Ger toshav

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The rainbow is the unofficial symbol of Noahidism, recalling the Genesis flood narrative in which a rainbow appears to Noah after the Flood; it represents God's promise to Noah to refrain from flooding the Earth and destroying all life again.<ref name="Segal 1993">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ger toshav (Template:Langx, ger: "foreigner" or "alien" + toshav: "resident", lit. "resident alien")Template:Refn is a halakhic term used in Judaism to designate the legal status of a Gentile (non-Jew) living in the Land of Israel who does not want to convert to Judaism but agrees to observe the Seven Laws of Noah,Template:Refn a set of imperatives which, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a binding set of universal moral laws for the "sons of Noah"—that is, all of humanity.Template:Refn A ger toshav, especially one who decides to follow the Noahic covenant out of religious belief rather than ethical reasoning, is commonly deemed a "Righteous Gentile" (Template:Langx, Chassid Umot ha-Olam: "Pious People of the World"),Template:Refn and is assured of a place in the World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba).<ref name="Schwarzschild 2006"/><ref name= "JE2"/><ref name= "Sefaria" />

DefinitionEdit

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A ger toshav ("resident alien") is a Gentile (non-Jew) living in the Land of Israel who agrees to follow the Seven Laws of Noah.Template:Refn The theological basis for the seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant is said to be derived interpretatively from demands addressed to Adam<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> and to Noah,<ref>See Genesis Rabbah 34; Sanhedrin 59b</ref> who are believed to be the progenitors of humankind in Judaism, and therefore to be regarded as universal moral laws.<ref name="Barnes2021"/><ref name="Schwarzschild 2006"/> The seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant to which the ger toshav agrees to be bound are enumerated in the Babylonian Talmud (Avodah Zarah 8:4, Sanhedrin 56a-b):Template:Refn

Do not worship idols.Template:Refn
Do not curse God.Template:Refn
Do not murder.Template:Refn
Do not commit adultery or sexual immorality.Template:Refn
Do not steal.Template:Refn
Do not eat flesh torn from a living animal.Template:Refn
Establish courts of justice.Template:Refn

The Encyclopedia Talmudit, edited by rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin, states that after the giving of the Torah, the Jewish people were no longer included in the category of the sons of Noah; however, Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 9:1) indicates that the seven commandments are also part of the Torah, and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 59a, see also Tosafot ad. loc.) states that Jews are obligated in all things that Gentiles are obligated in, albeit with some differences in the details.<ref name="Talmudica"/> According to the Encyclopedia Talmudit, most medieval Jewish authorities considered that all the seven commandments were given to Adam, although Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 9:1) considered the dietary law to have been given to Noah.<ref name="Talmudica"/>

The term ger toshav may be used in a formal or informal sense. In the formal sense, a ger toshav is a Gentile who officially accepts the seven Noahide laws as binding upon themself in the presence of three haberim (men of authority),<ref name="JE"/> or, according to the rabbinic tradition, before a beth din (Jewish rabbinical court).<ref name="ET1"/> In the Talmud there are two other, differing opinions (Avodah Zarah, 64b) that pertain to which commandments the ger toshav is required to follow:Template:Refn

To abstain from idolatrous practices of any kind (detailed in Exodus Template:Bibleverse-nb and Deuteronomy Template:Bibleverse-nb).<ref name="JE"/>
To uphold all the 613 commandments in rabbinical enumeration,<ref name="JE"/> except for the prohibition against eating kosher animals that died by means other than ritual slaughter, or possibly<ref name="ET1"/> (Meiri) any prohibition not involving kareth.

The accepted opinion is that the ger toshav must accept the Seven Laws of Noah before a rabbinical court of three.<ref name="JE"/><ref name="ET1"/> They will receive certain legal protection and privileges from the community, the rules regarding Jewish-Gentile relations are modified, and there is an obligation to render him aid when in need. The restrictions on having a Gentile do work for a Jew on the Shabbat are also greater when the Gentile is a ger toshav.<ref name="ET1"/>

In the informal sense, a ger toshav is a Gentile who agrees to follow the seven Noahide laws on his own,<ref name="JE2"/> or alternatively, simply rejects idolatry<ref name="JE"/><ref name="ET1"/> (the latter issue is in particular brought up regarding Muslims).<ref name="ET1"/> According to the rabbinic tradition, a Gentile who agrees to follow the seven Noahide laws, although not before a beth din, is still regarded as Chassid Umot ha-Olam ("Pious People of the World"),Template:Refn and the observance of the Seven Laws of Noah grants them a place in the World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba).Template:Refn There is a debate among the halakhic authorities as to whether the rules regarding a ger toshav would apply to the informal case.<ref name="JE"/><ref name="ET1"/>

The procedure to officially recognize the legal status of ger toshav has been discontinued since the cessation of the year of Jubilee with the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem;<ref name="Bleich 1995"/> hence, there are no formal gerim toshavim extant today.<ref name="Bleich 1995"/> However, it can be argued that a great deal are "informal" ones,<ref name="ET1"/> especially since it is possible to be a Chassid Umot ha-Olam even when the Jubilee year is not observed.

Modern times and viewsEdit

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Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, encouraged his followers on many occasions to preach the Seven Laws of Noah, devoting some of his addresses to the subtleties of this code.<ref>Template:• Template:Cite book
Template:• Template:Cite book
Template:• Template:Cite book</ref> Since the 1990s, Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations,<ref name="Feldman2018">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ilany">Template:Cite news</ref> including The Temple Institute,<ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> have set up a modern Noahide movement.<ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox Jewish rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews in order to proselytize among them and commit them to follow the Noahide laws.<ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> According to Rachel Z. Feldman,<ref name="Feldman2018"/> American anthropologist and Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Dartmouth College, many of the Orthodox Jewish rabbis involved in mentoring Noahides are supporters of the Third Temple movement who believe that the messianic era shall begin with the establishment of a Jewish theocratic state in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides worldwide:<ref name="Feldman2018"/>

Today, nearly 2,000 Filipinos consider themselves members of the "Children of Noah", a new Judaic faith that is growing into the tens of thousands worldwide as ex-Christians encounter forms of Jewish learning online. Under the tutelage of Orthodox Jewish rabbis, Filipino "Noahides", as they call themselves, study Torah, observe the Sabbath, and passionately support a form of messianic Zionism. Filipino Noahides believe that Jews are a racially superior people, with an innate ability to access divinity. According to their rabbi mentors, they are forbidden from performing Jewish rituals and even reading certain Jewish texts. These restrictions have necessitated the creation of new, distinctly Noahide ritual practices and prayers modeled after Jewish ones. Filipino Noahides are practicing a new faith that also affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem.<ref name="Feldman2018"/>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Feldman describes Noahidism as a "new world religion" that "carv[es] out a place for non-Jews in the messianic Zionist project" and "affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right to the Land of Israel, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in Jerusalem."<ref name="Feldman2018"/> She characterizes Noahide ideology in the Philippines and elsewhere in the global south as having a "markedly racial dimension" constructed around "an essential categorical difference between Jews and Noahides".<ref name="Feldman2018"/> David Novak, professor of Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of imperialism".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the Jewish philosopher and professor Menachem Kellner's study on Maimonidean texts (1991), a ger toshav could be a transitional stage on the way to becoming a "righteous alien" (Template:Langx, ger tzedek), i.e. a full convert to Judaism.<ref name="Kellner1991">Template:Cite book</ref> He conjectures that, according to Maimonides, only a full ger tzedek would be found during the Messianic era.<ref name="Kellner1991"/> Furthermore, Kellner criticizes the assumption within Orthodox Judaism that there is an "ontological divide between Jews and Gentiles",<ref name="Kellner2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which he believes is contrary to what Maimonides thought and the Torah teaches,<ref name="Kellner2016"/> stating that "Gentiles as well as Jews are fully created in the image of God".<ref name="Kellner2016"/>

According to Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the status of ger toshav will continue to exist, even in the Messianic era. This is based on the statement in Hilkhot M'lakhim 12:5 that lit. “all the world (kol ha'olam) will be nothing but to know G‑d." In its plain meaning, he asserts, kol ha'olam also includes Gentiles. As proof, he cites 11:4, which deals with the Messianic era, and the similar term ha'olam kulo, "the world in its entirety", refers to Gentiles. Continuing the text in Hilkhot M'lakhim 12:5, Maimonides explicitly changes the topic to Jews by using the term Yisra'el, explaining that "Therefore, the Jews will be great sages and know the hidden matters, grasping the knowledge of their Creator according to the full extent of human potential", indicating that Jews and Gentiles will co-exist in the time of the Messiah.<ref>Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. Sha'arei Ge'ulah. pp. 267–8 (translated from Hebrew; emphasis and round brackets, but not the square brackets, in original text): There is a further detail in the wording of the Rambam in the completion and conclusion of his book [Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 12:5]: "And the occupation of the entire world will not be anything other than to know G‑d." Because in its plain meaning, it thereby includes the nations of the world as well (similar to what the Rambam wrote in the previous chapter, that the Messianic king will "improve the world in its entirety to serve G‑d ... I will transform the nations etc."), especially since immediately afterwards the Rambam changes [terminology] and writes "And therefore Israel will be great sages etc."Template:Citation needed</ref> In any case, even when there is a Jewish king and a Sanhedrin, and all the twelve tribes live in the Land of Israel, Jewish law does not permit forcing someone to convert and become a ger tzedek against his will.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

High Council of Template:TransliterationEdit

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A "High Council of Template:Transliteration", set up to represent Noahide communities around the world, was endorsed by a group that claimed to be the new Sanhedrin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The High Council of Template:Transliteration consists of a group of Noahides who, at the request of the nascent Sanhedrin, gathered in Jerusalem on 10 January 2006 to be recognized as an international Noahide organization for the purpose of serving as a bridge between the nascent Sanhedrin and Noahides worldwide.<ref name="HaLevi 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> There were ten initial members who flew to Israel and pledged to uphold the Seven Laws of Noah and to conduct themselves under the authority of the Noahide Template:Transliteration (religious court) of the nascent Sanhedrin.<ref name="HaLevi 2006"/>

Non-necessity of conversionEdit

According to Christine Hayes, an American scholar of ancient Judaism and early Christianity serving as the Sterling Professor of Religious Studies in Classical Judaica at Yale University, the gerim were not necessarily Gentile converts in the Hebrew Bible, whether in the modern or rabbinic sense.<ref name="Hayes 2002"/> Nonetheless, they were granted many rights and privileges when they lived in the Land of Israel.<ref name="Hayes 2002"/> For example, they could offer sacrifices, actively participate in Israelite politics, keep their distinct ethnic identity for many generations, inherit tribal allotments, etc.<ref name="Hayes 2002">Template:Cite book</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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