Harris Wofford

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (April 9, 1926 – January 21, 2019) was an American attorney, civil rights activist, and Democratic Party politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1991 to 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A noted advocate of national service and volunteering, Wofford was also the fifth president of Bryn Mawr College from 1970 to 1978, served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party in 1986, served as Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry in the cabinet of Governor Robert P. Casey from 1987 to 1991, and was a surrogate for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. He introduced Obama in Philadelphia at the National Constitution Center before Obama's speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union."

Early lifeEdit

Wofford was born in 1926 in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Estelle Allison (née Gardner) and Harris Llewellyn Wofford.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was born to a wealthy and prominent Southern family.<ref name=everywhere>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

At age 11 he accompanied his widowed grandmother on a six-month world tour. They spent Christmas Eve in Bethlehem, visited Shanghai shortly after the Imperial Japanese Army captured it, spent time in India where Wofford became "fascinated" by Mahatma Gandhi and visited Rome, where they saw Benito Mussolini announce Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations and a subsequent fascist parade.<ref name=everywhere/> While attending Scarsdale High School,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> he was inspired by Clarence Streit's plea for a world government to found the Student Federalists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By the time he was 18, the organization had grown so large that Newsweek predicted he would become president.<ref name=everywhere/>

He served in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War<ref name=everywhere/> and was a 1948 graduate of the University of Chicago.<ref name=everywhere/> After eight months on a fellowship in India, conducting a study of the recently assassinated Gandhi, he and his wife Clare returned to America. He subsequently enrolled at historically black Howard Law School, the first white male student to do so.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After one year, he concluded his studies at Yale Law School, where he received his law degree in June 1954.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He began his public service career as a legal assistant for Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh on the United States Commission on Civil Rights, serving from 1957 to 1959. In 1959, he became a law professor at University of Notre Dame. He was an early supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the South in the 1950s, accompanying Indian activist Ram Manohar Lohia on a tour of the South in 1951<ref name=everywhere/> and becoming a friend and unofficial advisor to Martin Luther King Jr.<ref name=everywhere/>

Kennedy administrationEdit

Wofford first met John F. Kennedy in 1947 at a party at Clare Boothe Luce's Connecticut home.<ref name=everywhere/> Wofford's political career began in 1960 when Kennedy asked him to join his presidential campaign and work with Sargent Shriver on winning over the "Negro vote".<ref name=everywhere/>

When King was imprisoned shortly before the election, Wofford and Shriver persuaded Kennedy to call King's wife, Coretta Scott King, who faced the specter of her husband sentenced to hard labor in a Georgia prison for a minor traffic violation while she was in an advanced stage of pregnancy. This prompted Martin Luther King Sr. to switch his endorsement from Richard Nixon to Kennedy<ref name=everywhere/> without the knowledge of Ted Sorensen, Ted Kennedy and Kenneth O'Donnell.<ref name=everywhere/><ref>Broder, David, and Haynes Johnson, "Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties" (1996), The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point (pg. 4), Little, Brown & Company; Template:ISBN.</ref> Following the phone call, Wofford and other Kennedy aides assembled a pamphlet that referenced the call, printed on blue paper and known as the "blue bomb"; some 2 million copies were circulated, mostly through African American churches—"below the registry of the news and white culture. It had enormous influence among black voters."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1961, Kennedy appointed him as a Special Assistant to the President for Civil Rights. In the White House, he served as chairman of the Subcabinet Group on Civil Rights. Wofford was instrumental in the formation of the Peace Corps and served as the Peace Corps' special representative to Africa and director of operations in Ethiopia.<ref name=everywhere/> He was appointed associate director of the Peace Corps in 1964 and held that position until 1966. He also participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965.<ref name=everywhere/> Wofford's book Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties details his years in the civil rights movement and the creation of the Peace Corps.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Academic career and private practiceEdit

In 1966, Wofford left politics to become president of the State University of New York at Old Westbury.<ref name=everywhere/> At the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Wofford risked his career by allowing himself to be arrested in protest of police brutality.<ref name=everywhere/> In 1970, he became president of Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, holding that post until 1978.<ref name=everywhere/>

In 1978, Wofford joined the law firm of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Political careerEdit

In PennsylvaniaEdit

After spending seven years in private law practice in Philadelphia, Wofford served as the Chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party from June to December 1986.<ref name=Chair1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Chair2>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1987, he was appointed by Pennsylvania Governor Robert P. Casey as the state's Secretary of Labor and Industry.<ref name=SecLab>Template:Cite news</ref>

1991 U.S. Senate special election victoryEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Harris Wofford oath of office.jpg

Wofford takes the U.S. Senate Oath of Office, administered by Senate President pro Tempore Robert Byrd

On April 4, 1991, Pennsylvania's senior U.S. Senator, H. John Heinz III, died in an aviation accident, leaving his seat in the U.S. Senate open. By law, the Pennsylvania governor was required to appoint a replacement until a special election could be held for the seat. After considering several potential candidates, including Chrysler president and Allentown native Lee Iacocca, who turned down the job, Governor Casey appointed Wofford to the seat on May 8, 1991.<ref name=everywhere/> He had previously considered running for office, but never thought the opportunity was quite right.<ref name=everywhere/> He thus became the first Democrat to represent Pennsylvania in the Senate since Joe Clark left office in 1969.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the special election, held in November 1991, Wofford faced Dick Thornburgh, the former Pennsylvania Governor and U.S. Attorney General under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Candidates for this special election were chosen by the party committees because the vacancy had happened too late to set up a primary. Wofford began the campaign so far behind in the polls that most pundits assumed he had no chance of winning. Indeed, at one point his own internal polls showed him losing by over 40 points. His eventual upset victory over the former governor by ten percentage points surprised many, and was later described as a turning point for the political prospects of President George H. W. Bush.<ref name=everywhere/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wofford's campaign was run by Paul Begala and James Carville, and their dramatic success brought them to national attention.<ref name=everywhere/> Wofford's campaign pivoted on a promise of universal healthcare, and according to political scientist Jacob Hacker, helped propel healthcare reform into national discussion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Themes such as the economy and health care would also be crucial to Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential election victory.<ref name=everywhere/> In 2015, conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh complained of Wofford, "Health care as a right—you know who started that line of thinking? A guy named Harris Wofford, who was a senator from Pennsylvania."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Although Clinton ultimately chose Al Gore, Wofford was a finalist for the vice presidential nomination.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

1994 U.S. Senate defeatEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After the failure of president Bill Clinton's Healthcare proposal, to which Wofford was tied to having been one of the executive's strongest allies on the issue, following this Wofford focused his attacks on his opponent Republican Rep. Rick Santorum, thirty-two years his junior. Santorum in turn ran a grassroots campaign and appeal to socially conservative unions.<ref name=Kennedy>Template:Cite book</ref> Wofford would end up narrowly losing his seat to Santorum by 87,210 votes.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> The election was part of that year's Republican Revolution, in which many Democrats were ousted from both houses of the United States Congress.<ref name=":2" /> Wofford and Tennessee's Jim Sasser were the only incumbent Senators to lose re-election in the 1994 cycle. [1]

Subsequent careerEdit

File:Formal Swearing in Ceremony of Carrie Hessler-Radelet June 25, 2014 (14334334699) (cropped).jpg

Wofford speaks at Peace Corps ceremony in 2014.

From 1995 to 2001, Wofford served as chief executive officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service, the federal agency that runs AmeriCorps and other domestic volunteer programs.<ref name=everywhere/>

In 2005, he met Barack Obama. The two became friends and when Obama made his speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union", Wofford introduced him.<ref name=everywhere/>

On January 4, 2007, Wofford was present for the swearing-in of Senator Bob Casey Jr., who defeated Santorum in his bid for a third term,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and on January 3, 2013, Wofford again accompanied Casey to his swearing-in for a second term on the floor of the Senate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From 2001, Wofford served on the boards of several charities and service organizations, including America's Promise, Youth Service America and the Points of Light Foundation. He was a trustee to the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 2007 and 2009, Wofford was the national spokesperson for Experience Wave, a national campaign that sought to advance state and federal policies to make it easier for mid-life and older adults to stay engaged in work and community life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Wofford was a board member of Malaria No More, a New York-based nonprofit that was launched at the 2006 White House Summit with the goal of ending all deaths caused by malaria. He served on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He served as a senior fellow at the Case Foundation in Washington, D.C.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From 2012 to 2015, Wofford served as a senior advisor to the Franklin Project, a policy program of the Aspen Institute that sought to make a year of service a common opportunity and expectation for young Americans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2014, The New Republic featured Wofford in its 100th Anniversary issue, in a profile titled, "The Man Who Was Everywhere".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Wofford was raised an Episcopalian, and converted to Catholicism in the 1980s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1948, Wofford married Clare Lindgren. The Woffords later had three children. In January 1996, Clare Wofford died of acute leukemia at age 69.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2016 at the age of 90, Wofford announced that he would marry interior designer Matthew Charlton, a man 50 years his junior and his companion since 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That month, he published an opinion piece in The New York Times entitled "Finding Love Again, This Time With a Man."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wofford and Charlton married that year.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On January 21, 2019, Wofford died at age 92 in Washington, D.C., of complications from a fall.<ref name=":0" /> Approximately 1,000 people attended his memorial service held on March 3, 2019 in Cramton Auditorium at Howard University. The Howard University Choir performed and speakers included his husband, his brother, his children, Wayne A.I. Frederick, Tom Wolf, Timothy Shriver, Bob Casey Jr., Bill Clinton (via video), Paul Begala, Ghebre Selassie Mehreteab, and Peter Yarrow (via video), among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AwardsEdit

In 2002, Wofford was the recipient of the John W. Gardner Leadership Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2011, in conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the Peace Corps, the National Peace Corps Association created the Harris Wofford Global Citizen Award. It is given annually to an outstanding global leader who grew up and lives in a country where Peace Corps Volunteers served and whose life was influenced by the Peace Corps. The leader should be a person whose life's work has made a significant contribution to the world in a way that reflects the core Peace Corps values of service, peace, development, human rights, health, and understanding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2012, Wofford received the Presidential Citizens Medal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2015, Wofford was an honored speaker at the Memorial Tribute to Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., 1917–2015, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame, Congregation of Holy Cross and former chairperson of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLb7-qtbdxM, minute 1:00:00.</ref>Template:Better source needed