Gyula, Hungary

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File:Eszperantó tér 1, Gyula városkép1.jpg

Downtown of Gyula

File:Gyulai vár 1566.jpg

Siege of Gyula 1566

File:Gyula trilingual table.JPG

Trilingual (Hungarian, Romanian, German) table in Gyula (meaning "social health insurance")

File:Gyula 2013, Erkel Ferenc szülőháza.jpg

Birth house of Ferenc Erkel, the composer of the Hungarian national anthem

File:Gyula kápolna.JPG

Roman Catholic chapel in Gyula

Gyula ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx; Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is a town in Békés County, Hungary. The town is best known for its medieval castle and a thermal bath. Ferenc Erkel, the composer of the Hungarian national anthem, and Albrecht Dürer the Elder, the father of Albrecht Dürer, were also born in Gyula.<ref name="Papp"/>

NameEdit

Gyula is named after the medieval Hungarian warlord Gyula III.<ref name="Papp">Antal Papp: Magyarország (Hungary), Panoráma, Budapest, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 860, pp. 453-456</ref> Gyula was also a title among the Hungarian tribes and still a common male given name.

In Romanian, the town is known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in German as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and in Turkish as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

GeographyEdit

Gyula is located in the Great Hungarian Plain on the River Fehér-Körös, Template:Convert southeast from Budapest and Template:Convert from the border with Romania. The (Szeged-)Békéscsaba-Gyula-Kötegyán railway line and Highway 44 also cross the town. Highway 44 is a four-lane expressway between Gyula and the county seat Békéscsaba.<ref name="geo">Magyarország autóatlasz, Dimap-Szarvas, Budapest, 2004, Template:ISBN</ref>

HistoryEdit

The first recorded reference to Gyula was in a document dated 1313 which mentions a monastery called Gyulamonostora (Julamonustra in Latin). By 1332 the settlement around the monastery was called Gyula. The construction of Gyula Castle began in the 14th century but finished only in the mid-16th century.<ref name="Papp"/> It was the property of the Maróthy family and later John Corvinus, the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus.<ref name="Papp"/>

In the beginning of July 1566, an Ottoman army of 27,000–30,000 men led by Template:Ill surrounded the 2,000-strong Gyula castle and laid siege to it. The city defenders surrendered after 59–63 days of siege. No other castle in 16th-century Hungary could hold the besieging Ottoman army for such a long time. Despite securing a deal, the defenders who withdrew on 2 September were looted and many of them were slaughtered by the Janissaries. Castle captain Template:Ill was also captured and taken to Belgrade, where he was executed in 1567.

From 1566, the town became part of Ottoman Hungary. During Ottoman rule, it was known as Göle and was an important sanjak in the centre of the Temeşvar Eyalet.

At the end of 1693, Gyula remained the only stronghold of the Ottomans north of the Maros river. In 1694, several Turkish letters sent from the castle were intercepted by the imperial troops, in which they requested the delivery of food from the Turkish army stationed in Temesvár. The Turkish military leadership was unable to deliver food to Gyula. In mid-December 1694, the Turkish castle commander indicated his intention to capitulate. On 21 December, a contract was signed on the surrender of the castle and the free retreat of the guard and the population. Gyula's Turkish guard left the castle on 18 January 1695, and after 129 years, the city was liberated by Christian troops.<ref name="Papp" />

Due to the wars, most of the native Hungarian population fled from Gyula and Békés County became near uninhabited.<ref name="Kocsis">Károly Kocsis (DSc, University of Miskolc) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, Budapest University) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.; Template:ISBN, CD Atlas</ref> The landowner János Harruckern invited German, Hungarian, and Romanian settlers, who re-established the town in the early 18th century.<ref name="Papp" /> In 1881, the town had 18,046 inhabitants, of which 12,103 were Hungarians, 2,608 Romanians, 2,124 Germans, 400 Slovaks and 811 of other ethnicities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gyula became a popular tourist destination in the 20th century. The thermal bath was established in 1942 and expanded in 1959, and the castle was restored in 1962.<ref name="Papp" />

DemographicsEdit

According to the 2011 census, the population of Gyula was 31,067, of whom there were 25,895 (83.4%) Hungarians, 974 (3.1%) Romanians, 971 (3.1%) Germans and 102 (0.3%) Romani by ethnicity. In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so some people declared Hungarian and a minority one together.<ref name="KSH">2011 Hungarian census, Békés county</ref><ref>Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology</ref>

Gyula is the center of the small native Romanian community of Hungary.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It has its own newspaper published in Gyula, Foaia Românească ("The Romanian Sheet").<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gyula also has a school for its Romanian population, the Nicolae Bălcescu Romanian Gymnasium, Primary School and College,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as a Research Institute of the Romanians of Hungary seated in the town.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Furthermore, the Diocese of Gyula, the Romanian Orthodox diocese serving the Romanians in Hungary, is seated in Gyula. The town itself hosts two Romanian Orthodox churches,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the Template:Ill<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the St. Paraskeva Church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There is also a consulate general of Romania in Gyula.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2011 there were 5,726 (18.4%) Roman Catholic, 5,560 (17.9%) Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist), 606 (2.0%) Orthodox and 507 (1.6%) Lutheran in Gyula. 8,304 people (26.7%) were irreligious and 453 (1.5%) Atheist, while 9,012 people (29.0%) did not declare their religion.<ref name="KSH"/>

Tourist attractionsEdit

Gyula Castle (Gyulai vár)
Thermal bath (Gyulai gyógyfürdő)
100-year-old confectionery (100 éves cukrászda)
Town hall, 1861 (Városháza)
Birth house of Ferenc Erkel (Erkel Ferenc szülőháza)
Saint Michael Cathedral, 1825 (Szent Miklós katedrális)
Roman Catholic church, 1775-1777 (Római katolikus templom)
Roman Catholic chapel, 1738–1752, (Római katolikus kápolna)<ref name="Papp"/><ref name="geo"/>

PoliticsEdit

The current mayor of Gyula is Dr. Ernő István Görgényi of the Fidesz-KDNP party.

The local Municipal Assembly has 14+1 members divided into this political parties and alliances:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

	Party	Seats	2014 Council
	Fidesz-KDNP	10
	Gyulai Városbarátok Köre	2
	Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik)	1
	Unity (Együtt-PM-MSZP-DK)	1

SportEdit

The Christián László Municipal Sports Complex is a municipal sports complex, consisting of 13 hectares of sports facilities, which includes the Himer Center field with an athletics track and a football pitch surrounded by a motorcycle speedway track. In addition, there are two more full size football pitches, tennis courts, basketball and skateboarding facilities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>