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Koelreuteria paniculata is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to China, Korea, Outer Manchuria in Russia and Mongolia. Naturalized in Japan since at least the 1200s,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> it was introduced in Europe in 1747, and to North America in 1763, and has become a popular landscape tree worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Common names include goldenrain tree,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="uconn"/> pride of India,<ref name=RHSAZ>Template:Cite book</ref> China tree,<ref name="encl">goldenrain tree.Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-07-12.</ref> and the varnish tree.<ref name="uconn">UConn Plant Database Template:Webarchive</ref>
DescriptionEdit
It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to Template:Convert tall, with a broad, dome-shaped crown. The leaves are pinnate, Template:Convert long, rarely to Template:Convert, with 7–15 leaflets 3–8 cm long, with a deeply serrated margin; the larger leaflets at the midpoint of the leaf are sometimes themselves pinnate but the leaves are not consistently fully bipinnate as in the related Koelreuteria bipinnata.<ref name=":1" />
The flowers are yellow, with four petals, growing in large terminal panicles Template:Convert long.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The fruit is a three-part inflated bladderlike pod, 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, that is green, then ripening from orange to pink in autumn. It contains several dark brown to black seeds 5–8 mm diameter.<ref name=":2" />
TaxonomyEdit
PublicationEdit
The species was first published in 1772, in the 1771 edition of Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae, attributed to Erik Laxmann.<ref name = "POWO, 2024">Template:Cite POWO</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
VarietiesEdit
Several varieties have been described:
- K. paniculata var. paniculata. Northern China and Korea. Leaves single-pinnate.
- K. paniculata var. apiculata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Rehder (syn. K. apiculata).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Western China (Sichuan), intergrading with var. paniculata in central China. Leaves with larger leaflets commonly bipinnate.
- K. paniculata var. fastigiata. Small growing columnar form originated in 1888.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
- K. paniculata var. variegata. a form with variegated foliage.<ref name=":0" />
But none of them are accepted.<ref name = "POWO, 2024" />
CultivationEdit
K. paniculata has been cultivated since ancient times. In the Zhou dynasty it was one of the five official memorial trees (alongside P. tabuliformis, P. orientalis, S. japonicum and certain poplars), being planted next to the tombs of scholars.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It is popularly grown as an ornamental tree in temperate regions all across the world because of the aesthetic appeal of its flowers, leaves and seed pods. Several cultivars have been selected for garden planting, including 'Fastigiata' with a narrow crown, and 'September Gold', flowering in late summer.
In the UK the cultivar ‘Coral Sun’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref name = RHSPF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In some areas, notably the eastern United States (and particularly in Florida), it is considered an invasive species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Fruits of Koelreuteria paniculata.jpg
Fruits
- KoelreuteriaPaniculataBark.jpg
Bark
- Koelreuteriapaniculatatatuape.JPG
Flowers & legumens in the top of a tree in São Paulo Brazil
- GoldenRain seedPodVertical.jpg
Koelreuteria paniculata infructescence, Butler County, Kansas
- GoldenRain seedPod leaves.JPG
Koelreuteria paniculata infructescence and leaves, Harvey County, Kansas
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Plants for a Future: Koelreuteria paniculata
- Koelreuteria paniculata images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
External linksEdit
- Dosmann, Michael S., Whitlow, Thomas H., and Ho-Duck, Kang. "The (un)Natural and Cultural History of Korean Goldenrain Tree." Arnoldia 64 (1) (2006).
- Santamour, Frank S.and Spongberg, Stephen A. "’Rose Lantern’: A New Cultivar of Koelreuteria paniculata, the Golden-Rain Tree." Arnoldia 56 (2) (1996).