Generalized hypoxia

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox medical condition (new) Generalized hypoxia is a medical condition in which the tissues of the body are deprived of the necessary levels of oxygen due to an insufficient supply of oxygen, which may be due to the composition or pressure of the breathing gas, decreased lung ventilation, or respiratory disease, any of which may cause a lower than normal oxygen content in the arterial blood, and consequently a reduced supply of oxygen to all tissues perfused by the arterial blood. This usage is distinct from localized hypoxia, in which only an associated group of tissues, usually with a common blood supply, are affected, usually due to an insufficient or reduced blood supply to those tissues. Generalized hypoxia is also used as a synonym for hypoxic hypoxia<ref name="Mandal" /><ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /> This is not to be confused with hypoxemia, which refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood, although the two conditions often occur simultaneously, since a decrease in blood oxygen typically corresponds to a decrease in oxygen in the surrounding tissue. However, hypoxia may be present without hypoxemia, and vice versa, as in the case of infarction. Several other classes of medical hypoxia exist.<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /><ref name="Mandal" />

Causes

Hypoxia can result from various causes which can be categorised as: anemic hypoxia, cellular hypoxia, generalised, or hypoxic hypoxia, pulmonary hypoxia, stagnant hypoxia, increased oxygen consumption due to a hypermetabolic state, or any combination of these.<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /> The three fundamental causes of hypoxia at the tissue level are low oxygen content in the blood (hypoxemia), low perfusion of the tissue, and inability of the tissue to extract and use the oxygen in the blood.<ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> Generalised, or hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by:

• Hypoventilation<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /> – failure of the respiratory pump due to any cause (fatigue, barbiturate poisoning, pneumothorax, etc.)
• Low-inspired oxygen partial pressure, which may be caused by breathing air at low ambient pressures due to altitude,<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /><ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> by breathing hypoxic breathing gas at an unsuitable depth, by breathing inadequately re-oxygenated recycled breathing gas from a rebreather,<ref name="Elliott 1997" /> life support system, or anesthetic machine, or hypoxia of ascent in freediving.<ref name="Lindholm 2006" />
• Airway obstruction, choking,<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /> drowning.
• Abnormal pulmonary functionTemplate:Cn
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<ref name="Cleveland" />
  • Neuromuscular diseases or interstitial lung disease
• Malformed vascular system such as an anomalous coronary arteryTemplate:Cn

Altitude effects

Template:See also When breathing the ambient air at high altitudes (above 3048 metres/10,000 feet), the human body experiences altitude sickness and hypoxemia due to a low partial pressure of oxygen, decreasing the carriage of oxygen by hemoglobin.

• Above 3000 metres (10,000 feet) - ambient pressure 69.7kPa, about 14.6kPa partial pressure of oxygen – enough hypoxic stimulation to cause increased ventilation
• Above 3700 metres (12,000 feet) - 64.4kPa, about 13.52kPa P_O2 – first irritability appears
• Above 5500 metres (18,000 feet) - 50.6kPa, about 10.6kPa P_O2 – severe symptoms
• Above 7600 metres (25,000 feet) - ambient pressure 37.6kPa absolute, 7.9kPa partial pressure of oxygen – consciousness lostTemplate:Cn

While breathing pure oxygen at ambient pressure, from an oxygen cylinder or other source, the maximum altitude a human can tolerateTemplate:Clarify while their body is at atmospheric pressure is 13,700 metres (45,000 feet),Template:Cn , where atmospheric pressure is about 14.7kPa. This is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas, and is also dependent on level of exertion which affects the oxygen requirements of metabolism, cardiovascular fitness, and acclimatization to altitude which affects the available hemoglobin and can vary significantly between individuals. Template:Clarify

Signs and symptoms

• Cyanosis<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Headache<ref name="Mandal b" /><ref name="FAA" />
• Decreased reaction time,<ref name="Rochester" /> disorientation, and uncoordinated movement.<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Impaired judgment, confusion, memory loss and cognitive problems.<ref name="Mandal b" /><ref name="FAA" />
• Euphoria or dissociation<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Visual impairment<ref name="FAA" />
• Lightheaded or dizzy sensation, vertigo<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Fatigue, Drowsiness or tiredness<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Shortness of breath<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Palpitations may occur in the initial phases. Later, the heart rate may reduce significantly degree. In severe cases, abnormal heart rhythms may develop.
• Nausea and vomiting<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Initially raised blood pressure followed by lowered blood pressure as the condition progresses.<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Severe hypoxia can cause loss of consciousness, seizures or convulsions, coma and eventually death. Breathing rate may slow down and become shallow and the pupils may not respond to light.<ref name="Mandal b" />
• Tingling in fingers and toes<ref name="FAA" />
• Numbness<ref name="FAA" />

Treatment

Generalized hypoxia is an effect of a lack of oxygen, and in many cases of a one-time event can be reversed simply by eliminating the lack. Where there is no underlying pathology, provision of oxygen at normobaric partial pressure (about 0.21 bar) is usually sufficient to reverse minor symptoms. Where there is a pathology causing the hypoxia, treatment of the underlying pathology is often effective.<ref name="Cleveland" />

• Oxygen therapy and hyperbaric medicine can improve saturation of oxygen in the blood which will stop hypoxia if it is caused by hypoxemia, i.e. low levels of oxygen in the blood.<ref name="Choudhury 2018" />
• Artificial ventilation may be required where the person is unable to breathe sufficiently unaided.<ref name="Cleveland" />
• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask may be used to treat sleep apnea.<ref name="Cleveland" />
• Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) may be used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and some kinds of sleep apnea.<ref name="Cleveland" />
• Supplemental oxygen by mask or nasal tubes may be provided to treat chronic hypoxia.<ref name="Cleveland" />
• Inhaled steroids that can dilate the airways may be used to treat asthma or other lung disease.<ref name="Cleveland" />
• Diuretics may be used to reduce edema in and around the lungs.<ref name="Cleveland" />

Other types of medical hypoxia

• Hypoxemic hypoxia is a low oxygen tension in the arterial blood, due to the inability of the lungs to sufficiently oxygenate the blood. Causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting.<ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> This definition overlaps considerably with that of hypoxic hypoxia.
• Pulmonary hypoxia occurs when the lungs receive adequately oxygenated gas which does not reach the blood in sufficient quantities. It may be caused by:<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" />
  • Ventilation perfusion mismatch,
  • Pulmonary shunt
• Circulatory hypoxia,<ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> ischemic hypoxia or stagnant hypoxia may be caused by abnormally low blood flow to the lungs, which can occur during shock, cardiac arrest, severe congestive heart failure, or abdominal compartment syndrome, where the main dysfunction is in the cardiovascular system, causing a major reduction in perfusion. Arterial gas is adequately oygenated in the lungs, and the tissues are able to accept the oxygen available, but the flow rate to the tissues is insufficient. Venous oxygenation is particularly low.<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" /><ref name="Cleveland" />
• Anemic hypoxia or hypemic hypoxia is the lack of capacity of the blood to carry the normal level of oxygen.<ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> It can be caused by anemia or:<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" />
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Methemoglobinemia
• Cellular hypoxia occurs when the cells are unable to extract sufficient oxygen from normally oxygenated hemoglobin.<ref name="Manninen and Unger 2016" />
• Histotoxic hypoxia (Dysoxia)<ref name="Bhutta et al 2022" /> occurs when oxygen is transported to the tissues but they cannot use it effectively because the cells cannot extract oxygen from the blood. This is seen in cyanide poisoning.<ref name="Mandal" />

See also

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