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Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) is an American lawyer, politician, and university administrator who served as the 7th United States secretary of energy from 1993 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, O'Leary was the first woman and first African American to hold that post. She also served as the 14th president of Fisk University from 2004 to 2013, a historically black college and her alma mater. O'Leary's tenure at Fisk came amid financial difficulty for the school, during which time she increased enrollment and contentiously used the school's art collection to raise funds.
O'Leary received her bachelor's degree from Fisk before earning her Bachelor of Laws degree from Rutgers School of Law. O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and then in a private consulting/accounting firm before joining the Carter administration in the newly created Department of Energy. O'Leary returned to the private sector in 1981 but rejoined the government as secretary of energy under President Bill Clinton. During her tenure, she declassified documents detailing how the United States had conducted secret testing on the effects of radiation on unsuspecting American citizens. She also received criticism for excessive spending on international trips while in office.
Early life and educationEdit
Hazel Reid was born in Newport News, Virginia. Her parents, Russel E. Reid and Hazel Reid, were both physicians.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Henneberger, Melinda">Template:Cite news</ref> They divorced when she was 18 months old.<ref name="Haywood, Richette">Template:Cite book</ref> Her father and stepmother, a teacher named Mattie Pullman Reid, raised Hazel and her older sister Edna Reid,<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /><ref name="Haywood, Richette" /> primarily in the East End neighborhood.<ref name="=Di Vincenzo 1994">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hazel attended school in a segregated school system in Newport News for eight years.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /><ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney">Template:Cite book</ref> She and her sister were then sent to live with an aunt in Essex County, New Jersey, and attend Arts High School, an integrated school.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /><ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney" /> She earned a bachelor's degree at Fisk University in Nashville in 1959.<ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney" /> She then married Carl Rollins and had a son before returning to school and earning her Bachelor of Laws degree from Rutgers Law School in Newark in 1966.<ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney" />
CareerEdit
Early careerEdit
O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey on organized crime cases,<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" /> later becoming an assistant attorney general for the state.<ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney" /> In 1969, after obtaining a divorce, O'Leary moved to Washington, D.C., where she joined the consulting/accounting firm Coopers & Lybrand.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /><ref name="Smith, Jessie Carney" /> During the Carter administration, O'Leary was appointed assistant administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, general counsel of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the newly created Department of Energy, where she met Deputy Secretary of Energy John F. O'Leary.<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" /> They married on AprilTemplate:Nbsp24, 1980.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /><ref name="Feder, Barnaby J., New Energy Chief" />
After Carter lost the 1980 election, the O'Learys established the consulting firm O'Leary & Associates in Morristown, New Jersey, where she served as vice president and general counsel.<ref name="Stych, Ed">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Jack died of cancer in 1987, she moved to Minnesota.<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" /> From 1989 to 1993, O'Leary worked as an executive vice president of the Northern States Power Company, a Minnesota-based public utility.<ref name="Stych, Ed" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Secretary of EnergyEdit
In a press conference on December 21, 1992, held in Little Rock, Arkansas, then President-elect Bill Clinton announced his intention to nominate O'Leary as secretary of energy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Clinton officially made the nomination on JanuaryTemplate:Nbsp20, 1993, and the Senate confirmed O'Leary by unanimous consent the next day.<ref name="Nelson, Michael, The Presidency">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> O'Leary was the first woman and first African American to serve as energy secretary.<ref name="Bittner, Drew" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was also the first secretary of that department to have worked for an energy company.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time she led the Department of Energy, it had an annual budget of $18Template:Nbspbillion<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and approximately 18,000 employees.<ref name="Feder, Barnaby J., New Energy Chief">Template:Cite news</ref>
O'Leary challenged the way the department had traditionally been run, particularly its focus on developing and testing nuclear weapons. During her tenure, the size of the Department of Energy was reduced by a third. It was also a target for Republicans who wanted it eliminated.<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy" /><ref name="Feder, Barnaby J., New Energy Chief" /> While reducing the size of the department overall, O'Leary shifted resources toward efficient and renewable energy sources,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a priority of the Clinton administration.<ref name="Feder, Barnaby J., New Energy Chief" />
In this position, O'Leary won praise for declassifying old Department of Energy documents,<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy" /><ref name="Wald, Matthew, Power is underpriced">Template:Cite news</ref> including Cold War-era records that showed the U.S. government had used American citizens as guinea pigs in human radiation experiments, as had long been rumored.<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy">Template:Cite news</ref> Clinton issued Executive Order 12891, which created the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE) to prevent such abuses of power.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> O'Leary also announced a $4.6Template:Nbspmillion settlement payment to the families of victims of past radiation experiments.<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy" /> Other declassified documents included facts about plutonium the United States had left in South Vietnam.<ref name="Wald, Matthew, Power is underpriced" />
O'Leary also pushed to end nuclear testing in the United States.<ref name="Bittner, Drew">Template:Cite news</ref> Her efforts resulted in Clinton signing a test ban on nuclear testing, a ban that other nations joined.<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy" /> Early in her tenure as secretary, O'Leary met with whistle-blowers who said they faced harassment for raising legitimate health and safety issues within the DOE.<ref name="Haywood, Richette" /> She announced a "zero tolerance" policy, prohibiting retaliation against whistle-blowers at nuclear plants.<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" />
O'Leary repeatedly faced criticism during her tenure. The DOE allocated $43,500 to a Washington firm to identify unfriendly media outlets, which White House Press Secretary Michael D. McCurry called "unacceptable."<ref name="Warren, James, O'Leary's Legacy" /> O'Leary claimed the allocation was made without her direct knowledge and defended the research as an attempt to study the efficacy of the department's messaging.<ref name="Lewis, Neil, monitor reporters">Template:Cite news</ref> A Government Accountability Office audit of travel criticized her for traveling too frequently and spending excessively on accommodations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She apologized to Congressional committees in 1996 for spending that exceeded limits on the funds appropriated to the agency for travel.<ref name="Ford, Lynne E.">Template:Cite book</ref>
O'Leary resigned from her position effective JanuaryTemplate:Nbsp20, 1997,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> explaining she did not wish to stay in the job more than four years.<ref name="Wald, Matthew, Power is underpriced" /> In 1997, Johnny Chung, a Democratic political donor, claimed that O'Leary had met with Chinese oil officials after he gave $25,000 to O'Leary's favorite charity, Africare, in 1995.<ref name=":0" /> In August of that year, Attorney General Janet Reno reviewed Chung's allegations to decide whether to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate O'Leary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Reno determined there was "no evidence" of wrongdoing by O'Leary and no basis for a further investigation.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> Some observers, including a lawyer for the Government Accountability Project, saw some fault in O'Leary's conduct but also saw racism and sexism in the way she was treated.<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" />
Post-governmentEdit
After leaving the Clinton administration, O'Leary once again served as president of O'Leary & Associates, her consulting firm.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also sat on the board of the environmental engineering firm ICF Kaiser International.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2000, she became president and chief operating officer of an investment banking firm, Blaylock & Partners.<ref name="Bloomberg" /> She left that firm in 2002.<ref name="Ford, Lynne E." />
Fisk University presidentEdit
On July 13, 2004, O'Leary was selected and began work as president of her undergraduate alma mater, Fisk University, a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee.<ref name="2003 Office of Fisk President">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="O'Leary 14th President">Template:Cite news</ref> She was officially installed as the university's 14th president on OctoberTemplate:Nbsp6, 2005.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Before O'Leary's tenure, the university had tried unsuccessfully to increase its enrollment and experienced financial problems.<ref name="Schelzig, Erik">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, Fisk had an enrollment of 770 students and 264 faculty and staff members.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Greenberg, Pierce, Financially challenged Fisk">Template:Cite news</ref>
By 2011, Fisk's enrollment numbers improved,<ref name="Greenberg, Pierce, Financially challenged Fisk" /> but the school was still operating with a loss in six of the previous nine years.<ref name="Greenberg, Pierce, Financially challenged Fisk" /> These ongoing financial problems caused the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to place Fisk on probation in 2010 over concerns for the university's finances and prospects.<ref name="Stuart, Reginald">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="jbhe, O'Leary to Retire">Template:Cite news</ref> The probation ended in December 2013.<ref name="Stuart, Reginald" />
Under O'Leary's leadership, Fisk went to court in December 2005 seeking a ruling that it could sell a portion of the university's Alfred Stieglitz Collection.<ref name="Brooks, Jennifer, Can Selling O'Keefe">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Schelzig, Erik" /> Stieglitz's widow Georgia O'Keeffe had bequeathed the collection to Fisk with restrictions on its sale. O'Leary intended to use the proceeds of the sale to fund a new academic building, endow professorships, and rebuild the school's endowment, which had been drawn down several times before her arrival.<ref name="Hassell, Bravetta, College Argues">Template:Cite news</ref> The Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation opposed the sale, and later the Tennessee State Attorney General opposed any sale of the artwork out of state.<ref name="Brooks, Jennifer, Can Selling O'Keefe" /> Ultimately, after seven years of legal battles, the school was able to reach a deal with Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Arkansas to share the collection. At the time the deal was finalized, O'Leary said the arrangement was essential to keeping the university open.<ref name="Tamburin, Adam, leader justifies 2010 sale">Template:Cite news</ref>
Amidst the public battle over attempts to sell the Alfred Stieglitz Collection, O'Leary quietly arranged to sell two other works of art, including a work by Florine Stettheimer. Fisk's board of trustees approved the sale in 2010 although it was not publicly disclosed until The New York Times reported it in 2016. O'Leary defended the decision to sell the artwork, saying it was done out of necessity amid financial difficulties.<ref name="Tamburin, Adam, leader justifies 2010 sale" />
In 2012, O'Leary announced that she would retire at the end of the calendar year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her retirement was effective JanuaryTemplate:Nbsp31, 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was succeeded by H. James Williams.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other affiliationsEdit
O'Leary has served as a director for Alchemix Corp. and CAMAC Energy. She also served on the board of directors for nonprofit organizations such as the Nashville Alliance for Public Education, the Nashville Business Community for the Arts, and the Arms Control Association, and as a trustee on boards of the World Wildlife Fund, Morehouse College, and The Andrew Young Center of International Development.<ref name="Bloomberg" />
Personal lifeEdit
O'Leary has been married three times.<ref name="Haywood, Richette" /> Her first marriage to Carl G. Rollins, Jr., ended in divorce. The couple had a son, also named Carl, who became an attorney.<ref name="Haywood, Richette" /> O'Leary was briefly married to ABC News anchorman Max Robinson. In 1977, she met John F. O'Leary, then Deputy Secretary of Energy.<ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" /> They married on AprilTemplate:Nbsp24, 1980, and remained married until his death from cancer in 1987.<ref name="Feder, Barnaby J., New Energy Chief" /><ref name="Harrington, Linda M, No Pie in Sky" />
In 1997, O'Leary joined a Presbyterian Church.<ref name="Henneberger, Melinda" /> She is a member of The Links.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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