperling left the White House, a ProPublica article reported that he had taken loans totaling between $300,000 and $600,000 from Howard Shapiro, a lawyer at Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr, between 2011 and 2013.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Shapiro has been Sperling's closest friend since they were housemates at Yale Law School in 1983.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sperling stated that when his savings were depleted, he "took personal loans from my very closest friend of more than 30 years so that I could afford to remain in public service without having to sell our house when we had only two more years left with both of our children at home."<ref name=":2" /> His house in Washington, D.C. was valued at "around $2 million."<ref name=":2" />

A White House spokesperson said that every loan had been "reviewed and cleared by White House Counsel and the Office of Government Ethics" and that "no issue came before Sperling that prompted him to recuse himself."<ref name=":2" /> Kenneth Gross, a partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom who specializes in federal gift and gratuity rules, stated that the fact that the loans were disclosed and cleared by the ethics office "takes the guy off the hook. What more is he supposed to do?"<ref name=":2" />

The ProPublica article stated that Sperling "played a role" in a federal and state government settlement with five major financial institutions over foreclosure and mortgage servicing abuses, and that WilmerHale was "one of many law firms involved in negotiating the settlement," though it did not state that Shapiro was involved in the settlement.<ref name=":2" /> Sperling told ProPublica he was not involved in the negotiations and only "helped decide that settlement money would go toward reducing principal on mortgages for borrowers whose homes were worth less than their mortgages."<ref name=":2" /> The Financial Times reported that Sperling met with groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to persuade them of the benefits the deal would have for borrowers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Biden administrationEdit

On March 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that Sperling was selected to oversee the roll-out of the newly signed $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He resigned in August 2024 in order to assume a position as a senior economic advisor on the Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Sperling is married to television writer Allison Abner, whom he met when he was a consultant on NBC's The West Wing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They have a daughter, Nina, and a son, Miles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

WorksEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Webarchive
"The Pro-Growth Progressive" - Gene Sperling speaks at Google
Obama appointee Sperling was key H-1B broker, Computerworld, January 11, 2011
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