Head of the Commonwealth
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Political post
The Head of the Commonwealth is the ceremonial leader who symbolises "the free association of independent member nations" of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organisation that currently comprises 56 sovereign states. There is no set term of office or term limit and the role itself has no constitutional relevance to any of the member states within the Commonwealth. The position has historically been held by the monarch of the United Kingdom, and thus is currently held by King Charles III.<ref name=":0" /> Head of the Commonwealth is also a title of the monarch of each of the Commonwealth realms according to the Royal Style and Titles Act.
By 1949, what was then called the British Commonwealth was a group of eight countries, each having King George VI as monarch. India, however, desired to become a republic, but not to leave the Commonwealth by doing so. This was accommodated by the creation of the title Head of the Commonwealth for the King and India became a republic in 1950. Subsequently, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, other nations, including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, and Singapore, also became republics, but, as members of the Commonwealth, recognised her as the organisation's head.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Per agreement reached at the CHOGM in 2018, Charles III succeeded Elizabeth II as head of the Commonwealth upon her death on 8 September 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the British Empire began to be referred to as the Commonwealth of Nations, with several colonies gaining substantial autonomy as they achieved Dominion status.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nevertheless, the unity of this Commonwealth was seen as being established by a shared allegiance to the British monarch. During the negotiations to end the Irish War of Independence, the rebel Irish president Éamon de Valera proposed a relationship between Ireland and the British Empire he called external association, under which Ireland would be a republic "associated" with the rest of the British Commonwealth, and would "recognise His Britannic Majesty as head of the Association" but not as Ireland's King or head of state. This proposal was rejected, and the treaty that ended the war saw the Irish Free State remain part of the Commonwealth as a Dominion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
The Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 established that the Dominions were equal in status to one another and legislatively independent, which gave each of them the right to legislate in regard to their shared head of state; thus, the abdication of Edward VIII and the accession of his brother as George VI required separate action in each Dominion. The Irish Free State, under de Valera's leadership, changed its constitutional law to create the office of an elected President of Ireland and limit the monarch to only a ceremonial role in foreign relations as a "symbol of cooperation" with other nations of the Commonwealth.<ref>Template:Cite ISB</ref> This ambiguity over the Irish head of state allowed the rest of the Commonwealth to continue to regard George VI as a monarch they shared with Ireland even as de Valera declared that Ireland was now "demonstrably a republic".<ref name="Dail1945-07-17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eventually the Irish government passed The Republic of Ireland Act 1948, eliminating the final roles the King had in the state and terminating the Republic's membership in the Commonwealth when it went into effect in 1949.
At that point, George VI was still king of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. However, India also wished to become a republic, but, unlike Ireland, did not wish to leave the Commonwealth. To accommodate this, the London Declaration, issued in late April 1949,Template:Refn stated that India wished to remain part of the Commonwealth, and regarded the King as the symbol of the voluntary association of the countries of the Commonwealth "and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". By implication, this allowed India and other nations to become republics without leaving the Commonwealth. When India adopted a republican constitution on 26 January 1950, George VI ceased to be its monarch (the President of India, Rajendra Prasad, became head of state) and, thereafter, the country regarded him as Head of the Commonwealth.
George VI's daughter, Elizabeth II, became Head of the Commonwealth upon her accession on 6 February 1952, stating at the time, "the Commonwealth bears no resemblance to the empires of the past. It is an entirely new conception built on the highest qualities of the spirit of man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following year, a royal styles and titles act was passed in each of the Commonwealth realms, adding, for the first time, the term Head of the Commonwealth to the monarch's titles.
The Queen had a personal flag created in December 1960 to symbolise her as Head of the Commonwealth without being associated with her role as queen of any particular country. Over time, the flag replaced the British royal standard when the Queen visited Commonwealth countries of which she was head of state, but did not possess a royal standard for that country,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or of which she was not head of state, as well as on Commonwealth occasions in the United Kingdom. When the Queen visited the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat in London, this personal standard—not any of her royal standards—was raised.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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South Africa was barred from re-entering the Commonwealth after it became a republic in 1961, as many Commonwealth members, particularly those in Africa and Asia, as well as Canada, were hostile to its policy of racial apartheid. Through the 1980s, Queen Elizabeth II sided with the majority of Commonwealth heads of government, and against her British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, on the matter of imposing sanctions on apartheid South Africa,<ref name="Harris">Template:Citation</ref> a point echoed by former Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, who said, "so steadfast was the Queen to the antiapartheid cause ... that, once again, she stood firm against the position of Thatcher".<ref>Template:Citation</ref> South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994, following its first multiracial elections that year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid in the country.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
While the Queen never spoke publicly on the matter of apartheid, she was in 1961 photographed dancing with President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana during her visit to Accra, celebrating Ghana's establishment as a republic (also removing Elizabeth as head of state) within the Commonwealth the year before. This act was taken as the Queen's symbolic expression of her anti-apartheid stance;<ref>Template:Citation</ref> the image offended the white South African government.<ref name="Harris" /> However, Elizabeth's visit, made despite recent bombings in the capital, was mainly intended to keep Ghana in the Commonwealth amid fears the country was getting too close to the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
After the Queen's death in 2022, King Charles III became Head of the Commonwealth. He delivered his first Commonwealth Day message on 13 March 2023, in the week that marked the 10th anniversary of the Charter of the Commonwealth, which Charles III said, "gives expression to our defining values—peace and justice; tolerance, respect, and solidarity; care for our environment and for the most vulnerable among us".<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
TitleEdit
The title was devised in the London Declaration as a result of discussions at the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is rendered in Latin as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and in French as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Roles and dutiesEdit
The head of the Commonwealth serves as a leader, alongside the Commonwealth secretary-general and Commonwealth chair-in-office. Although Charles III is king of 15 member-states of the Commonwealth, he does not have any constitutional role in any Commonwealth state by virtue of his position as head of the Commonwealth. He keeps in touch with Commonwealth developments through regular contact with the Commonwealth secretary general and the Secretariat, the Commonwealth's central organisation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The head of the Commonwealth or a representative attends the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), held at locations throughout the Commonwealth. This is a tradition begun by Queen Elizabeth II at the suggestion of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1973,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> when the CHOGM was first held in Canada. During the summit, the head of the Commonwealth has a series of private meetings with Commonwealth countries' heads of government, attends a CHOGM reception and dinner, and makes a general speech.
The head of the Commonwealth or a representative has also been present at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. The Queen's Baton Relay, held prior to the opening of each Commonwealth Games, carries a message from the head of the Commonwealth to all Commonwealth Nations and territories.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Every year on Commonwealth Day, the second Monday in March, the head of the Commonwealth broadcasts a special message to the population of the Commonwealth; approximately 2.5 billion people.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> On the same day, the head attends an inter-denominational Commonwealth Day service, held at Westminster Abbey.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting 1973 Canada stamp.jpg
Queen Elizabeth II on a Canadian postage stamp commemorating the 1973 CHOGM
- Queen Elizabeth II at the 1974 Commonwealth Games (1).jpg
The Queen awarding medals at the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand
- Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II at the Closing Ceremony of the XII Commonwealth Games, Brisbane.jpg
The Queen at the closing ceremony of the Brisbane 1982 Commonwealth Games
- The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh alongwith the Heads of Commonwealth countries with the Queen Elizabeth II, at CHOGM 2009, in Port of Spain on November 27, 2009.jpg
The Queen posing with Commonwealth leaders at the 2009 CHOGM in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
- The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil receiving the Baton from the Queen Elizabeth II, for Baton relay of XIX Commonwealth Games 2010, at Buckingham Palace, in London on October 29, 2009.jpg
Elizabeth II passing the Baton to President Pratibha Patil of India for the Queen's Baton Relay for the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games
- Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II delivering the inaugural address at the CHOGM 2011 at Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre, in Australia. The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari and other Heads of States are also seen.jpg
The Queen, as Head of the Commonwealth, delivering the inaugural address at the 2011 CHOGM in Perth, Australia
- DSCF6026 Queen arrives at Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.jpg
Elizabeth II arriving at the opening ceremony of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games
- Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends CHOGM Summit in Samoa -Day 2 (54091914325).jpg
King Charles III with Commonwealth leaders at his first CHOGM as Head of the Commonwealth, Samoa 2024
SuccessionEdit
The position of head of the Commonwealth is not hereditary, with successors chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Once in office, there is no term limit.
Despite this, the words Head of the Commonwealth form part of the monarch's title in each Commonwealth realm. Before Charles was selected as the organisation's next head, Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper referred to Charles as "the future head of the Commonwealth"<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Prime Minister of New Zealand John Key said, "the title [of head of the Commonwealth] should just go with the Crown".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By 2018, with Elizabeth II in her 90s, there had been discussions for some time about whether her eldest son, Charles, or someone else should become the third head of the Commonwealth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Commentators in British newspapers opined on whether it should be a one-off decision to elect Prince Charles to the headship, the monarch of the Commonwealth realms should automatically become head of the Commonwealth, or the post should be elected or chosen by consensus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There was also speculation that a rotating ceremonial "republican" headship might be instituted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Daily Telegraph reported that "the post is not hereditary and many leaders want an elected head to make the organisation more democratic."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
It was argued by Philip Murphy and Daisy Cooper that the role should simply lapse upon Queen Elizabeth's death, as Prince Charles was, at the time, in an "impossible position": promoting himself would be "anachronistic and presumptuous", whereas showing no interest would be "characterised as neglectful". Murphy and Cooper went further to say Charles would be a "positively harmful" symbol, "reinforcing the prejudice that the Commonwealth is merely a throwback to empire". They felt that the position itself was an impediment to the influence of the Commonwealth Secretariat.<ref name="Morris19-20">Template:Citation</ref>
A report that Prince Charles would accompany the Queen to the 2015 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta claimed Elizabeth was "determined to see the headship descend to her son", while accepting that "it is not a done deal".<ref name="Morris19-20" /> In 2018, following that year's CHOGM, the delegates declared that Charles would be the next head of the Commonwealth,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the role remained non-hereditary.<ref name="CHOGM_2018">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Consequently, after the Queen's death on 8 September 2022, Charles automatically became head of the Commonwealth.<ref name="commonwealth 090922">The Commonwealth - About Us, TheCommonwealth.org Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 10 September 2022</ref>
List of headsEdit
| Template:Abbr | Portrait | Name | Term | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Duration | |||
| 1 | File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg | George VI Template:Small |
26 April 1949Template:Efn | 6 February 1952 | Template:Ayd |
| 2 | File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg | Elizabeth II Template:Small |
6 February 1952 | 8 September 2022 | Template:Ayd |
| 3 | File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg | Charles III Template:Small |
8 September 2022 | Incumbent | Template:Ayd |
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See alsoEdit
- Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations
- List of titles and honours of George VI
- List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II
- List of titles and honours of Charles III
- Style of the British sovereign
- Title and style of the Canadian monarch
NotesEdit
FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- The British Monarchy: The Queen and the Commonwealth Template:Webarchive
- The evolution of the Commonwealth during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II
- The King and the Commonwealth Template:Webarchive
Template:Charles III Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics