Hanafuda

File:Hanafuda Koi-Koi Setup.jpg

A typical setup with Template:Transliteration for playing Koi-Koi

Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Pakarnian, John, "Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games", Metropolis, January 22, 2010, p. 15.</ref>) are a type of Japanese playing cards. They are typically smaller than Western playing cards, only Template:Convert, but thicker and stiffer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the face of each card is a depiction of plants, Template:Nihongo, animals, birds, or man-made objects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One single card depicts a human. The back side is usually plain, without a pattern or design of any kind, and traditionally colored either red or black. Template:Transliteration are used to play a variety of games including Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration.

Outside Japan

In Korea, Template:Transliteration are known as Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx, Hanja: Template:Langx) and made of plastic with a textured back side.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The most popular game is Go-stop (Template:Langx), commonly played during special holidays such as Lunar New Year and Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Hawaii, Template:Transliteration is used to play Sakura.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Transliteration is also played in Micronesia, where it is known as Template:Transliteration and is used to play a four-person game, which is often played in partnerships.<ref name="Hanahuda">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Playing cards were introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in the mid-16th century. The Portuguese deck consisted of 48 cards, with four suits divided into 12 ranks. The first Japanese-made decks made during the Tenshō period (1573–1592) mimicked Portuguese decks and are referred to as Tenshō Karuta. The main game was a trick-taking game intermediate in evolution between Triunfo and Ombre.<ref>Depaulis, Thierry (2009). "Playing the Game: Iberian Triumphs Worldwide". The Playing-Card. Vol 38-2, p. 134-137.</ref> After Japan closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned.<ref>Harris, Blake J., Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle that Defined a Generation, It Books, 2014-May-13. Template:ISBN. "Chapter 5"</ref>

File:Hana Karuta by Tosa Mitsunari - 12.jpg

Hana awase cards from c. 1700, by painter Tosa Mitsunari (1646–1710). A predecessor of hanafuda. This card set contained 100 suits of 4 cards each.

In 1648, Template:Transliteration were banned by the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During prohibition, gambling with cards remained highly popular which led to disguised card designs. Each time gambling with a card deck of a particular design became too popular, the government banned it, which then prompted the creation of a new design. This cat-and-mouse game between the government and rebellious gamblers resulted in the creation of increasingly abstract and minimalist regional patterns (地方札). These designs were initially called Yomi Karuta after the popular Poch-like game of Yomi which was known by the 1680s.<ref name="Kakkuri">Kuromiya Kimihiko. (2005). "Kakkuri: The Last Yomi Game of Japan". The Playing-Card, Vol 33-4. p. 232-235.</ref>

Through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1764–1789), a game called Mekuri took the place of Yomi. It became so popular that Yomi Karuta was renamed Mekuri Karuta.<ref name="Kakkuri" /> Mechanically, Mekuri is similar to Chinese fishing games.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Cards became so commonly used for gambling that they were banned in 1791, during the Kansei era. On the other hand, Uta-garuta such as Hyakunin Isshu were officially permitted as being educationally beneficial. So as a loophole to the ban, early hanafuda were made to have old poems on some of the cards, disguising them as Uta-garuta. Remnants of this can be seen via the tanzaku-ranked cards.

The earliest known reference to Template:Transliteration (a previous version of Template:Transliteration) is from 1816 when it was recorded as a banned gambling tool. The earliest decks contained between 12, 20, and even 32 suits, each with one high value card, one tanzaku card, and two low-value cards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As Template:Transliteration modernized into Template:Transliteration, it standardized at 12 months (suits) with four rank-like categories. The majority of Template:Transliteration games are descended from Mekuri although Yomi adaptations for the flower cards survived until the 20th century.<ref name="Kakkuri" /> Though they can still be used for gambling, its structure and design is less convenient than other decks such as Kabufuda. In the Meiji period, playing cards became tolerated by the authorities.

File:Nintendo 1889.jpg

Marufuku Nintendo Card Company building in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto

In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi founded Nintendo for the purposes of producing and selling hand-crafted Template:Transliteration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nintendo has focused on video games since the 1970s but continues to produce cards in Japan, including themed sets based on Mario, Pokémon, and Kirby.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Koi-Koi game played with Template:Transliteration is included in Nintendo's own Clubhouse Games (2006) for the Nintendo DS, and Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics (2020) for the Nintendo Switch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Though modern Japanese hanafuda is primarily made today by either of the long-standing Oishi Tengudo (1800) or Nintendo (1889), dozens of others have manufactured hanafuda, such as Angel, Tamura Shogundo, Matsui Tengudo, Ace, Maruē, and many more.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:CaryJap2JackofSpades.jpg

Playing card (fused Jack of Spades and November Hikari) from the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University

Hanafuda were likely introduced to Korea during the late 1890s<ref name="Kim">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fairbairn">Template:Cite journal</ref> and to Hawaii in the early 1900s.<ref name=":1" /> Since then, companies and individuals in Korea and Hawaii have produced their own hanafuda, sometimes adapting the original Japanese imagery to fit either culture. Also made for western audiences are decks which fuse hanafuda with Toranpu (トランプ, "Trumps" a.k.a. the standard 52-card deck). These decks have indices on all their cards, and introduce a 13th suit which varies considerably by manufacturer (jokers, flowers, objects from japanese imagery, left blank or used as a "snow" suit, left as western Kings, etc.).

Cards

There are 48 cards total, divided into twelve suits, representing months of the year. Each suit is designated by a flower and has four cards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An extra blank card may be included to serve as a replacement. In Korean hwatu decks, several joker cards (조커패) award various bonuses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The standard categorizations and point values for each card are as follows. Note that some games change the point values or categorizations of the cards. For example, in the game Hachi-Hachi, all of the November cards count as kasu, and in the game Sakura, the values of the cards are different.

Month / suit Flower	Hikari (20 points)		Tane (10 points)		Tanzaku (5 points)		Kasu (1 point)
January Pine	Template:Hanafuda	Crane and Sun			Template:Hanafuda	Poetry tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
February Plum blossom			Template:Hanafuda	Warbling white-eyeTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	Poetry tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
March Cherry blossom	Template:Hanafuda	Curtain			Template:Hanafuda	Poetry tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
April Wisteria			Template:Hanafuda	CuckooTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	Plain tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
May Water iris			Template:Hanafuda	Eight-plank bridge	Template:Hanafuda	Plain tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
June PeonyTemplate:Efn			Template:Hanafuda	Butterflies	Template:Hanafuda	Blue tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
July Bush cloverTemplate:Efn			Template:Hanafuda	Boar	Template:Hanafuda	Plain tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
August Susuki grassTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	Full moonTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	GeeseTemplate:Efn			Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
September ChrysanthemumTemplate:Efn			Template:Hanafuda	Sake cup	Template:Hanafuda	Blue tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
October Maple			Template:Hanafuda	Deer	Template:Hanafuda	Blue tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	2 cards
November* Willow	Template:Hanafuda	Ono no Michikaze or Rain Man or figure with umbrellaTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	SwallowTemplate:Efn	Template:Hanafuda	Plain tanzaku	Template:Hanafuda (Lightning) {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}Template:Efn	1 card
December* Paulownia	Template:Hanafuda	Chinese phoenix					Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda Template:Hanafuda {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}	3 cards

* In the Korean {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} version, the November and December suits are swapped.

Text significance

A few cards in hanafuda contain Japanese text. Early hanafuda had poems in order to disguise themselves as Uta-garuta, but the text had since been simplified in modern times. In addition to the examples below, the December {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} cards typically display the manufacturer's name and marks, similar to the Ace of spades in western playing cards.

Cards	Description
Template:HanafudaTemplate:Hanafuda	Template:Nihongo with the hentaigana character Template:Hentaigana for ka
Template:Hanafuda	Template:Nihongo refers to Yoshino, Nara, known for its Somei-Yoshino hybrid cherry trees
Template:Hanafuda	Template:Nihongo

Games

Template:Div col Mekuri-derived games:

• Template:Ill
  • Template:Ill
  • Koi-Koi
    • Sakura
    • Go-Stop
  • Template:Ill
  • Mushi
• Hachi
• Template:Ill
  • Sudaoshi
• Tensho

Yomi-derived games:

• Template:Ill
• Template:Ill
• Isuri

Gabo Japgi/Kabufuda-derived games:

• Template:Ill
• Template:Ill

Unicode

Template:Anchor In Unicode, a symbol to represent Template:Transliteration is available at Template:Unichar in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block.<ref>https://unicode-explorer.com/c/1F3B4</ref> This character is typically rendered as the Full Moon with Red Sky card.<ref name=emojipedia>https://emojipedia.org/flower-playing-cards</ref> It was added as part of Unicode 6.0 in 2010 and added to Unicode Emoji 1.0 in 2015.<ref name=emojipedia/>

See also

• Category:Films about hanafuda
• Category:Hanafuda manufacturers
• Kabufuda
• Karuta
• Uta-garuta

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Template:Wiktionary-inline
• Template:Bgg
• Hanafuda rules
• Commentary on Hanafuda cards, including Korean variants