Georg von Trapp
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person
Georg Ludwig Ritter von TrappTemplate:Efn<ref name="foundation_naval">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Heeresgeschichtliches Museum / Militärhistorisches Institut (Hrsg.): Das Heeresgeschichtliche Museum im Wiener Arsenal. Verlag Militaria, Wien 2016, Template:ISBN, S. 164</ref> (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy who became the patriarch of the Trapp Family Singers.
Trapp was the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine commander of World War I,Template:Efn sinking 11 Allied merchant ships totaling 47,653 GRT and two Allied warships displacing 12,641 tons.<ref name="uboat.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trapp's accomplishments during World War I earned him numerous decorations, including the Military Order of Maria Theresa.
His first wife Agathe Whitehead died of scarlet fever in 1922, leaving behind seven children. Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera to tutor one of his daughters and married her in 1927. He lost most of his wealth in the Great Depression, so the family turned to singing as a way of earning a livelihood. Trapp declined a commission in the German Navy after the Anschluss and emigrated with his family to the United States.<ref name="nytimes1997_tribute">Template:Cite news</ref>
After his death in 1947, the family home in Stowe, Vermont, became the Trapp Family Lodge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maria von Trapp's 1949 memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers was adapted into the West German film The Trapp Family (1956), which served as the basis for the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music (1959) and the 1965 film adaptation directed by Robert Wise.
Early lifeEdit
Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp was born in Zara in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, then a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in Croatia. His father, Fregattenkapitän August Johann Trapp (1836-1884), was a naval officer, and his mother, Hedwig Wepler (1855-1911) had immigrated to the Adriatic Coast from the Grand Duchy of Hesse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His father had been raised to the Austrian nobility with the hereditary title of Ritter, upon being made a member of the Order of the Iron Crown; he died of typhoid fever in 1884 (aged forty-eight), when Georg was four.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=salute/> Trapp’s older sister was the Austrian artist Hede von Trapp, and his brother Werner died in 1915 during World War I.<ref name="salute" />
Edit
In 1894, aged fourteen, Trapp followed in his father's footsteps and joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy, entering the Imperial and Royal Naval Academy at Fiume.<ref name="salute" /> As part of their required education, all naval cadets were taught to play a musical instrument; Georg von Trapp selected the violin.<ref name="foundation_naval" /> He graduated four years later and completed two years of follow-on training voyages, including one to Australia, as a cadet aboard the sail training corvette SMS Saida II.<ref name="foundation_naval"/> On the voyage home, he visited the Holy Land, where he met a Franciscan friar who took him on a tour of all the Biblical sites he wanted to see. Among other things, Trapp bought seven bottles of water from the Jordan River which were later used to baptize his first seven children.<ref name=salute/>
In 1900, he was assigned to the protected cruiser Template:SMS and was decorated for his performance during the Boxer Rebellion in China, in which he participated in the assault on the Taku Forts.<ref name="foundation_naval"/> In 1902, he passed the final officer's examination, and was commissioned a Fregattenleutnant (frigate lieutenant, equivalent to sub-lieutenant) in May 1903.<ref name="foundation_naval"/> He was fascinated by submarines, and in 1908 seized the opportunity to transfer to the navy's newly formed submarine arm, or U-boot-Waffe, receiving promotion to Linienschiffsleutnant (ship-of-the-line lieutenant, or lieutenant) that November.<ref name="foundation_naval"/> In 1910 he was given command of the newly constructed Template:Ship.<ref name=nara2>Template:Cite news</ref> He commanded U-6 until 1913.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
World War IEdit
On 17 April 1915, Trapp took command of Template:Ship. He conducted nine combat patrols in U-5, and sank two enemy warships. One was the French armored cruiser Template:Ship, sunk at Template:Coord on 27 April 1915, Template:Convert south of Cape Santa Maria di Leuca. In hunting and sinking Gambetta, Trapp achieved a notable success as commander of the first-ever underwater nighttime (and only the second) submarine attack on a vessel in the Adriatic.<ref name="foundation_naval"/> Just over three months later, he sank the Italian submarine Template:Ship at Template:Coord on 5 August 1915, Template:Convert off Pelagosa (Palagruža) Island.<ref>von Trapp, p. 41.</ref> He also captured the Greek steamer Cefalonia off Durazzo on 29 August 1915. Some sources incorrectly credit Trapp with sinking the Italian troop transport and armed merchant cruiser Template:SS,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which resulted in the greatest loss of life in any submarine attack in World War I, but the ship was actually sunk by U-5, commanded by Friedrich Schlosser.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Trapp was transferred to the Template:Ship, the former French submarine Curie, which had been sunk and salvaged by the Austro-Hungarian Navy.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He conducted ten more war patrols in the much larger submarine, attacking merchant ships instead of warships. Between April 1917 and October 1917, U-14 sank 11 Allied merchant ships under Trapp's command.
In May 1918, he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (equal to lieutenant commander) and given command of the submarine base at Cattaro in the Gulf of Kotor. However, Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I led to the empire's collapse. The territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided among seven countries, with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes keeping most of the seacoast. The Republic of German-Austria was landlocked and no longer had a navy, putting an end to Trapp's naval career.<ref name=salute/>
War recordEdit
Trapp's patrols in U-5 and U-14 made him the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine commander of World War I, sinking 11 Allied merchant ships totaling 47,653 GRT and two Allied warships displacing a total of 12,641 tons.<ref name="uboat.net"/>Template:Efn
| Date | Vessel | Nationality | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27 April 1915 | Template:Ship | Template:Navy | Sunk |
| 5 August 1915 | Template:Ship | Template:Navy | Sunk |
| 29 August 1915 | Cefalonia | Template:Flag | Captured |
| Date | Vessel | Nationality | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28 April 1917 | Teakwood | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 3 May 1917 | Antonio Sciesa | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 5 July 1917 | Marionga Goulandris | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 23 August 1917 | Constance | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 24 August 1917 | Kilwinning | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 26 August 1917 | Titian | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 28 August 1917 | Nairn | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 29 August 1917 | Template:SS | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 18 October 1917 | Good Hope | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 18 October 1917 | Elsiston | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
| 23 October 1917 | Capo Di Monte | Template:Flag | Template:Coord |
Orders, decorations and medalsEdit
- Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (1924)
- Knight's Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold
- Knight 2nd Class of the Order of the Iron Crown (1917)
- Bronze Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis")
- Military Merit Cross<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 1898 Jubilee Medal
- 1908 Jubilee Cross
- War Medal 1914–1918 with swords
- Long Service Cross (18 years)
- Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class (German Empire)
- Liakat Medal (Ottoman Empire)
- Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd Class (Russian Empire)
First marriage and inherited wealthEdit
Trapp married Agathe Gobertina Whitehead,<ref name="Georg & Agathe">Georg & Agathe FOUNDATION Honoring the von Trapp and Whitehead Heritage</ref> the eldest daughter and third child of Countess Agathe Gobertina von Breunner-Enckevoirth (1856–1945), Austro-Hungarian nobility, and Cavaliere (Knight) John Whitehead (1854–1902), son of Robert Whitehead (1823–1905) who invented the modern torpedo and a partner at the family's Fiume Whitehead Torpedo Factory<ref name="Georg & Agathe" /> (not, as frequently stated, a niece of the British Government minister St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton). The British government rejected Whitehead's invention, but Austrian Emperor Franz Josef invited him to open a torpedo factory in Fiume.<ref name=salute>Template:Cite book</ref> Trapp's first command was the U-boat U-6 which was launched by Agathe.<ref name=salute/><ref>Sources conflict on whether the marriage took place in January 1911 or January 1912.</ref>
Agathe's inherited wealth sustained the couple and permitted them to start a family, and they had two sons and five daughters over the next ten years. Their first child was Rupert,<ref name=ssdirupert>Social Security Death Index as "Rupert Vontrapp" 1 November 1911 – 22 February 1992; 05672 (Stowe, Lamoille, VT); 127-14-1082; Social Security issued in New York</ref> born on 1 November 1911 at Pula while the couple were living at Pina Budicina 11.<ref group=Map>The Villa Trapp is at Pina Budicina 11 at Template:Coord</ref> Their other children were: Agathe, also born in Pula; Maria Franziska, Werner;<ref name=marriagewerner>Template:Cite news</ref> Hedwig, and Johanna, all born at the family home the Erlhof in Zell am See;<ref group="Map">The Erlhof is at Template:Coord</ref> and Martina, born at the Martinsschlössel at Klosterneuburg, for which she was named.<ref group="Map">The Martinsschlössel is at Template:Coord</ref>
On 3 September 1922, Agathe von Trapp died of scarlet fever contracted from her daughter Agathe.<ref name=salute/> Trapp then acquired Villa Trapp in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg, and moved his family there in 1924.<ref name=salute/><ref group=Map>The family villa in Aigen is at Template:Coord</ref> During this period, he delivered several lectures and conducted interviews on his naval career.<ref name="foundation_naval"/>
Second marriageEdit
About 1926, Maria Franziska was recovering from an illness and was unable to go to school, so Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera, a novice from the nearby Nonnberg Abbey as a tutor.<ref name=chrono>Template:Cite news</ref> They were married on 26 November 1927 when he was 47 and she was 22.<ref name=salute/><ref name=nara1>Petition for Naturalization, Retrieved 5 January 2009</ref>Template:Better source needed They had three children: Rosmarie, born on 8 February 1929,<ref name=prologue/>Template:Better source needed Eleonore (called Lorli), born 14 May 1931, and Johannes, born 17 January 1939 in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Turning to musicEdit
In 1935, Trapp's money, inherited from his English first wife, was invested in a bank in England. Austria was under economic pressure from a hostile Germany, and Austrian banks were in a precarious position. Trapp sought to help a friend in the banking business, Auguste Caroline Lammer (1885–1937), so he withdrew most of his money from London and deposited it in an Austrian bank. The bank failed, wiping out most of the family's substantial fortune.<ref name=nara2/>
At about that time, a Catholic priest, Franz Wasner, instructed the children in music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Around 1936, Lotte Lehmann heard the family sing, and she suggested they perform paid concerts. When the Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg heard them on the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Father Wasner became the group's musical director.
Departure from AustriaEdit
According to Maria von Trapp's memoirsTemplate:Citation needed, Georg von Trapp found himself in a vexing situation after the German takeover of Austria in 1938. He was offered a commission in the German Navy. This was a tempting proposition, particularly when Georg von Trapp saw the technological advances in 1930s U-boats unthinkable compared to those he had once commanded in World War I, but Trapp decided to decline the offer out of hostility to Nazi ideology. He also politely declined a request for the family choir to perform at Hitler's birthday concert. After his eldest son also announced his intention to refuse to benefit from anti-Semitism and to similarly decline a medical position at a prestigious Vienna hospital that had just fired all Jewish doctors, Georg von Trapp realized that the writing was on the wall. He summoned all his children and warned them that no family could safely refuse three successive offers from a man like Adolf Hitler. After Georg advised them that they must choose between a life of comfort or become refugees and keep their honour,<ref name=prologue/> the Trapp family decided to emigrate from Nazi Austria.
On leaving Austria, the Trapps traveled by train to Italy (not over the mountains by foot to Switzerland as is depicted in The Sound of Music). The family had a contract with an American booking agent when they left Austria. Once in Italy, they contacted the agent and requested fare to America,<ref name=prologue>Template:Cite magazine.</ref> first traveling to London, before sailing to the United States for their first concert tour.<ref name=prologue/><ref name=life>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1939 the family returned to Europe to tour Scandinavia, hoping to continue their concerts in cities beyond the reach of the Third Reich. During this time, they went back to Salzburg for a few months before returning to Sweden to finish the tour. From there, they traveled to Norway to begin the trip back to the United States in September 1939, just after World War II broke out.<ref name=nara2/>
After living for a short time in Merion, Pennsylvania, where their youngest child, Johannes, was born, the family settled in Stowe, Vermont, in 1941. They purchased a Template:Convert farm in 1942 and converted it into the Trapp Family Lodge.<ref name="nytimes1997_tribute"/> In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to the Trapp family in the US pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen first-hand the suffering of the residents of Salzburg when he had arrived there with the 42nd Infantry Division after World War II. The Trapp Family founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc.; the priest Franz Wasner, their pre-war friend, became its treasurer.Template:Citation needed
DeathEdit
Trapp died of lung cancer on 30 May 1947 in Stowe, Vermont.<ref>Barry Monush: The Sound of Music FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Maria, the Von Trapps, and Our Favorite Things, 2015, p. 20 [1]</ref> In The Story of the Trapp Family Singers (1949), Maria von Trapp pointed out that there was a high incidence of lung cancer among World War I U-boat crews, due to the diesel and gasoline fumes and poor ventilation, and that his death could be considered service-related. She also acknowledged in her book that, like most men of the period, he was a heavy smoker.<ref>The Story of the Trapp Family Singers (1949)</ref>
ChildrenEdit
| Image | Name | Mother | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rupert | Agathe Gobertina née Whitehead | 1 November 1911<ref name=salute/> | Template:Death date and age<ref name=ssdirupert/> | He married Henriette Lajoie (1927) in 1947 and had two sons and four daughters; they later divorced. He later married Janice Tyre (1920–1994), and had no children with her.<ref name=obit>Template:Cite news</ref> He was a physician.<ref name=nara2/><ref name=ssdiwerner/><ref>Social Security Death Index as "Janice T. Vontrapp" – 26 June 1920; 21 December 1994 (V) 05672 (Stowe, Lamoille, VT); 05672 (Stowe, Lamoille, VT) 169-14-4569; Social Security issued in Pennsylvania</ref> | |
| File:Agathe von Trapp in 1948.jpg | Agathe | 12 March 1913 | Template:Death date and age<ref name="agathedeath">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | She worked as a singer and an artist, and lived in Baltimore, Maryland. Agathe ran a kindergarten with her longtime friend of 50 years, Mary Louise Kane, at the Sacred Heart Catholic parish in Glyndon, Maryland. She had no children.<ref name="nytimes1997_tribute"/><ref name=obit/> | |
| File:Maria Franziska von Trapp in 1948.jpg | Template:Nowrap | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Template:Death date and age<ref name=obit/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=cnn>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=timesobit>Template:Cite news</ref> |
She worked as a singer and missionary in Papua New Guinea, no children. In 2008 she visited the ancestral home.<ref name=obit/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Werner | Template:Nowrap | Template:Death date and age<ref name=ssdiwerner>Social Security Death Index as "Werner Vontrapp" 21 December 1915; 11 October 2007 (V) 05673 (Waitsfield, Washington, VT); 127-14-1139; Social Security issued in New York</ref><ref name=history>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> || He married Erika Klambauer in 1948 and had four sons and two daughters, including Elisabeth von Trapp.<ref name=marriagewerner/><ref name=obit/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| File:Hedwig trapp.jpg | Hedwig | 28 July 1917 | Template:Death date and age<ref name="nytimes1997_tribute"/><ref name=history/> | She worked as a teacher, lived in Hawaii, and died of asthma, no children. | |
| File:Johanna trapp.jpg | Johanna | 7 September 1919 | Template:Death date and age | She married Ernst Florian Winter in 1948 and had three sons, one died, and four daughters. She lived in Vienna and died there.<ref name=obit/> | |
| File:Martina trapp.jpg | Martina | 17 February 1921 | Template:Death date and age<ref name=history/> | In 1949, she married Jean Dupiere (died before 1998). She died of complications during childbirth and had a stillborn daughter. | |
| Rosmarie | Maria Augusta von Trapp née Kutschera | Template:Birth date | Template:Death date and age<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Rosmarie worked as a singer and missionary in Papua New Guinea. She most recently lived in Pittsburgh, and had no children.<ref name=obit/> | |
| Eleonore | Template:Birth date | Template:Death date and age<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | She married Hugh David Campbell in 1954 and had seven daughters. She lived with her family in Waitsfield, Vermont.<ref name="nytimes1997_tribute"/><ref name=obit/> | ||
| Johannes | Template:Birth date and age<ref name=nara1/> | Married 1969 to Lynne Peterson and has one son, Sam von Trapp, and one daughter, Kristina von Trapp-Frame. Johannes managed the family resort in Stowe, Vermont, with his son Sam.<ref name=obit/><ref name=Johannes>Template:Cite news</ref> |
PortrayalsEdit
Trapp has been portrayed in various adaptations of his family's life such as The Sound of Music, both the 1965 film (played by Christopher Plummer) and the Broadway musical, as well as two German films, The Trapp Family (1956) and The Trapp Family in America (1958).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, these adaptations often altered the portrayal of the Captain. In real life and in the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers, written by his second wife Maria Augusta Trapp, the Captain has been described as being a warm and loving father who was always around.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the Captain was portrayed in a more negative light in many adaptations. For instance, in the 1965 film, Georg von Trapp was portrayed as a disciplinary man who always went away and did not care for his children or their feelings at the beginning of the film.<ref>Wise, Robert. The Sound of Music. Twentieth Century Fox, 1965.</ref> BBC Radio presented a different account of the family in October, 2009, in a play by Annie Caulfield called The Von Trapps and Me, focused on Princess Yvonne, "the woman Captain Von Trapp jilted in order to marry Maria."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>