Guercino
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Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (February 8, 1591 – December 22, 1666),<ref name="TreccaniBiografico1964">Miller, 1964</ref> better known as (il) Guercino<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), was an Italian Baroque painter and draftsman from Cento in the Emilia region, who was active in Rome and Bologna. The vigorous naturalism of his early manner contrasts with the classical equilibrium of his later works. His many drawings are noted for their luminosity and lively style.
BiographyEdit
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Giovanni Francesco Barbieri was born into a family of peasant farmers in Cento, a town in the Po Valley mid-way between Bologna and Ferrara.<ref name="Mahon1937a">Mahon, 1937a</ref> Being cross-eyed, at an early age he acquired the nickname by which he is universally known, Guercino (a diminutive of the Italian noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'squinter').<ref name="Oxford">Turner, 2003</ref> Mainly self-taught, at the age of 16, he worked as apprentice in the shop of Benedetto Gennari, a painter of the Bolognese School.<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 6</ref> An early commission was for the decoration with frescoes (1615–1616<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) of Casa Pannini in Cento, where the naturalism of his landscapes already reveals considerable artistic independence, as do his landscapes on canvas Moonlit Landscape and Country Concert from the same era.<ref>Stone, pp. 3, 37.</ref> In Bologna, he won the praise of Ludovico Carracci. He always acknowledged that his early style had been influenced by study of a Madonna painted by Ludovico Carracci for the Capuchin church in Cento, affectionately known as "La Carraccina".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
St William Receiving the Monastic Habit (1620, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Italy),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> painted for Santi Gregorio e Siro in Bologna, was Guercino's largest ecclesiastical commission at the time and is considered a high point of his early career.<ref name="Oxford"/>
His painting Et in Arcadia ego from around 1618–1622 contains the first known usage anywhere of the Latin motto, later taken up by Poussin and others, signifying that death lurks even in the most idyllic setting.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The dramatic composition of this canvas (related to his Flaying of Marsyas by Apollo (1617–1618<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) created for Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, which shares the same pair of shepherds<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) is typical of Guercino's early works, which are often tumultuous in conception.<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 13</ref> He painted two large canvases, Samson Seized by Philistines (1619) and Elijah Fed by Ravens (1620), for Cardinal Giacomo Serra, a Papal Legate to Ferrara.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Vivian1971">Vivian, 1971</ref> Painted at a time when it is unlikely that Guercino could have seen Caravaggio's work in Rome, these works nevertheless display a starkly naturalistic Caravaggesque style.
RomeEdit
Guercino was recommended by Marchese Enzo Bentivoglio to the newly elected Bolognese Ludovisi Pope, Pope Gregory XV in 1621.<ref>Lawrence Gowing, ed., Biographical Encyclopedia of Artists, v.2 (Facts on File, 2005): 291.</ref> The years he spent in Rome, 1621–23, were very productive. From this period are his frescoes Aurora at the casino of the Villa Ludovisi, the ceiling in San Crisogono (1622) of San Chrysogonus in Glory, the portrait of Pope Gregory XV (now in the Getty Museum), and the St. Petronilla Altarpiece for St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican (now in the Capitoline Museums).
Return to BolognaEdit
Following the death of Gregory XV in 1623, Guercino returned to his hometown of Cento. In 1626, he began his frescoes in Piacenza Cathedral. The details of his career after 1629 are well documented in the account book, the Libro dei Conti di Casa Barbieri, that Guercino and his brother Paolo Antonio Barbieri, a notable painter of still lifes, kept updated, and which has been preserved.<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 35</ref> Between 1618 and 1631, Giovanni Battista Pasqualini produced 67 engravings that document the early production of Guercino, which is not included in the Libro dei Conti.<ref name="Gozzi2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1642, following the death of his commercial rival Guido Reni, Guercino moved his busy workshop to Bologna, where he was now able to take over Reni's role as the city's leading painter of sacred subjects. In 1655, the Franciscan Order of ReggioTemplate:Clarify paid him 300 ducats for the altarpiece of Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Madonna and Child (now in Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City).<ref name="smarth">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Corsini family also paid him 300 ducats for the Flagellation of Christ painted in 1657.
StyleEdit
Guercino was remarkable for the extreme rapidity of his executions: he completed no fewer than 106 large altarpieces for churches, and his other paintings amount to about 144. He was also a prolific draftsman. His production includes many drawings, usually in ink, washed ink, or red chalk. Most of them were made as preparatory studies for his paintings, but he also drew landscapes, genre subjects, and caricatures for his own enjoyment. Guercino's drawings are known for their fluent style in which "rapid, calligraphic pen strokes combined with dots, dashes, and parallel hatching lines describe the forms".<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 36</ref>
Despite presumably having monocular vision due to a 'lazy' right eye, Guercino showed remarkable facility to imply depth in his works, perhaps assisted by an enhanced perception of light and shade thanks to compensation by the healthy eye.<ref name="Scholtz2019">Scholtz et al, 2019</ref> Other artists with different types of strabismus include Rembrandt, Dürer, Degas, Picasso and (possibly) Leonardo da Vinci.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
His lively treatment of the Aurora myth (1621, Villa Aurora, Rome, Italy), painted for the pope's nephew, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi.<ref>Vodret and Gozzi, 2011, pp. 159–161</ref> challenges the more measured representation of the same subject painted by Guido Reni at Palazzo Rospigliosi on behalf of a Ludovisi family rival Scipione Borghese and makes a statement of political triumph.<ref>Unger, 2016, p. 9; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of his later works are closer to the style of Reni, and are painted with much greater luminosity and clarity than his early works with their prominent use of chiaroscuro.
PupilsEdit
Guercino continued to paint and teach until the end of his life, amassing a notable fortune. He died on December 22, 1666, in Bologna.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As he never married, his estate passed to his nephews and pupils, Benedetto Gennari II and Cesare Gennari.<ref name="Oxford" /> Other pupils include Giulio Coralli,<ref>Orlandi, 1719, p. 207</ref> Giuseppe Bonati of Ferrara,<ref>Orlandi, p. 207</ref> Cristoforo Serra of Cesena,<ref>Orlandi, p. 120.</ref> Father Cesare Pronti of Ferrara,<ref>Orlandi, p. 350.</ref> Sebastiano Ghezzi,<ref>Orlandi, p. 399</ref> Sebastiano Bombelli,<ref>Orlandi, p. 397.</ref> Lorenzo Bergonzoni of Bologna,<ref>Orlandi, p. 294.</ref> Francesco Paglia of Brescia.,<ref>Orlandi, p. 171</ref> Benedetto Zallone of Cento, Bartolomeo Caravoglia,<ref>Lanzi, 1847, pp. 309–310</ref> Giuseppe Maria Galeppini of Forli, and Matteo Loves.
WorksEdit
- Moonlight Landscape (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri Guercino) - Nationalmuseum - 20163.tif
CitationClass=web }}</ref> An early, naturalistic landscape.
- Guercino La mietitura.jpg
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- Susana y los viejos (Guercino).jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref> The dramatic dynamism of this early work contrasts with the studied classicism of the artist's later depiction of the same story in 1649–1650.<ref name="Posner1968">Posner, 1968</ref>
- Samson Captured by the Philistines MET DT503.jpg
Samson Seized by the Philistines, 1619 This work depicts the biblical scene where Samson is betrayed by his lover Delilah. Samson is at the center, though his face cannot be seen, and surrounding him are the Philistines who have come to blind him after cutting off his hair, his source of strength.
- Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, gen. Il Guercino - Gleichnis vom verlorenen Sohn - GG 253 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg
Return of the Prodigal Son, 1619
- Guercino Guglielmo d'Aquitania.jpg
St William Receiving the Monastic Habit, 1620
- Guercino - Aurora - WGA10920.jpg
Aurora, 1621 (ceiling fresco, tempera), Villa Aurora, Rome, Italy
- Guercino Catura di Cristo.jpg
Capturing Christ, 1621
- Guercino - Saint Matthew and the Angel - Google Art Project.jpg
Saint Matthew and the Angel, 1622
- Guercino - Assumption of Mary - Hermitage.jpg
Assumption, c. 1623, Hermitage Museum
- Guercino Morte di Didone.jpg
La morte di Didone, 1631
- Guercino Christ et la samaritaine.jpg
Christ and the Woman of Samaria II, c. 1640–1641
- Guercino - ST. SEBASTIAN. 1642.jpg
St. Sebastian, 1642, Pushkin Museum
- Atlas holding up the celestial globe - Guercino (1646).jpg
Atlas holding up the celestial globe, 1646
- Guercino - St Peter Weeping before the Virgin - WGA10949.jpg
St Peter Weeping before the Virgin, 1647
- Guercino - Mars with Cupid - Google Art Project.jpg
Mars with Cupid, 1649
- Guercino - Cleopatra and Octavian - Google Art Project.jpg
Cleopatra and Octavian, 1649
- Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino, 1649 - NG Wash DC.jpg
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, 1649, National Gallery of Art
- Guercino - St. Cecilia - Google Art Project.jpg
St. Cecilia, 1649
- Guercino Susanna and The Elders Parma.jpg
Susanna and the Elders, 1650
- Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri) - David with the Head of Goliath - Google Art Project.jpg
David with the Head of Goliath, circa 1650
- The Vocation of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga.PNG
The Vocation of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, 1650
- Guercino Astrologia.jpg
Personification of Astrology, ca. 1650–1655, Blanton Museum of Art, Texas
- Guercino Return of the prodigal son.jpg
The Return of the Prodigal Son, 1651
- 'King David', painting by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (il Guercino) c. 1768.jpg
King David, 1651
- Guercino - Martyrdom of St Catherine - WGA10940.jpg
The Martyrdom of Saint Catherine, 1653, Hermitage Museum
- Samson and Delilah mg 0034.jpg
Samson and Delilah, 1654
- Guercino, san girolamo penitente.JPG
Saint Jerome, c.1640–1650
ExhibitionsEdit
A groundbreaking exhibition held at the Archiginnasio of Bologna in 1968 provided the most complete panorama of Guercino's work to date, including paintings from the later parts of his career after the death of Pope Gregory XV, which had previously attracted relatively little attention.<ref name="Posner1968"/> For the fourth centenary of the artist's birth in 1991, an expanded exhibition was organized by the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna in conjunction with the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt and the National Gallery of Art, Washington.<ref>Mahon, 1992, p. 7</ref> Both these exhibitions were curated by Guercino's biggest modern champion, Denis Mahon, who was responsible for their catalogues.<ref>van Serooskerken, 1991</ref> In 2011–2012, a large exhibition was displayed at Palazzo Barberini in Rome, dedicated to the memory of Mahon, who had recently died.<ref>Vodret and Gozzi, 2011</ref> An exhibition displayed at the National Museum, Warsaw in 2013–2014 offered another extensive presentation of the artist's work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CitationsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Books and articles on Guercino
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Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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- Paintings by Guercino on the Web Gallery of Art
- Getty exhibition of Guercino drawings
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Il Guercino
- Pinacoteca Civica Il Guercino
- Virtual exhibition "Guercino a Fano" in high resolution
- Jusepe de Ribera, 1591–1652, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Guercino (see index)
- Velázquez , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Guercino (see index)