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Gypsy Rose Lee

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File:GR Lee, 1937.jpg
Gypsy Rose Lee in Los Angeles, c. 1937

Gypsy Rose Lee (born Rose Louise Hovick, January 8, 1911 – April 26, 1970) was an American burlesque entertainer, stripper, actress, author, playwright and vedette, famous for her striptease act. Her 1957 memoir, Gypsy: A Memoir, was adapted into the 1959 stage musical Gypsy.

Early lifeEdit

Rose Louise Hovick was born in Seattle, Washington, on January 8, 1911;<ref name="Abbott1">Karen Abbott (2010) American Rose: A Nation Laid Bare, The Life and Times of Gypsy Rose Lee, New York: Random House; Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC</ref><ref>Birthdate given as January 8, legacy.com; accessed September 16, 2015.</ref><ref name="Abbott2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refn however, she always gave January 9 as her date of birth.<ref name="Abbott1"/><ref name="Abbott2"/> She was known as Louise to her family. Her sister, actress June Havoc, was born in 1912. Their mother, Rose Thompson Hovick, forged various birth certificates for each of her daughters—older when needed to evade varying state child labor laws, and younger for reduced or free train fares. The girls were unsure until later in life what their years of birth were.<ref name="Abbott1"/><ref name=vanity/>

Their mother had married Norwegian-American John Olaf Hovick, a newspaper-advertising salesman and a reporter at The Seattle Times.<ref>"This is a story of three women whose dreams clashed" (July 16, 1980), Boston Globe, p. 1.</ref><ref>Noralee Frankel (2009) Stripping Gypsy: The Life of Gypsy Rose Lee, Oxford University Press US; Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Erik Lee Preminger (2004) My G-string mother: and home and backstage with Gypsy Rose Lee, Frog Books; Template:ISBN, p. 186.</ref> They married on May 28, 1910, in Seattle.<ref>King County Department of Executive Services, Records and Licensing Division, Marriage Returns, 1891–1947, Marriage Certificates, 1855–1990, Office of the Secretary of State, Washington State Archives, Digital Archives, Source: King County Auditor, Marriage Certificates, 1855–1969; Marriage Returns, 1891–1947. King County Archives, Seattle, WA.</ref> They divorced on August 20, 1915.<ref>National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington D.C.; NARA Series: Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 – March 31, 1925; Roll #: 2708; Volume #: Roll 2708 - Certificates: 513300-513899, February 12–14, 1925; Ancestry.com (U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925).</ref> Rose Thompson married her second husband, Judson Brennerman, a traveling salesman, on May 26, 1916, at a Unitarian church in Seattle, with the Rev. J. D. A. Powers officiating.<ref>Ancestry.com. Washington, Marriage Records, 1865–2004 from Washington State Archives. Olympia, Washington: Washington State Archives.</ref>

After Hovick and Brennerman divorced, June supported the family by appearing in vaudeville, being billed "Tiniest Toe Dancer in the World" when she was only Template:Frac.<ref name=vanity/> Rose and June went to Hollywood for two years where June appeared in short films directed by Hal Roach.<ref name=vanity/> Louise was left behind while June and her mother were on the road. She had an elementary education, unlike June who was taught to read by stagehands.<ref name=vanity/> Much to her mother's displeasure, June eloped with Bobby Reed, a dancer in their act, in December 1928, after a performance in Topeka, Kansas, at the Jayhawk Theatre and went on to pursue a brief career in marathon dancing, a more profitable vocation than tap dancing.<ref name=vanity>Laura Jacobs (March 2003) "Taking it all off", Vanity Fair, Vol. 511, p. 198.</ref>

CareerEdit

Louise's singing and dancing talents were insufficient to sustain the act without June. Eventually, it became apparent that Louise could make money in burlesque, which earned her legendary status as an elegant and witty striptease artist. Initially, her act was propelled forward when a shoulder strap on one of her gowns gave way, causing her dress to fall to her feet despite her efforts to cover herself; encouraged by the audience's response, she went on to make the trick the focus of her performance.<ref>Helen Welshimer (February 14, 1937) "Burlesque's strippers graduate to Broadway", Laredo Times, TX, p. 13.</ref>

Her innovations were an almost casual stripping style compared to bump & grind styles of most burlesque strippers (she emphasized the "tease" in "striptease"), and she brought a sharp sense of humor into her act as well. She became as famous for her onstage wit as for her stripping style, and—changing her stage name to Gypsy Rose Lee—she became one of the biggest stars of Minsky's Burlesque, where she performed for four years. She was frequently arrested in raids on the Minsky brothers' shows. During the Great Depression, Lee spoke at various union meetings in support of New York laborers. According to activist Harry Fisher, her talks were among those that attracted the largest audiences.<ref>Fisher, Harry (1998) Comrades: Tales of a Brigadista in the Spanish Civil War, p. 10, University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln; Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1937 and 1938, billed as Louise Hovick, she made five films in Hollywood.<ref>"Gypsy Rose Lee", IMDb.</ref> But her acting was generally panned, so she returned to New York City where she had an affair with film producer Michael Todd and co-produced and appeared in his 1942 musical revue, Star and Garter.<ref>Profile, historylink.org; accessed August 7, 2014. </ref> Lee viewed herself as a "high-class" stripper, and she approved of H. L. Mencken's term "ecdysiast", which he coined as a more "dignified" way of referring to the profession. Her style of intellectual recitation while stripping was spoofed in the number "Zip!" in Rodgers and Hart's Pal Joey, a musical in which June Havoc had appeared on Broadway, opposite Gene Kelly. Lee performed an abbreviated version of her act (intellectual recitation and all) in the 1943 film Stage Door Canteen.

In 1941, Lee wrote a mystery thriller called The G-String Murders, which was made into the sanitized 1943 film, Lady of Burlesque, starring Barbara Stanwyck. While some assert this was in fact ghost-written by Craig Rice, there are those who claim that there is more than sufficient written evidence in the form of manuscripts and Lee's own correspondence to prove that she wrote a large part of the novel herself under the guidance of Rice and others, including her editor George Davis, a friend and mentor.<ref>Tippins, Sherill. February House: The Story of W. H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Brooklyn. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005; Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749–1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1984, p. 243; Template:ISBN</ref>

Lee's second murder mystery, Mother Finds a Body, was published in 1942. In December 1942, preliminary papers alleging breach of contract were filed in the Supreme Court against Lee by Dorothy Wheelock, associate editor of Harper's Bazaar magazine,<ref>Nevada State Journal, December 24, 1942.</ref> alleging that in August 1940 she and Gypsy entered into what Wheelock described as "an oral agreement to collaborate on a joint venture involving the conception, construction, development, writing and exploitation of a literary work with a burlesque background. The agreement, Miss Wheelock went on, called for a 50:50 split on all income from sale of the book. She charged that she had lined up a publisher for the book when, in November 1940, Gypsy called off the collaboration… Lee said she turned over notes and other material to Miss Wheelock and that the latter had then written 'a sample book'. However, this sample book is not the book that was published, Gypsy declared. She denied any resemblance between Miss Wheelock's book and the book published under her own name, except such similarities as might stem from the notes Gypsy turned over to Miss Wheelock. Simon & Schuster agreed to publish the book, Gypsy said, after the first three chapters were shown to them by Janet Flanner, a New York writer".<ref>New York Daily News, December 24, 1942.</ref> The case was settled out of court.

RelationshipsEdit

In Hollywood, Lee married Arnold "Bob" Mizzy on August 25, 1937, at the insistence of the film studio. She obtained a divorce in 1941, claiming cruelty, although biographer Noralee Frankel suggests the couple agreed that Lee could bring false charges so the divorce could go through uncontested.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1942, she married William Alexander Kirkland; they divorced in 1944. While married to Kirkland, she gave birth on December 11, 1944, to a son fathered by Otto Preminger. Her son was named Erik Lee, but has since been known successively as Erik Kirkland, Erik de Diego, and Erik Lee Preminger. Lee married a third time in 1948, to Julio de Diego,<ref name="life.com/photos-gypsy-rose-lee">Template:Cite news</ref> but that union also ended in divorce.<ref>Noralee Frankel (2009) Stripping Gypsy: The Life of Gypsy Rose Lee, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 62, 68, 121–22, 147, 154–66, 195–96.</ref>

In 1940, she purchased a townhouse on East 63rd Street in Manhattan with a private courtyard, 26 rooms and seven baths.<ref>Zemeckis, Leslie (2013). Behind The Burly Q Check, Delaware: Skyhorse Publishing; Template:ISBN</ref> Mother Rose continued to demand money from Lee and Havoc. Lee rented a ten-room apartment on West End Avenue in Manhattan for Rose, who opened a boardinghouse for women there. On one occasion in the 1930s, Rose Thompson Hovick allegedly shot and killed a woman who was either a guest at the boardinghouse or a guest on the farm in Highland Mills in Orange County, New York, that Rose owned. A historical website cites varying reports of which place was the scene of the crime.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Gypsy's son, Erik Lee Preminger, who is the author of several books, the murder victim was Mother Rose's female lover, who had allegedly made a pass at Gypsy. The violent incident was investigated and reportedly explained away as a suicide. Mother Rose was not prosecuted.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mother Rose's biographer strongly rejects the possibility that this woman, Genevieve Augustine, was Rose's lover, and doubts Rose's complicity in her death in light of Augustine's purported previous suicide attempts.<ref>Template:Cite book, pp. 152–64.</ref> Rose Thompson Hovick died in 1954 of colon cancer.

Later yearsEdit

File:Gypsy Rose Lee NYWTS 2.jpg
Gypsy Rose Lee in 1956

After the death of their mother, the sisters felt free to write about her without risking a lawsuit. Gypsy: A Memoir was published in 1957 and served as inspiration for the Jule Styne, Stephen Sondheim, and Arthur Laurents 1959 musical Gypsy. June did not like the way she was portrayed in the piece, but she was eventually persuaded not to oppose it for her sister's sake.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The show and the 1962 movie adaptation assured Gypsy a steady income. The sisters were estranged for a period of time but reconciled. June, in turn, wrote Early Havoc and More Havoc, to tell her version of their history.Template:Cn

Lee went on to host a daytime San Francisco KGO-TV television talk show, The Gypsy Rose Lee Show (754 episodes, aired 1965–1968).<ref name="nypl/research/b15809423">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="nypl/research/b15454072">Template:Cite book</ref> The popular afternoon show featured such guests as Judy Garland, Agnes Moorehead, and Woody Allen, showcasing her love of people, pets and knitting among other interests.

Like well-known artists such as Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway, Gypsy Rose Lee was a supporter of the Popular Front movement in the Spanish Civil War and raised money for charity to alleviate the suffering of Spanish children during the conflict. "She became politically active, and she supported Spanish Loyalists during Spain's Civil War. She also became a fixture at Communist United Front meetings, and was investigated by the House Committee on un-American activities."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lee was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election.<ref>Motion Picture and Television Magazine, November 1952, p. 33, Ideal Publishers</ref> The walls of her Los Angeles home were adorned with pictures by Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, and Dorothea Tanning, all reportedly given to her by the artists themselves.Template:Citation needed

File:Gypsy Rose Lee Grave.jpg
Grave of Gypsy Rose Lee at Inglewood Park Cemetery (with wrong year of birth)

In 1969, she performed for American troops in Vietnam, who, she said, "considered her their sexy grandmother".<ref>A revealing look at Gypsy Rose Lee, cbsnews.com. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</ref>

DeathEdit

Lee died of lung cancer in Los Angeles in 1970, aged 59. Upon her death, she left an estate valued at US$575,000 (Template:Inflation).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She is buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.<ref>Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 27219-27220). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref>

LegacyEdit

File:Gypsy Rose Lee's star on Hollywood walk of fame (15992401828).jpg
Lee's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
  • The song "Zip" from the musical Pal Joey, written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, imagines the thoughts and musings that go through Gypsy Rose Lee's mind while she strips onstage, as recounted by a newspaper reporter who sings of her interview with Miss Lee as having been "my greatest achievement" in a career full of notable celebrity interviews. Elaine Stritch regularly performed this song (as the interviewer) for many years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Punk band The Distillers wrote "Gypsy Rose Lee", a song for their debut album in 2000.
  • In 1973, Tony Orlando and Dawn recorded "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose" by W. M. Irwin Levine & L. Russell Brown. (The song refers to Lee's profession but is about a fictional character with a similar name.)
  • In January 2012, Seattle Theater Writers (a group of arts critics for various publications) awarded the first Gypsy Rose Lee Awards, celebrating excellence in local theatre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • The Academy Film Archive has preserved a number of Lee's home movies, including behind-the-scenes footage from films in which she appeared.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Selected stage workEdit

Stage
Year Title Role Notes
1933 George White’s Melody herself under the name Rose Louise Casino Theatre
1936 Ziegfeld Follies herself Winter Garden Theatre
1939 I Must Love Someone Birdie Carr Vanderbilt Theatre
1940 Du Barry Was a Lady May Daly 46th Street Theatre
1940 Panama Hattie Panama Hattie substituting for Ethel Merman 46th Street Theatre
1943 Star And Garter herself The Music Box Theatre
1954 The Naked Genius Honey Bee Carroll New Parsons Theatre, Hartford, CT
1956 Fancy Meeting You Amanda Phipps Casino Theatre, Newport, RI
1958 Happy Hunting Liz Livingstone Westbury Music Fair
1961 The Threepenny Opera Jenny Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto
1961 Auntie Mame Auntie Mame Kenley Players, Columbus, OH
1961 A Curious Evening with Gypsy Rose Lee herself Las Palmas Theatre, Hollywood, CA

FilmographyEdit

Film
Year Title Role
1937 You Can't Have Everything Lulu Riley
1937 Ali Baba Goes to Town Sultana / Louise Hovick
1938 Sally, Irene and Mary Joyce Taylor
1938 Battle of Broadway Linda Lee
1938 My Lucky Star Marcelle La Verne
1943 Stage Door Canteen Gypsy Rose Lee
1944 Belle of the Yukon Belle De Valle
1952 Babes in Bagdad Zohara
1958 Screaming Mimi Joann 'Gypsy' Masters
1958 Wind Across the Everglades Mrs. Bradford
1963 The Stripper Madame Olga
1966 The Trouble with Angels Mrs. Phipps
1969 The Over-the-Hill Gang Cassie
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1949 Think Fast Herself - Host
1950 What's My Line? citation CitationClass=web

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1958 The Gypsy Rose Lee Show
1959 What's My Line?
1963 Fractured Flickers Herself episode 3—interview
1964 The Object Is Herself game show - 5 episodes
1964 Burke's Law Miss Bumpsy Cathcart Who Killed Vaudeville
1965 Who Has Seen the Wind? Proprietress TV movie
1965-1967 Gypsy Herself - Hostess 26 episodes
1966 The Pruitts of Southampton Regina 4 episodes
1966 Batman Newscaster 1 episode, Uncredited
1967 Around the World of Mike Todd Herself TV movie documentary
1969 The Over-the-Hill Gang Cassie TV movie, (final film role)
1969 The Hollywood Squares Herself - Panelist 114 episodes

RecordingsEdit

Recordings
Year Title Role Notes
1960 An Evening with Gypsy Rose Lee LP record AEI Records
1962 Gypsy Rose Lee Remembers Burlesque LP record Stereoddities

WorksEdit

NovelsEdit

  • The G-String Murders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1941).
  • Mother Finds a Body (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942).

MemoirEdit

PlaysEdit

  • The Naked Genius (1943) (filmed and released as Doll Face in 1946). Her original title for the play was The Ghost in the Woodpile.<ref>Oakland Tribune, 4 November 1943</ref>

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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Papers
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