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Georges Seurat

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox artist Georges Pierre Seurat (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite LPD</ref><ref>Template:Cite EPD</ref><ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref><ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}};<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist. He devised the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism and used conté crayon for drawings on paper with a rough surface.

Seurat's artistic personality combined qualities that are usually thought of as opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind.<ref>Fry, Roger Essay, 'The Dial', Camden, New Jersey, September 1926</ref> His large-scale work A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-Impressionism, and is one of the icons of late 19th-century painting.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BiographyEdit

File:Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Le Chahut, Kröller-Müller Museum.jpg
Georges Seurat, 1889–90, Le Chahut, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo

Family and educationEdit

Seurat was born on 2 December 1859 in Paris, at 60 rue de Bondy (now rue René Boulanger). The Seurat family moved to 136 boulevard de Magenta (now 110 boulevard de Magenta) in 1862 or 1863.<ref name=kmmbio>Seurat: p. 16</ref> His father, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally from Champagne, was a former legal official who had become wealthy from speculating in property, and his mother, Ernestine Faivre, was from Paris.Template:Sfn Georges had a brother, Émile Augustin, and a sister, Marie-Berthe, both older. His father lived in Le Raincy and visited his wife and children once a week at boulevard de Magenta.<ref name="Seurat: p. 17">Seurat: p. 17</ref>

Georges Seurat first studied art at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near his family's home in the boulevard Magenta, which was run by the sculptor Justin Lequien.<ref name=techbull>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn In 1878, he moved on to the École des Beaux-Arts where he was taught by Henri Lehmann, and followed a conventional academic training, drawing from casts of antique sculpture and copying drawings by old masters.<ref name=techbull/> Seurat's studies resulted in a well-considered and fertile theory of contrasts: a theory to which all his work was thereafter subjected.<ref>Signac, Paul Brief Survey, in Revue Blanche Paris 1899</ref> His formal artistic education came to an end in November 1879, when he left the École des Beaux-Arts for a year of military service.Template:Sfn

After a year at the Brest Military Academy, he returned to Paris where he shared a studio with his friend Aman-Jean, while also renting a small apartment at 16 rue de Chabrol.Template:Sfn For the next two years, he worked at mastering the art of monochrome drawing. His first exhibited work, shown at the Salon, of 1883, was a Conté crayon drawing of Aman-Jean.Template:Sfn He also studied the works of Eugène Delacroix carefully, making notes on his use of color.<ref name=techbull/>

Bathers at AsnièresEdit

File:Baigneurs a Asnieres.jpg
Bathers at Asnières, 1884, oil on canvas, 201 × 301 cm, National Gallery, London

He spent 1883 working on his first major paintingTemplate:Snda large canvas titled Bathers at Asnières,Template:Sfn a monumental work showing young men relaxing by the Seine in a working-class suburb of Paris.Template:Sfn Although influenced in its use of color and light tone by Impressionism, the painting with its smooth, simplified textures and carefully outlined, rather sculptural figures, shows the continuing impact of his neoclassical training; the critic Paul Alexis described it as a "faux Puvis de Chavannes".Template:Sfn Seurat also departed from the Impressionist ideal by preparing for the work with a number of drawings and oil sketches before starting on the canvas in his studio.Template:Sfn

Bathers at Asnières was rejected by the Paris Salon, and instead he showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants in May 1884. Soon, however, disillusioned by the poor organization of the Indépendants, Seurat and some other artists he had met through the group – including Charles Angrand, Henri-Edmond Cross, Albert Dubois-Pillet and Paul Signac – set up a new organization, the Société des Artistes Indépendants.Template:Sfn Seurat's new ideas on pointillism were to have an especially strong influence on Signac, who subsequently painted in the same idiom.

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande JatteEdit

File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886, oil on canvas, 207.5 × 308.1 cm, Art Institute of Chicago

In summer 1884, Seurat began work on A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.

The painting shows members of each of the social classes participating in various park activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-colored paint allow the viewer's eye to blend colors optically, rather than having the colors physically blended on the canvas. It took Seurat two years to complete this Template:Convert painting, much of which he spent in the park sketching in preparation for the work. There are about 60 studies for the large painting, including a smaller version, Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1885), which is now in the collection of The Art Institute of Chicago. The full work is also part of the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.<ref>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Retrieved 25 April 2010</ref>

The painting was the inspiration for James Lapine and Stephen Sondheim's musical Sunday in the Park with George<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Gans, Andrew. "McDonald-LuPone-Cerveris Sunday in the Park with George Begins Sept. 3" Playbill.com, 3 September 2004</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and played a significant symbolic role in John Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Later career and personal lifeEdit

File:Georges Seurat, 1889-90, Jeune femme se poudrant (Young Woman Powdering Herself), oil on canvas, 95.5 x 79.5 cm, Courtauld Institute of Art.jpg
Jeune femme se poudrant (Young Woman Powdering Herself), 1888–1890, oil on canvas, 95.5 x 79.5 cm, Courtauld Institute of Art

Seurat concealed his relationship with Madeleine Knobloch (or Madeleine Knoblock, 1868–1903), an artist's model whom he portrayed in his painting Jeune femme se poudrant. In 1889, she moved in with Seurat in his studio on the seventh floor of 128 bis Boulevard de Clichy.<ref name=kmm1822>Seurat: pp. 18–22</ref>

When Madeleine became pregnant, the couple moved to a studio at 39 passage de l'Élysée-des-Beaux-Arts (now rue André Antoine). There she gave birth to their son, who was named Pierre-Georges, on 16 February 1890.<ref name=kmm1822 />

Seurat spent the summer of 1890 on the coast at Gravelines, where he painted four canvases including The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe, as well as eight oil panels, and made a few drawings.Template:Sfn

DeathEdit

Seurat died in Paris in his parents' home on 29 March 1891 at the age of 31.<ref name=kmmbio /> The cause of his death is uncertain, and has been variously attributed to a form of meningitis, pneumonia, infectious angina, and diphtheria. His son died two weeks later from the same disease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His last ambitious work, The Circus, was left unfinished at the time of his death.

On 30 March 1891 a funeral Mass was held in the Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.<ref name=kmmbio /> Seurat was interred 31 March 1891 at Cimetière du Père-Lachaise.<ref name="Seurat: p. 17"/>

At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant with a second child who died during or shortly after birth.<ref>Seurat: p. 18</ref>

Colour theoryEdit

Contemporary ideasEdit

File:Seurat-La Parade detail.jpg
Detail from Circus Sideshow (Parade de Cirque) (1889) showing pointillism and color theory

During the 19th century, scientist-writers such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and David Sutter wrote treatises on colour, optical effects and perception. They adapted the scientific research of Hermann von Helmholtz and Isaac Newton into a form accessible to laypeople.<ref name="Robert Herbert">Herbert, Robert L., Neo-impressionism, New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1968</ref> Artists followed new discoveries in perception with great interest.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

Chevreul was perhaps the most important influence on artists at the time; his great contribution was producing a colour wheel of primary and intermediary hues. Chevreul was a French chemist who restored tapestries. During his restorations he noticed that the only way to restore a section properly was to take into account the influence of the colours around the missing wool; he could not produce the right hue unless he recognized the surrounding dyes. Chevreul discovered that two colours juxtaposed, slightly overlapping or very close together, would have the effect of another colour when seen from a distance. The discovery of this phenomenon became the basis for the pointillist technique of the Neo-Impressionist painters.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

Chevreul also realized that the "halo" that one sees after looking at a colour is the opposing colour (also known as complementary color). For example: After looking at a red object, one may see a cyan echo/halo of the original object. This complementary colour (as an example, cyan for red) is due to retinal persistence. Neo-Impressionist painters interested in the interplay of colours made extensive use of complementary colors in their paintings. In his works, Chevreul advised artists to think and paint not just the colour of the central object, but to add colours and make appropriate adjustments to achieve a harmony among colours. It seems that the harmony Chevreul wrote about is what Seurat came to call "emotion".<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

It is not clear whether Seurat read all of Chevreul's book on colour contrast, published in 1859, but he did copy out several paragraphs from the chapter on painting, and he had read Charles Blanc's Grammaire des arts du dessin (1867),<ref name=techbull/> which cites Chevreul's work. Blanc's book was directed at artists and art connoisseurs. Because of colour's emotional significance to him, he made explicit recommendations that were close to the theories later adopted by the Neo-Impressionists. He said that colour should not be based on the "judgment of taste", but rather it should be close to what we experience in reality. Blanc did not want artists to use equal intensities of colour, but to consciously plan and understand the role of each hue in creating a whole.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

While Chevreul based his theories on Newton's thoughts on the mixing of light, Ogden Rood based his writings on the work of Helmholtz. He analyzed the effects of mixing and juxtaposing material pigments. Rood valued as primary colors red, green and blue-violet. Like Chevreul, he said that if two colours are placed next to each other, from a distance they look like a third distinctive colour. He also pointed out that the juxtaposition of primary hues next to each other would create a far more intense and pleasing colour, when perceived by the eye and mind, than the corresponding color made simply by mixing paint. Rood advised artists to be aware of the difference between additive and subtractive qualities of colour, since material pigments and optical pigments (light) do not mix in the same way:

  • Material pigments: Red + Yellow + Blue = Black ( Magenta, Yellow and Cyan give a true black when mixed; Red, Yellow and Blue generally do not.)
  • Optical / Light : Red + Green + Blue = White

Seurat was also influenced by Sutter's Phenomena of Vision (1880), in which he wrote that "the laws of harmony can be learned as one learns the laws of harmony and music".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He heard lectures in the 1880s by the mathematician Charles Henry at the Sorbonne, who discussed the emotional properties and symbolic meaning of lines and colour. There remains controversy over the extent to which Henry's ideas were adopted by Seurat.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

Language of colourEdit

File:Georges Seurat 019.jpg
The Circus, 1891, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Seurat took to heart the colour theorists' notion of a scientific approach to painting. He believed that a painter could use colour to create harmony and emotion in art in the same way that a musician uses counterpoint and variation to create harmony in music. He theorized that the scientific application of colour was like any other natural law, and he was driven to prove this conjecture. He thought that the knowledge of perception and optical laws could be used to create a new language of art based on its own set of heuristics and he set out to show this language using lines, colour intensity and colour schema. Seurat called this language Chromoluminarism.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

In a letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg in 1890 he wrote: "Art is Harmony. Harmony is the analogy of the contrary and of similar elements of tone, of colour and of line. In tone, lighter against darker. In colour, the complementary, red-green, orange-blue, yellow-violet. In line, those that form a right-angle. The frame is in a harmony that opposes those of the tones, colours and lines of the picture, these aspects are considered according to their dominance and under the influence of light, in gay, calm or sad combinations".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg, 28 August 1890, Seurat Phaidon Press, London, 1965</ref>

Seurat's theories can be summarized as follows: The emotion of gaiety can be achieved by the domination of luminous hues, by the predominance of warm colours, and by the use of lines directed upward. Calm is achieved through an equivalence/balance of the use of the light and the dark, by the balance of warm and cold colours, and by lines that are horizontal. Sadness is achieved by using dark and cold colours and by lines pointing downward.<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

InfluenceEdit

File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg
Circus Sideshow (Parade de Cirque), 1887–88, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Where the dialectic nature of Paul Cézanne's work had been greatly influential during the highly expressionistic phase of proto-Cubism, between 1908 and 1910, the work of Seurat, with its flatter, more linear structures, would capture the attention of the Cubists from 1911.<ref name="Mittelmann">Alex Mittelmann, State of the Modern Art World, The Essence of Cubism and its Evolution in Time, 2011</ref> Seurat in his few years of activity, was able, with his observations on irradiation and the effects of contrast, to create afresh without any guiding tradition, to complete an esthetic system with a new technical method perfectly adapted to its expression.<ref>Fry, Roger Essay in The Dial, Camden, New Jersey, September 1926.</ref>

"With the advent of monochromatic Cubism in 1910–1911," writes art historian Robert Herbert, "questions of form displaced color in the artists' attention, and for these Seurat was more relevant. Thanks to several exhibitions, his paintings and drawings were easily seen in Paris, and reproductions of his major compositions circulated widely among the Cubists. The Chahut [Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo] was called by André Salmon 'one of the great icons of the new devotion', and both it and the Cirque (Circus), Musée d'Orsay, Paris, according to Guillaume Apollinaire, 'almost belong to Synthetic Cubism'."<ref name="Robert Herbert" />

The concept was well established among the French artists that painting could be expressed mathematically, in terms of both color and form; and this mathematical expression resulted in an independent and compelling "objective truth", perhaps more so than the objective truth of the object represented.<ref name="Mittelmann" />

Indeed, the Neo-Impressionists had succeeded in establishing an objective scientific basis in the domain of color (Seurat addresses both problems in Circus and Dancers). Soon, the Cubists were to do so in both the domain of form and dynamics; Orphism would do so with color too.<ref name="Mittelmann" />

On 2 December 2021, Google honored Seurat with a Google Doodle on his 162nd birthday.<ref name="GoogleDoodle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PaintingsEdit

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DrawingsEdit

ExhibitionsEdit

File:Portrait d'Edmond Aman-Jean par Georges Seurat.jpg
Portrait of Edmond Aman-Jean, shown at the 1883 Salon

From 1883 until his death, Seurat exhibited his work at the Salon, the Salon des Indépendants, Les XX in Brussels, the eighth Impressionist exhibition, and other exhibitions in France and abroad.<ref name=kmmexh>Works exhibited by Georges Seurat. In Seurat, pp. 121–130.</ref>

  • Salon, Paris, 1 May–20 June 1883
    The Salon showed Seurat's drawing of Edmond Aman-Jean.
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 15 May–30 June 1884
    Seurat showed Une Baignade, Asnières, after the official Salon had rejected it. Seurat's debut as a painter.
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 10 December 1884 – 17 January 1885
  • Works in Oil and Pastel by the Impressionists of Paris, American Art Association, New York, April and May 1886.
    Organised by Paul Durand-Ruel.
  • Impressionist exhibition, Paris, 15 May–15 June 1886
    Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte shown for the first time.
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 21 August–21 September 1886
  • Les impressionnistes, Palais du Cours Saint-André, Nantes, 10 October 1886 – 15 January 1887
  • Galerie Martinet, Paris, December 1886 – January 1887
  • Les XX, Brussels, February 1887
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 26 March–3 May 1887
  • Théâtre Libre, Paris, November 1887 – January 1888
    Works by Seurat, Signac and van Gogh.
  • Exposition de Janvier, La Revue indépendante, Paris, January 1888
  • Exposition de Février, La Revue indépendante, Paris, February 1888
  • Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 1–3 March 1888 (sales exhibition)
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 22 March–3 May 1888
  • Tweede Jaarlijksche Tentoonstelling der Nederlandsche Etsclub, Arti et Amicitiae, Amsterdam, June 1888
    Drawing Au café concert, lent by Theo van Gogh.
  • Les XX, Brussels, February 1889
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 3 September–4 October 1889
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April 1890
    Showed Le Chahut, Jeune femme se poudrant and 9 other works.
  • Les XX, Brussels, 7 February–8 March 1891
    Showed Le Chahut and 6 other paintings.
  • Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April 1891
    Showed Le Cirque and four paintings from Gravelines.

Posthumous exhibitions:

  • Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection of Non-Objective Paintings, South Carolina, 1938, Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

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SourcesEdit

Further readingEdit

  • Cachin, Françoise, Seurat: Le rêve de l'art-science, collection "Découvertes Gallimard" (nº 108). Paris: Gallimard/Réunion des musées nationaux, 1991
  • Template:Cite book
  • Fénéon, Félix, Oeuvres-plus-que-complètes, ed., J. U. Halperin, 2v, Geneva: Droz, 1970
  • Fry Roger Essay, 'The Dial' Camden, NJ Sept. 1926
  • Gage, John T., "The Technique of Seurat: A Reappraisal," Art Bulletin 69:3 (87 September)
  • Halperin, Joan Ungersma, Félix Fénéon: Aesthete and Anarchist in Fin-de-Siècle Paris, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988
  • Homer, William Innes, Seurat and the Science of Painting, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964
  • Lövgren, Sven, The Genesis of Modernism: Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh & French Symbolism in the 1880s, 2nd ed., Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1971
  • Rewald, John, Cézanne, new ed., NY: Abrams, 1986
  • Rewald, Seurat, NY: Abrams, 1990
  • Rewald, Studies in Impressionism, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1986
  • Rewald, Post-Impressionism, 3rd ed., revised, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1978
  • Rewald, Studies in Post-Impressionism, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1986
  • Rich, Daniel Catton, Seurat and the Evolution of La Grande Jatte (University of Chicago Press, 1935), NY: Greenwood Press, 1969
  • Russell, John, Seurat, (1965) London: Thames & Hudson, 1985
  • Seurat, Georges, Seurat: Correspondences, témoignages, notes inédites, critiques, ed., Hélène Seyrès, Paris: Acropole, 1991 (NYU ND 553.S5A3)
  • Seurat, ed., Norma Broude, Seurat in Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978
  • Smith, Paul, Seurat and the Avant-Garde, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997

External linksEdit

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