Geomatics

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A surveyor's shed showing equipment used for geomatics

Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information".<ref>ISO/TR 19122:2004(en) Geographic information/Geomatics — Qualification and certification of personnel [1]</ref> Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in the collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Surveying engineering was the widely used name for geomatic(s) engineering in the past. Geomatics was placed by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems under the branch of technical geography.<ref name="Haidu1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Sala1>Template:Cite book</ref>

History and etymologyEdit

The term was proposed in French ("géomatique") at the end of the 1960s by scientist Bernard Dubuisson to reflect at the time recent changes in the jobs of surveyor and photogrammetrist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The term was first employed in a French Ministry of Public Works memorandum dated 1 June 1971 instituting a "standing committee of geomatics" in the government.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

The term was popularised in English by French-Canadian surveyor Michel Paradis in his The little Geodesist that could article, in 1981 and in a keynote address at the centennial congress of the Canadian Institute of Surveying (now known as the Canadian Institute of Geomatics) in April 1982. He claimed that at the end of the 20th century the needs for geographical information would reach a scope without precedent in history and that, in order to address these needs, it was necessary to integrate in a new discipline both the traditional disciplines of land surveying and the new tools and techniques of data capture, manipulation, storage and diffusion.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Geomatics includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), photogrammetry, geophysics, geography, and related forms of earth mapping. The term was originally used in Canada but has since been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown a preference for the term geospatial technology,<ref name="Boehm Mohan 2010 pp. 26–39">Template:Cite journal</ref> which may be defined as synonym of "geospatial information and communications technology".<ref name="Scholten Velde van Manen 2009 p. 1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Although many definitions of geomatics, such as the above, appear to encompass the entire discipline relating to geographic information – including geodesy, geographic information systems, remote sensing, satellite navigation, and cartography –, the term is almost exclusively restricted to the perspective of surveying and engineering toward geographic information.Template:Citation needed Geoinformatics and Geographic information science has been proposed as alternative comprehensive term; however, their popularity is, like geomatics, largely dependent on country.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The related field of hydrogeomatics covers the area associated with surveying work carried out on, above or below the surface of the sea or other areas of water. The older term of hydrographics was consideredTemplate:By whom too specific to the preparation of marine charts, and failed to include the broader concept of positioning or measurements in all marine environments. The use of different data processing technologies in hydrography does not change the purpose of its research.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Health geomatics can improve our understanding of the important relationship between location and health, and thus assist us in Public Health tasks like disease prevention, and also in better healthcare service planning.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> An important area of research is the use of open data in planning lifesaving activities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mining geomatics is the use of information systems to integrate and process spatial data for monitoring, modelling, visualisation and design of mining operations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A growing number of university departments which were once titled "surveying", "survey engineering" or "topographic science" have re-titled themselves using the terms "geomatics" or "geomatics engineering", while others have switched to program titles such as "spatial information technology", and similar names.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The rapid progress and increased visibility of geomatics since the 1990s has been made possible by advances in computer hardware, computer science, and software engineering, as well as by airborne and space observation remote-sensing technologies.

Geomatics engineeringEdit

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Surveyor using a total station

Geomatics engineering is a rapidly developing engineering discipline which focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that has a location).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for spatial analysis and visualization. Geomatics engineers design, develop, and operate systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and manmade features.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Geomatics engineers apply engineering principles to spatial information and implement relational data structures involving measurement sciences, thus using geomatics and acting as spatial information engineers. Geomatics engineers manage local, regional, national and global spatial data infrastructures.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Page needed</ref> Geomatics engineering also involves aspects of Computer Engineering, Software Engineering and Civil Engineering.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>