Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Featured article Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox

The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa. It is the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant on Earth. Traditionally, giraffes have been thought of as one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. Most recently, researchers proposed dividing them into four extant species due to new research into their mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and individual species can be distinguished by their fur coat patterns. Six valid extinct species of Giraffa from Africa and Pakistan are known from the fossil record.

The giraffe's distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, horn-like ossicones, and spotted coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi. Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits, and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other ground-based herbivores cannot reach.

Lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs may prey upon giraffes. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males but are gregarious and may gather in large groups. Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear sole responsibility for rearing the young.

The giraffe has intrigued various ancient and modern cultures for its peculiar appearance and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as vulnerable to extinction. It has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Giraffes are still found in many national parks and game reserves, but estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010.

EtymologyEdit

The name "giraffe" has its earliest known origins in the Arabic word Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), of an ultimately unclear Sub-Saharan African language origin.<ref name=OED/> The Middle English and early Modern English spellings, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, derive from the Arabic form-based Spanish and Portuguese girafa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The modern English form developed around 1600 from the French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=OED>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

"Camelopard" (Template:IPAc-en) is an archaic English name for the giraffe; it derives from the Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration), "camel", and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration), "leopard", referring to its camel-like shape and leopard-like colouration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TaxonomyEdit

EvolutionEdit

The giraffe is one of only two living genera of the family Giraffidae in the order Artiodactyla, the other being the okapi.<ref name="Mitchell20003"/> They are ruminants of the clade Pecora, along with Antilocapridae (pronghorns), Cervidae (deer), Bovidae (cattle, antelope, goats and sheep) and Moschidae (musk deer). A 2019 genome study (cladogram below) finds that Giraffidae are a sister taxon to Antilocapridae, with an estimated split of over 20 million years ago.<ref name=RumiantPhylo2020>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clade

The family Giraffidae was once much more extensive, with over 10 fossil genera described.<ref name=Mitchell20003>Template:Cite journal</ref> The elongation of the neck appears to have started early in the giraffe lineage. Comparisons between giraffes and their ancient relatives suggest vertebrae close to the skull lengthened earlier, followed by lengthening of vertebrae further down.<ref name="Danowitz2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> One early giraffid ancestor was Canthumeryx, which has been dated variously to have lived Template:Mya, 17–15 mya or 18–14.3 mya and whose deposits have been found in Libya. This animal resembled an antelope and had a medium-sized, lightly built body. Giraffokeryx appeared 15–12 mya on the Indian subcontinent and resembled an okapi or a small giraffe, and had a longer neck and similar ossicones.<ref name=Mitchell20003/> Giraffokeryx may have shared a clade with more massively built giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium.<ref name=Danowitz2015/>

File:Giraffidcomparison.jpg
The extinct giraffid Samotherium (middle) in comparison with the okapi (below) and giraffe. The anatomy of Samotherium appears to have shown a transition to a giraffe-like neck.<ref name=Danowitz/>

Giraffids like Palaeotragus, Shansitherium and Samotherium appeared 14 mya and lived throughout Africa and Eurasia. These animals had broader skulls with reduced frontal cavities.<ref name=Mitchell20003/><ref name=Danowitz2015/> Paleotragus resembled the okapi and may have been its ancestor.<ref name=Mitchell20003/> Others find that the okapi lineage diverged earlier, before Giraffokeryx.<ref name=Danowitz2015/> Samotherium was a particularly important transitional fossil in the giraffe lineage, as the length and structure of its cervical vertebrae were between those of a modern giraffe and an okapi, and its neck posture was likely similar to the former's.<ref name=Danowitz>Template:Cite journal</ref> Bohlinia, which first appeared in southeastern Europe and lived 9–7 mya, was likely a direct ancestor of the giraffe. Bohlinia closely resembled modern giraffes, having a long neck and legs and similar ossicones and dentition.<ref name=Mitchell20003/>

Bohlinia colonised China and northern India and produced the Giraffa, which, around Template:Mya, reached Africa. Climate changes led to the extinction of the Asian giraffes, while the African giraffes survived and radiated into new species. Living giraffes appear to have arisen around Template:Mya in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene.<ref name=Mitchell20003/> Some biologists suggest the modern giraffes descended from G. jumae;<ref name=sim1996/> others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate. G. jumae was larger and more robust, while G. gracilis was smaller and more slender.<ref name=Mitchell20003/>

The changes from extensive forests to more open habitats, which began 8 mya, are believed to be the main driver for the evolution of giraffes.<ref name=Mitchell20003/> During this time, tropical plants disappeared and were replaced by arid C4 plants, and a dry savannah emerged across eastern and northern Africa and western India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some researchers have hypothesised that this new habitat, coupled with a different diet, including acacia species, may have exposed giraffe ancestors to toxins that caused higher mutation rates and a higher rate of evolution.<ref name=bada/> The coat patterns of modern giraffes may also have coincided with these habitat changes. Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had more okapi-like colourations.<ref name=Mitchell20003/>

The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length, compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are identical. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya. A small group of regulatory genes in the giraffe appears responsible for the animal's height and associated circulatory adaptations.<ref name=Holmes/><ref name=Genome>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Species and subspeciesEdit

File:Genetic subdivision in the giraffe based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.png
Map showing "Approximate geographic ranges, fur patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities. The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes. Asterisks along branches correspond to node values of more than 90% bootstrap support. Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Maasai and reticulated giraffes".<ref name=GeneticStructure/>

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently recognises only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.<ref name=iucn/>

Carl Linnaeus originally classified living giraffes as one species in 1758. He gave it the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis. Mathurin Jacques Brisson coined the generic name Giraffa in 1762.<ref name=Dagg1971>Template:Cite journal</ref> During the 1900s, various taxonomies with two or three species were proposed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2007 study on the genetics of giraffes using mitochondrial DNA suggested at least six lineages could be recognised as species.<ref name=GeneticStructure>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2011 study using detailed analyses of the morphology of giraffes, and application of the phylogenetic species concept, described eight species of living giraffes.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> A 2016 study also concluded that living giraffes consist of multiple species. The researchers suggested the existence of four species, which have not exchanged genetic information between each other for one to two million years.<ref name="cur.biol 2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A 2020 study showed that depending on the method chosen, different taxonomic hypotheses recognizing from two to six species can be considered for the genus Giraffa. That study also found that multi-species coalescent methods can lead to taxonomic over-splitting, as those methods delimit geographic structures rather than species. The three-species hypothesis, which recognises G. camelopardalis, G. giraffa, and G. tippelskirchi, is highly supported by phylogenetic analyses and also corroborated by most population genetic and multi-species coalescent analyses.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2021 whole genome sequencing study suggests the existence of four distinct species and seven subspecies,<ref name=Coimbra2021>Template:Cite journal</ref> which was supported by a 2024 study of cranial morphology.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2024 study found a higher amount of ancient gene flow than expected between populations.<ref name=Bertola/>

The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationship between the four proposed species and seven subspecies based on a 2021 genome analysis.<ref name=Coimbra2021/> The eight lineages correspond to eight traditional subspecies in the one-species hypothesis. The Rothschild giraffe is subsumed into G. camelopardalis camelopardalis. Template:Clade gallery

The following table compares the different hypotheses for giraffe species. The description column shows the traditional nine subspecies in the one-species hypothesis.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Species and subspecies of giraffe
Description Image Eight species taxonomy<ref name=":2" /> Four species taxonomy<ref name="cur.biol 2016" /><ref name="Coimbra2021"/> Three species taxonomy<ref name=":6" />
The Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum) has a distribution which includes southern Chad, the Central African Republic, northern Cameroon, and the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name=iucn/> Populations in Cameroon were formerly included in G. c. peralta, but this was incorrect.<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe>Template:Cite journal</ref> Compared to the Nubian giraffe, this subspecies has smaller and more irregular spotting patterns. Its spots are present on insides of the legs, sometimes below the hocks. A median lump is present in males.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp Some 2,000 are believed to remain in the wild.<ref name=iucn/> Considerable confusion has existed over the status of this subspecies and G. c. peralta in zoos. In 2007, all alleged G. c. peralta in European zoos were shown to be, in fact, G. c. antiquorum.<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/> With this correction, about 65 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/> File:Zoo de Vincennes, Paris, France April 2014 (7), crop.jpg Kordofan giraffe
(G. antiquorum)<ref>Swaison 1835. Camelopardalis antiquorum. Bagger el Homer, Kordofan, about 10° N, 28° E (as fixed by Harper, 1940)</ref>
Northern giraffe
(G. camelopardalis)

Template:Smalldiv

The Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), is found in eastern South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, in addition to Kenya and Uganda.<ref name=iucn/> It has sharp-edged chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, while undersides lack spotting. A lump is prominent in the middle of the male's head.<ref name=Seymour>Template:Cite thesis</ref>Template:Rp Around 2,150 are thought to remain in the wild, with another 1,500 individuals belonging to the Rothschild's ecotype.<ref name=iucn/> With the addition of Rothschild's giraffe to the Nubian subspecies, the Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, although the original phenotype is rare — a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="Al Ain exhibits">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> In 2003, this group numbered 14.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

File:Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis (Al Ain Zoo, UAE), crop & flip.jpg Nubian giraffe
(G. camelopardalis)<ref name=":1" />

Also known as Baringo giraffe or Ugandan giraffe

Template:Smalldiv

Rothschild's giraffe (G. c. rothschildi) may be an ecotype of G. camelopardalis. Its range includes parts of Uganda and Kenya.<ref name=iucn/> Its presence in South Sudan is uncertain.<ref name=IUCNrothschildi>Template:Cite iucn</ref> This giraffe has large dark patches with normally well-defined edges but sometimes split. The dark spots may also have swirls of pale colour within them. Spotting rarely reaches below the hocks and rarely to the hooves. This ecotype may also develop five "horns".<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp Around 1,500 individuals are believed to remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> and more than 450 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/> According to genetic analysis circa September 2016, it is conspecific with the Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis).<ref name="cur.biol 2016" /> File:Rothschild's Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) male (7068054987), crop & edit.jpg
The West African giraffe (G. c. peralta) is endemic to southwestern Niger.<ref name=iucn/> This animal has a lighter pelage (fur) than other subspecies,<ref name=Kingdon1988>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp with red lobe-shaped blotches that reach under the hocks. The ossicones are more erect than in other subspecies, and males have well-developed median lumps.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp It is the most endangered subspecies within Giraffa, with 400 individuals remaining in the wild.<ref name=iucn/> Giraffes in Cameroon were formerly believed to belong to this species, but are actually G. c. antiquorum. This error resulted in some confusion over its status in zoos, but in 2007 it was established that all "G. c. peralta" kept in European zoos are actually G. c. antiquorum. The same 2007 study found that the West African giraffe was more closely related to Rothschild's giraffe than the Kordofan, and its ancestor may have migrated from eastern to northern Africa and then west as the Sahara Desert spread. At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a boundary between the West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene (before 5000 BC).<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/> File:Giraffe-solo Koure-NIGER.jpg West African giraffe
(G. peralta),<ref name=IUCNperalta>Template:Cite iucn</ref>

Also known as Niger giraffe or Nigerian giraffe

The reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata) is native to northeastern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, and Somalia.<ref name=iucn/> Its distinctive coat pattern consists of sharp-edged, reddish-brown polygonal patches surrounded by thin white lines. Spots may or may not extend under the hocks, and a median lump is present in males.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp An estimated 8,660 individuals remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> and based on International Species Information System records, more than 450 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> A 2024 study found that the reticulated giraffe is the result of hybridisation between northern and southern giraffe lineages.<ref name=Bertola>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata 01, flip.jpg Reticulated giraffe
(G. reticulata),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Also known as Somali giraffe

The Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis)<ref name=MacDonald/> occurs in northern Namibia, southwestern Zambia, central Botswana, western Zimbabwe, southern Zimbabwe and, since mid-2023, again in Angola.<ref name="2023-07-11_NPR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}, Megan Lim, NPR, 11 July 2023</ref><ref name=iucn/><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":10">Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggested the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations form a separate subspecies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This subspecies is white with large brown blotches with pointed or cut edges. The spotting pattern extends throughout the legs but not the upper part of the face. The neck and rump patches tend to be fairly small. The subspecies also has a white ear mark.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp About 13,000 animals are estimated to remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> and about 20 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/>

File:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis, flip.jpg Angolan giraffe
(G. angolensis)

Also known as Namibian giraffe

Southern giraffe (G. giraffa)

Template:Smalldiv

The South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa) is found in northern South Africa, southern Botswana, northern Botswana and southwestern Mozambique.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> It has a tawny background colour marked with dark, somewhat rounded patches "with some fine projections". The spots extend down the legs, growing smaller as they do. The median lump of males is relatively small.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp A maximum of 31,500 are estimated to remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> and around 45 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/> File:Giraffe standing.jpg South African giraffe
(G. giraffa)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Also known as Cape giraffe

The Masai giraffe (G. c. tippelskirchi) can be found in central and southern Kenya and in Tanzania.<ref name=iucn/> Its coat patterns are highly diverse, with spots ranging from mostly rounded and smooth-edged to oval-shaped and incised or loped-edged.<ref name="Lee2018"/> A median lump is usually present in males.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp<ref name=estes/> A total of 32,550 are thought to remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> and about 100 are living in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/> File:GiraffaCamelopardalisTippelskirchi-Masaai-Mara.JPG Masai giraffe
(G. tippelskirchi)<ref name="MacDonald"/>

Also known as Kilimanjaro giraffe

Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)

Template:Smalldiv

Thornicroft's giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) is restricted to the Luangwa Valley in eastern Zambia.<ref name=iucn/> It has notched and somewhat star-shaped patches which and may or may not extend across the legs. The median lump of males is modestly sized.<ref name=Seymour/>Template:Rp No more than 550 remain in the wild,<ref name=iucn/> with none in zoos.<ref name=ISIS/> It was named after Harry Scott Thornicroft.<ref name=MacDonald>Template:Cite book</ref> File:Giraffe Walking Square, flip.jpg Thornicroft's giraffe
("G. thornicrofti")

Also known as Luangwa giraffe or Rhodesian giraffe

The first extinct species to be described was Giraffa sivalensis from Pakistan, the holotype of which was reevaluated as a vertebra of separate species within the genus that was initially described as a fossil of the living giraffe.<ref name=Sittert2015>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another extinct species Giraffa punjabiensis is known from Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Four other valid extinct species of Giraffa known from Africa are Giraffa gracilis, Giraffa jumae, Giraffa pygmaea and Giraffa stillei.<ref name="Danowitz2015"/> "G." pomeli from Algeria and Tunisia is not a species of Giraffinae, but a species of Palaeotraginae related to Mitilanotherium.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

AnatomyEdit

File:Giraffe skeleton.jpg
Giraffe skeleton on display at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City

Fully grown giraffes stand Template:Cvt tall, with males taller than females.<ref name=Nowak1999>Template:Cite book</ref> The average weight is Template:Cvt for an adult male and Template:Cvt for an adult female.<ref name=Skinner1990>Template:Cite book</ref> Despite its long neck and legs, its body is relatively short.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp The skin is mostly gray<ref name=Skinner1990/> or tan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and can reach a thickness of Template:Cvt.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp The Template:Cvt long<ref name=MacDonald/> tail ends in a long, dark tuft of hair and is used as a defense against insects.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp

The coat has dark blotches or patches, which can be orange, chestnut, brown, or nearly black, surrounded by light hair, usually white or cream coloured.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> Male giraffes become darker as they grow old.<ref name=estes>Template:Cite book</ref> The coat pattern has been claimed to serve as camouflage in the light and shade patterns of savannah woodlands.<ref name=MacDonald/> When standing among trees and bushes, they are hard to see at even a few metres distance. However, adult giraffes move about to gain the best view of an approaching predator, relying on their size and ability to defend themselves rather than on camouflage, which may be more important for calves.<ref name=Mitchell20003/> Each giraffe has a unique coat pattern.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Calves inherit some coat pattern traits from their mothers, and variation in some spot traits is correlated with calf survival.<ref name=Lee2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> The skin under the blotches may regulate the animal's body temperature, being sites for complex blood vessel systems and large sweat glands.<ref name=Mitchell2004>Template:Cite journal</ref> Spotless or solid-color giraffes are very rare, but have been observed.<ref name="National Geographic 12 September 2023">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NPR 6 September 2023">Template:Cite news</ref>

The fur may give the animal chemical defense, as its parasite repellents give it a characteristic scent. At least 11 main aromatic chemicals are in the fur, although indole and 3-methylindole are responsible for most of the smell. Because males have a stronger odour than females, it may also have a sexual function.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

HeadEdit

Both sexes have prominent horn-like structures called ossicones, which can reach Template:Cvt. They are formed from ossified cartilage, covered in skin, and fused to the skull at the parietal bones.<ref name=estes/><ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Being vascularised, the ossicones may have a role in thermoregulation,<ref name=Mitchell2004/> and are used in combat between males.<ref name="sim2010"/> Appearance is a reliable guide to the sex or age of a giraffe: the ossicones of females and young are thin and display tufts of hair on top, whereas those of adult males tend to be bald and knobbed on top.<ref name=estes/> A lump, which is more prominent in males, emerges in the middle of the skull.<ref name=Dagg1971/> Males develop calcium deposits that form bumps on their skulls as they age.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> Multiple sinuses lighten a giraffe's skull.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp However, as males age, their skulls become heavier and more club-like, helping them become more dominant in combat.<ref name=estes/> The occipital condyles at the bottom of the skull allow the animal to tip its head over 90 degrees and grab food on the branches directly above them with the tongue.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp<ref name=Dagg1971/>

With eyes located on the sides of the head, the giraffe has a broad visual field from its great height.<ref name=Dagg2014>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Compared to other ungulates, giraffe vision is more binocular and the eyes are larger with a greater retinal surface area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Giraffes may see in colour,<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp and their senses of hearing and smell are sharp.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> The ears are movable.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp The nostrils are slit-shaped, possibly to withstand blowing sand.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The giraffe's tongue is about Template:Cvt long. It is black, perhaps to protect against sunburn, and can grasp foliage and delicately pick off leaves.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp The upper lip is flexible and hairy to protect against sharp prickles.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> The upper jaw has a hard palate instead of front teeth. The molars and premolars are wide with low crowns on the surface.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp

NeckEdit

The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck, which can be up to Template:Cvt in length.<ref name="Taylor&Wedel2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> Along the neck is a mane made of short, erect hairs.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> The neck typically rests at an angle of 50–60 degrees, though juveniles are closer to 70 degrees.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, not from the addition of more vertebrae. Each cervical vertebra is over Template:Cvt long.<ref name=anatomy>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp They comprise 52–54 per cent of the length of the giraffe's vertebral column, compared with the 27–33 percent typical of similar large ungulates, including the giraffe's closest living relative, the okapi.<ref name=bada>Template:Cite journal</ref> This elongation largely takes place after birth, perhaps because giraffe mothers would have a difficult time giving birth to young with the same neck proportions as adults.<ref name=van>Template:Cite journal</ref> The giraffe's head and neck are held up by large muscles and a nuchal ligament, which are anchored by long thoracic vertebrae spines, giving them a hump.<ref name=Dagg1971/><ref name=Solounias1999/><ref name=MacDonald/>

File:Flickr - Rainbirder - High-rise living.jpg
Adult male reticulated giraffe feeding high on an acacia, in Kenya

The giraffe's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp The point of articulation between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of giraffes is shifted to lie between the first and second thoracic vertebrae (T1 and T2), unlike in most other ruminants, where the articulation is between the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) and T1.<ref name=bada/><ref name=van/> This allows C7 to contribute directly to increased neck length and has given rise to the suggestion that T1 is actually C8, and that giraffes have added an extra cervical vertebra.<ref name=Solounias1999>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, this proposition is not generally accepted, as T1 has other morphological features, such as an articulating rib, deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae, and because exceptions to the mammalian limit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterised by increased neurological anomalies and maladies.<ref name=bada/>

There are several hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origin and maintenance of elongation in giraffe necks.<ref name=sim2010>Template:Cite journal</ref> Charles Darwin originally suggested the "competing browsers hypothesis", which has been challenged only recently. It suggests that competitive pressure from smaller browsers, like kudu, steenbok and impala, encouraged the elongation of the neck, as it enabled giraffes to reach food that competitors could not. This advantage is real, as giraffes can and do feed up to Template:Cvt high, while even quite large competitors, such as kudu, can feed up to only about Template:Cvt high.<ref name=dt1990>Template:Cite journal</ref> There is also research suggesting that browsing competition is intense at lower levels, and giraffes feed more efficiently (gaining more leaf biomass with each mouthful) high in the canopy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, scientists disagree about just how much time giraffes spend feeding at levels beyond the reach of other browsers,<ref name=sim1996/><ref name=sim2010/><ref name=dt1990/><ref name=sexdiff>Template:Cite journal</ref> and a 2010 study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter-necked counterparts. This study suggests that maintaining a longer neck requires more nutrients, which puts longer-necked giraffes at risk during a food shortage.<ref name=demography>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Another theory, the sexual selection hypothesis, proposes that long necks evolved as a secondary sexual characteristic, giving males an advantage in "necking" contests (see below) to establish dominance and obtain access to sexually receptive females.<ref name=sim1996>Template:Cite journal</ref> In support of this theory, some studies have stated that necks are longer and heavier for males than females of the same age,<ref name=sim1996/><ref name=sim2010/> and that males do not employ other forms of combat.<ref name=sim1996/> However, a 2024 study found that, while males have thicker necks, females actually have proportionally longer ones, which is likely because of their greater need to find more food to sustain themselves and their dependent young.<ref name=Cavener2024>Template:Cite journal</ref> It has also been proposed that the neck serves to give the animal greater vigilance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Legs, locomotion and postureEdit

File:Masai Giraffe right-rear foot.jpg
Right hind leg of a Masai giraffe at the San Diego Zoo

The front legs tend to be longer than the hind legs,<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp and males have proportionally longer front legs than females, which gives them better support when swinging their necks during fights.<ref name=Cavener2024/> The leg bones lack first, second and fifth metapodials.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp It appears that a suspensory ligament allows the lanky legs to support the animal's great weight.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The hooves of large male giraffes reach Template:Cvt in diameter.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp The fetlock of the leg is low to the ground, allowing the hoof to better support the animal's weight. Giraffes lack dewclaws and interdigital glands. While the pelvis is relatively short, the ilium has stretched-out crests.<ref name=Dagg1971/>

A giraffe has only two gaits: walking and galloping. Walking is done by moving the legs on one side of the body, then doing the same on the other side.<ref name=estes/> When galloping, the hind legs move around the front legs before the latter move forward,<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> and the tail will curl up.<ref name=estes/> The movements of the head and neck provide balance and control momentum while galloping.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp The giraffe can reach a sprint speed of up to Template:Cvt,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and can sustain Template:Cvt for several kilometres.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Giraffes would probably not be competent swimmers as their long legs would be highly cumbersome in the water,<ref name=swim>Template:Cite journal</ref> although they might be able to float.<ref name=Naish>Template:Cite journal</ref> When swimming, the thorax would be weighed down by the front legs, making it difficult for the animal to move its neck and legs in harmony<ref name=swim/><ref name=Naish/> or keep its head above the water's surface.<ref name="swim"/>

A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body. To get back up, it first gets on its front knees and positions its backside on top of its hindlegs. It then pulls the backside upwards, and the front legs stand straight up again. At each stage, the animal swings its head for balance.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp If the giraffe wants to reach down to drink, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees.<ref name=estes/> Studies in captivity found the giraffe sleeps intermittently around 4.6 hours per day, mostly at night. It usually sleeps lying down; however, standing sleeps have been recorded, particularly in older individuals. Intermittent short "deep sleep" phases while lying are characterised by the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh, a position believed to indicate paradoxical sleep.<ref name=sleep>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Internal systemsEdit

File:GiraffaRecurrEn.svg
Scheme of path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffe

In mammals, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right; in the giraffe, it is over Template:Cvt longer. These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal;<ref name="Wedel">Template:Cite journal</ref> the left nerve is over Template:Cvt long.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve, then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have a length of nearly Template:Cvt in the largest giraffes.<ref name=Wedel/> Despite its long neck and large skull, the brain of the giraffe is typical for an ungulate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages keep the giraffe's brain cool.<ref name=Mitchell2004/> The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass. Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space, though this is limited by its narrow windpipe. The giraffe also has a high tidal volume, so the balance of dead space and tidal volume is much the same as other mammals. The animal can still provide enough oxygen for its tissues, and it can increase its respiratory rate and oxygen diffusion when running.<ref name=SkinnerJD2011>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Reticulated Giraffe drinking.jpg
Reticulated giraffe bending down to drink in Kenya. The circulatory system is adapted to deal with blood flow rushing down its neck.

The giraffe's circulatory system has several adaptations to compensate for its great height.<ref name=Holmes>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Its Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt heart must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain. As such, the wall of the heart can be as thick as Template:Cvt.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> Giraffes have relatively high heart rates for their size, at 150 beats per minute.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp When the animal lowers its head, the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a rete mirabile in the upper neck, with its large cross-sectional area, prevents excess blood flow to the brain. When it raises again, the blood vessels constrict and push blood into the brain so the animal does not faint.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The jugular veins contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. To solve this problem, the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight, preventing too much blood from pouring into them.<ref name=MacDonald/>

Giraffes have oesophageal muscles that are strong enough to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for rumination.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp They have four-chambered stomachs, which are adapted to their specialized diet.<ref name=Dagg1971/> The intestines of an adult giraffe measure more than Template:Cvt in length and have a relatively small ratio of small to large intestine.<ref name="PerezEtAl2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> The giraffe has a small, compact liver.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp In fetuses there may be a small gallbladder that vanishes before birth.<ref name="Dagg1971"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Behaviour and ecologyEdit

Habitat and feedingEdit

Template:Multiple image Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and open woodlands. They prefer areas dominated by Acacieae, Commiphora, Combretum and Terminalia trees over Brachystegia which are more densely spaced.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp The Angolan giraffe can be found in desert environments.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees, preferring those of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia,<ref name=kingdon>Template:Cite book</ref> which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe's growth rate.<ref name="Mitchell20003"/> They also feed on shrubs, grass and fruit.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp A giraffe eats around Template:Cvt of plant matter daily.<ref name=estes/> When stressed, giraffes may chew on large branches, stripping them of bark.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp Giraffes are also recorded to chew old bones.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp

During the wet season, food is abundant and giraffes are more spread out, while during the dry season, they gather around the remaining evergreen trees and bushes.<ref name=kingdon/> Mothers tend to feed in open areas, presumably to make it easier to detect predators, although this may reduce their feeding efficiency.<ref name=sexdiff /> As a ruminant, the giraffe first chews its food, then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half-digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp The giraffe requires less food than many other herbivores because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a more efficient digestive system.<ref name=kingdon/> The animal's faeces come in the form of small pellets.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> When it has access to water, a giraffe will go no more than three days without drinking.<ref name=estes/>

Giraffes have a great effect on the trees that they feed on, delaying the growth of young trees for some years and giving "waistlines" to particularly tall trees. Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime. Between these hours, giraffes mostly stand and ruminate. Rumination is the dominant activity during the night, when it is mostly done lying down.<ref name=estes/>

Social lifeEdit

File:Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) females.jpg
Gathering of female South African giraffes in Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, South Africa. These animals commonly gather in herds.

Giraffes usually form groups that vary in size and composition according to ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref> Traditionally, the composition of these groups had been described as open and ever-changing.<ref name="Manyara">Template:Cite journal</ref> For research purposes, a "group" has been defined as "a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction".<ref name="Pratt 1985">Template:Cite journal</ref> More recent studies have found that giraffes have long-lasting social groups or cliques based on kinship, sex or other factors, and these groups regularly associate with other groups in larger communities or sub-communities within a fission–fusion society.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Bercovitch 2013">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Carter>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=VanderWaal>Template:Cite journal</ref> Proximity to humans can disrupt social arrangements.<ref name=":7" /> Masai giraffes in Tanzania sort themselves into different subpopulations of 60–90 adult females with overlapping ranges, each of which differ in reproductive rates and calf mortality.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> Dispersal is male biased, and can include spatial and/or social dispersal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Adult female subpopulations are connected by males into super communities of around 300 animals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

{{#invoke:Listen|main}} The number of giraffes in a group can range from one up to 66 individuals.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=VanderWaal/> Giraffe groups tend to be sex-segregated<ref name=VanderWaal/> although mixed-sex groups made of adult females and young males also occur.<ref name="Pratt 1985" /> Female groups may be matrilineally related.<ref name=VanderWaal/> Generally, females are more selective than males when deciding which individuals of the same sex they associate with.<ref name=Carter/> Particularly stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young,<ref name="Pratt 1985" /> which can last weeks or months.<ref name="Leuthold 1979" /> Young males also form groups and will engage in playfights. However, as they get older, males become more solitary but may also associate in pairs or with female groups.<ref name=VanderWaal/><ref name="Leuthold 1979" /> Giraffes are not territorial,<ref name="Dagg1971" /> but they have home ranges that vary according to rainfall and proximity to human settlements.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Male giraffes occasionally roam far from areas that they normally frequent.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp

Early biologists suggested giraffes were mute and unable to create enough air flow to vibrate their vocal folds.<ref name=Kasozi/> This has been proved to the contrary; they have been recorded to communicate using snorts, sneezes, coughs, snores, hisses, bursts, moans, grunts, growls and flute-like sounds.<ref name=estes/><ref name=Kasozi>Template:Cite journal</ref> During courtship, males emit loud coughs. Females call their young by bellowing. Calves will emit bleats, mooing and mewing sounds.<ref name=estes/> Snorting and hissing is associated with vigilance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During nighttime, giraffes appear to hum to each other.<ref name="hum">Template:Cite journal</ref> There is some evidence that giraffes use Helmholtz resonance to create infrasound.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They also communicate with body language. Dominant males display to other males with an erect posture; holding the chin and head up while walking stiffly and displaying their side. The less dominant show submissiveness by dropping the head and ears, lowering the chin and fleeing.<ref name=estes/>

Reproduction and parental careEdit

File:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis (mating).jpg
Angolan giraffes mating in Namibia

Reproduction in giraffes is broadly polygamous: a few older males mate with the fertile females.<ref name="Pratt 1985"/> Females can reproduce throughout the year and experience oestrus cycling approximately every 15 days.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Female giraffes in oestrus are dispersed over space and time, so reproductive adult males adopt a strategy of roaming among female groups to seek mating opportunities, with periodic hormone-induced rutting behaviour approximately every two weeks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Males prefer young adult females over juveniles and older adults.<ref name="Pratt 1985"/>

Male giraffes assess female fertility by tasting the female's urine to detect oestrus, in a multi-step process known as the flehmen response.<ref name="Pratt 1985"/><ref name="Leuthold 1979">Template:Cite journal</ref> Once an oestrous female is detected, the male will attempt to court her. When courting, dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay.<ref name="Leuthold 1979"/> A courting male may lick a female's tail, lay his head and neck on her body or nudge her with his ossicones. During copulation, the male stands on his hind legs with his head held up and his front legs resting on the female's sides.<ref name=estes/>

Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions.<ref name=":8" /> The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> A newborn giraffe is Template:Cvt tall.<ref name=Nowak1999/> Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first one to three weeks, it spends most of its time hiding,<ref name="Langman 1977">Template:Cite journal</ref> its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat in the womb, raise up in a few days.<ref name=estes/>

Mothers with calves will gather in nursery herds, moving or browsing together. Mothers in such a group may sometimes leave their calves with one female while they forage and drink elsewhere. This is known as a "calving pool".<ref name="Langman 1977"/> Calves are at risk of predation, and a mother giraffe will stand over them and kick at an approaching predator.<ref name=estes/> Females watching calving pools will only alert their own young if they detect a disturbance, although the others will take notice and follow.<ref name="Langman 1977"/> Allo-sucking, where a calf will suckle a female other than its mother, has been recorded in both wild and captive giraffes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Calves first ruminate at four to six months and stop nursing at six to eight months. Young may not reach independence until they are 14 months old.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Females are able to reproduce at four years of age,<ref name=estes/> while spermatogenesis in males begins at three to four years of age.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate.<ref name=estes/>

NeckingEdit

File:Giraffe Ithala KZN South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG
Here, male South African giraffes engage in low intensity necking to establish dominance, in Ithala Game Reserve, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa.

Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat, a behaviour known as "necking". Necking is used to establish dominance, and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success.<ref name=sim1996/> This behaviour occurs at low or high intensity. In low-intensity necking, the combatants rub and lean on each other. The male that can keep itself more upright wins the bout. In high-intensity necking, the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other, attempting to land blows with their ossicones. The contestants will try to dodge each other's blows and then prepare to counter. The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing.<ref name=estes/> A necking duel can last more than half an hour, depending on how well matched the combatants are.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>Template:Rp Although most fights do not lead to serious injury, there have been records of broken jaws, broken necks, and even deaths.<ref name=sim1996/>

After a duel, it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In one study, up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males. The proportion of same-sex activities varied from 30 to 75 percent. Only one percent of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Mortality and healthEdit

Giraffes have high adult survival probability,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> and an unusually long lifespan compared to other ruminants, up to 38 years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Adult female survival is significantly correlated with the number of social associations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Because of their size, eyesight and powerful kicks, adult giraffes are mostly safe from predation,<ref name=estes/> with lions being their only major threats.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Calves are much more vulnerable than adults and are also preyed on by leopards, spotted hyenas and wild dogs.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Calf survival varies according to the season of birth, with calves born during the dry season having higher survival rates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The local, seasonal presence of large herds of migratory wildebeests and zebras reduces predation pressure on giraffe calves and increases their survival probability.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In turn, it has been suggested that other ungulates may benefit from associating with giraffes, as their height allows them to spot predators from further away. Zebras were found to assess predation risk by watching giraffes and spend less time looking around when giraffes are present.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Giraffe Oxpeckers Lupande Zambia Jul23 A7R 06194.jpg
Red-billed oxpeckers on a giraffe, Zambia

Some parasites feed on giraffes. They are often hosts for ticks, especially in the area around the genitals, which have thinner skin than other areas. Tick species that commonly feed on giraffes are those of genera Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus. Red-billed and yellow-billed oxpeckers clean giraffes of ticks and alert them to danger. Giraffes host numerous species of internal parasites and are susceptible to various diseases. They were victims of the (now eradicated) viral illness rinderpest.<ref name=Dagg1971/> Giraffes can also suffer from a skin disorder, which comes in the form of wrinkles, lesions or raw fissures. As much as 79% of giraffes have symptoms of the disease in Ruaha National Park, but it did not cause mortality in Tarangire and is less prevalent in areas with fertile soils.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Human relationsEdit

Cultural significanceEdit

With its lanky build and spotted coat, the giraffe has been a source of fascination throughout human history, and its image is widespread in culture. It has represented flexibility, far-sightedness, femininity, fragility, passivity, grace, beauty and the continent of Africa itself.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp

File:Giraffe cave art.jpg
San rock art in Namibia depicting a giraffe

Giraffes were depicted in art throughout the African continent,.<ref name=Williams>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Kiffians were responsible for a life-size rock engraving of two giraffes, dated 8,000 years ago, that has been called the "world's largest rock art petroglyph".<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Judging from evidence including incised clay pots, archaeologists now believe that, in the ancient Kushite societies located in Nubia, or what is now northern Sudan, giraffes may have featured in popular religion and women's religion, though not in elite or royal religion, and may have also had a connection to beliefs about the sun.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Tugen people of modern Kenya used the giraffe to depict their god Mda.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own hieroglyph; 'sr' in Old Egyptian and 'mmy' in later periods.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp How the giraffe got its height has been the subject of various African folktales.<ref name=sim1996/>

Giraffes have a presence in modern Western culture. Salvador Dalí depicted them with burning manes in some surrealist paintings. Dali considered the giraffe to be a masculine symbol. A flaming giraffe was meant to be a "masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster".<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp Several children's books feature the giraffe, including David A. Ufer's The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights, Giles Andreae's Giraffes Can't Dance and Roald Dahl's The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me. Giraffes have appeared in animated films as minor characters in Disney's Dumbo and The Lion King, and in more prominent roles in The Wild and the Madagascar films. Sophie the Giraffe has been a popular teether since 1961. Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys "R" Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp

The giraffe has also been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries. Scientists have used the properties of giraffe skin as a model for astronaut and fighter pilot suits because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs.<ref name=anatomy/>Template:Rp Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using reaction–diffusion mechanisms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The constellation of Camelopardalis, introduced in the 17th century, depicts a giraffe.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp The Tswana people of Botswana traditionally see the constellation Crux as two giraffes—Acrux and Mimosa forming a male, and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg
Painting of a giraffe imported to China during the Ming dynasty

CaptivityEdit

The Egyptians were among the earliest people to keep giraffes in captivity and shipped them around the Mediterranean.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp The giraffe was among the many animals collected and displayed by the Romans. The first one in Rome was brought in by Julius Caesar in 46 BC.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the housing of giraffes in Europe declined.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp During the Middle Ages, giraffes were known to Europeans through contact with the Arabs, who revered the giraffe for its peculiar appearance.<ref name="Prothero 2003">Template:Cite book</ref>

Individual captive giraffes were given celebrity status throughout history. In 1414, a giraffe from Malindi was taken to China by explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo. The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people, who associated it with the mythical Qilin.<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de' Medici in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Zarafa, another famous giraffe, was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift for Charles X of France. A sensation, the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or "giraffanalia".<ref name=Williams/>Template:Rp

Giraffes have become popular attractions in modern zoos, though keeping them is difficult as they prefer large areas and need to eat large amounts of browse. Captive giraffes in North America and Europe appear to have a higher mortality rate than in the wild, the most common causes being poor husbandry, nutrition, and management.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Giraffes in zoos display stereotypical behaviours, particularly the licking of inanimate objects and pacing.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Zookeepers may offer various activities to stimulate giraffes, including training them to take food from visitors.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp Stables for giraffes are built particularly high to accommodate their height.<ref name=Dagg2014/>Template:Rp

ExploitationEdit

Giraffes were probably common targets for hunters throughout Africa.<ref name="Kingdon1988" />Template:Rp Different parts of their bodies were used for different purposes.<ref name="Dagg1971" /> Their meat was used for food. The tail hairs were flyswatters, bracelets, necklaces, and threads. Shields, sandals, and drums were made using the skin, and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons.<ref name="Dagg1971" /><ref name="Kingdon1988" />Template:Rp In Buganda, the smoke of burning giraffe skin was traditionally used to treat nosebleeds.<ref name="Kingdon1988" />Template:Rp The Humr people of Kordofan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh, which is prepared from the liver and bone marrow of giraffes. Richard Rudgley hypothesised that Umm Nyolokh might contain DMT.<ref>Rudgley, Richard The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances, pub. Abacus 1998 Template:ISBN pps. 20–21.</ref> The drink is said to cause hallucinations of giraffes, believed to be the giraffes' ghosts, by the Humr.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Conservation statusEdit

In 2016, giraffes were assessed as Vulnerable from a conservation perspective by the IUCN.<ref name=iucn/> In 1985, it was estimated there were 155,000 giraffes in the wild. This declined to over 140,000 in 1999.<ref name="wildstatus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Masai and reticulated subspecies are endangered,<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref><ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref> and the Rothschild subspecies is near threatened.<ref name="IUCNrothschildi" /> The Nubian subspecies is critically endangered.<ref name="IUCNnubian">Template:Cite iucn</ref>

The primary causes for giraffe population declines are habitat loss and direct killing for bushmeat markets. Giraffes have been extirpated from much of their historic range, including Eritrea, Guinea, Mauritania and Senegal.<ref name="iucn" /> They may also have disappeared from Angola, Mali, and Nigeria, but have been introduced to Rwanda and Eswatini.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=IUCNnubian/> Template:As of, there were more than 1,600 in captivity at Species360-registered zoos.<ref name="ISIS" /> Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe. In the Sahel, the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to deforestation. Normally, giraffes can coexist with livestock, since they avoid direct competition by feeding above them.<ref name="MacDonald" /> In 2017, severe droughts in northern Kenya led to increased tensions over land and the killing of wildlife by herders, with giraffe populations being particularly hit.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Protected areas like national parks provide important habitat and anti-poaching protection to giraffe populations.<ref name=iucn/> Community-based conservation efforts outside national parks are also effective at protecting giraffes and their habitats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in eastern and southern Africa.<ref name="MacDonald" /> The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. It is the national animal of Tanzania,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and is protected by law,<ref name="FoleyFoley2014">Template:Cite book</ref> and unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The UN-backed Convention of Migratory Species selected giraffes for protection in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, giraffes were listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which means international trade including in parts/derivatives is regulated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Translocations are sometimes used to augment or re-establish diminished or extirpated populations, but these activities are risky and difficult to undertake using the best practices of extensive pre- and post-translocation studies and ensuring a viable founding population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Aerial survey is the most common method of monitoring giraffe population trends in the vast roadless tracts of African landscapes, but aerial methods are known to undercount giraffes. Ground-based survey methods are more accurate and can be used in conjunction with aerial surveys to make accurate estimates of population sizes and trends.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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