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Heavy Metal (magazine)

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox magazine Heavy Metal is an American science fantasy comics magazine, first published in 1977. The magazine is known primarily for its blend of dark fantasy, science fiction, erotica, and steampunk comics. Following a brief hiatus in 2023, it plans to relaunch in 2024 with new owners and a new editorial team consisting of Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson.<ref name="Comic Book Resources 15 October 2024">Template:Cite news</ref>

Unlike the traditional American comic books of that time bound by the restrictive Comics Code Authority, the magazine-format Heavy Metal featured explicit nudity, sexual situations, and graphic violence. The magazine started out primarily as a licensed translation of the French science-fantasy magazine Métal hurlant, marking for many Americans their first introduction to the work of European cartoonists like Enki Bilal, Philippe Caza, Guido Crepax, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud (a.k.a. Moebius), Chantal Montellier, and Milo Manara.

Publication historyEdit

National LampoonEdit

After a 1975 European trip by National Lampoon contributor Tony Hendra expressing interest in European comics, the magazine's New York offices attracted significant European comic material. On 2 September 1976, editor Sean Kelly singled out the relatively new French comics anthology Métal hurlant (Template:Literal translation, though Kelly translated it as "Screaming Metal")<ref name=TCJ94>Template:Cite news</ref> and brought it to the attention of company president Leonard Mogel on 3 September, as Mogel was departing for Germany and France to jump-start the French edition of National Lampoon.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> (Métal hurlant had debuted in early 1975 from Les Humanoïdes Associés (Template:Literal translation), an association of Philippe Druillet, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Jean Giraud (Mœbius), and financial director Bernard Farkas formed on 19 December 1974.)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Upon Mogel's return from Paris on 27 September, he reported that the French publishers had agreed to an English language version, and he suggested the title Heavy Metal for an April issue to be released in March 1977.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Heavy Metal debuted in the US as a glossy, full-color monthly published by HM Communications, Inc., a subsidiary of Matty Simmons' Twenty First Century Communications, Inc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn The cover of the initial April 1977 issue declared itself to be "From the people who bring you the National Lampoon", and the issue primarily featured reprints from Métal hurlant, as well as material from National Lampoon, a colorized portion of Vaughn Bodē's Sunpot (1971), and an excerpt from Terry Brooks' The Sword of Shannara (1977).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since the color pages from Métal hurlant had already been shot in France, the budget to reproduce them in the US version was greatly reduced.Template:Citation needed

In the late spring of 1980, Métal hurlant went bankrupt<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Heavy Metal severed its ties with its content partner.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Métal hurlant managed to keep publishing, however, and the two magazines reconciled in the summer of 1981.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After running as a monthly for its first nine years up to the December 1985 issue, the magazine dropped to a quarterly schedule (winter, spring, summer, and fall) beginning in 1986, promising an increase in length and to feature only complete (rather than serialized) stories.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Métal hurlant folded in the summer of 1987,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> forcing Heavy Metal to expand its reach for new content.

Other HM Communications publicationsEdit

In 1977–1978, HM Communications published a number of trade paperbacks featuring "Heavy Metal Presents" on their covers, collecting translated material it had previously serialized in the pages of Heavy Metal:

  • Arzach (1977) — by Jean Giraud; originally published in Métal hurlant
  • Candice at Sea (1977) — by Jacques Lob and Georges Pichard (trans. by Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant); originally published in Blanche Épiphanie #3 - La Croisière infernale by Les Humanoïdes Associés in 1977
  • Psychorock (1977) — by Sergio Macedo (trans. by Kelly and Marchant); originally published by Les Humanoïdes Associés in 1976
  • Barbarella: The Moon Child (1978) — by Jean-Claude Forest (trans. by Richard Seaver); originally published in Barbarella #3 - Le Semble-Lune, published by Pierre Horay in 1977
  • Ulysses (1978) — adaptation of Homer's Odyssey by Jacques Lob and Georges Pichard; originally published by Dargaud in 1974–1975
  • Is Man Good? (1978) – by Jean Giraud (trans. by Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant); originally published in Pilote and Métal hurlant
  • Conquering Armies (1978) – by Jean-Pierre Dionnet and Jean-Claude Gal (trans. by Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant); originally published in Métal hurlant

In 1978–1979, HM Communications released a number of trade paperbacks of original content that had been serialized in the pages of Heavy Metal. These projects also featured "Heavy Metal Presents" on their covers:

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  • Michael Moorcock's The Swords of Heaven, The Flowers of Hell (1979) — by Michael Moorcock and Howard Chaykin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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In 1981, the company launched a new series, Heavy Metal Special Editions, which consisted of fifty seasonal Heavy Metal specials published until 2008. These began with Heavy Metal Presents Moebius (1981), followed by The Best of Heavy Metal (1982), Even Heavier Metal (1983), Son of Heavy Metal (1984), Bride of Heavy Metal (1985), and The Best of Heavy Metal 2 (1986). Beginning with The Venus Interface (1989, v5 no. 4), the indicia began to feature volume and issue numbers, as well as the phrase "a series of special editions published four times a year by Heavy Metal magazine." After the fiftieth issue, "Overload Special" (Summer 2008, v22 no. 2), the numbering of the seasonal specials was merged into the main series, and continued for another nine issues until the "War of the Worlds Special" (2011).

Grodnik/Matheson, J2 CommunicationsEdit

In late 1988/early 1989, film producer Daniel Grodnik and actor/producer Tim Matheson acquired voting control of 21.3 percent of National Lampoon Inc. stock,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> were named to the company's board, and eventually took control of the company (by purchasing the ten-percent share — worth $760,000<ref name=Rhodes2018>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> — of Matty Simmons, who departed the company).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During this period, publication of Heavy Metal increased from a quarterly to a bi-monthly schedule, citing a thirty-percent increase in circulation.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

A year later,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Grodnik/Matheson Co. sold the properties to J2 Communications, a home video producer and distributor founded by James P. Jimirro, with Grodnik and Matheson staying on for a period to run the new division.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kevin EastmanEdit

Kevin Eastman, co-creator of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, who had grown up reading Heavy Metal, bought the magazine for $500,000<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Rhodes2018 /> in May 1992.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (In total, HM Communications published 137 issues in 15 volumes from April 1977 to March 1992.) Eastman's publishing entity Metal Mammoth, Inc., published the magazine from 1992 to 2014. Eastman also served as Heavy Metal's editor-in-chief for the bulk of this time (even into 2016, after he was no longer the owner).

Later developmentsEdit

In January 2014, Eastman sold the magazine to digital and music veteran David Boxenbaum and film producer Jeff Krelitz.<ref name=Variety2014>Template:Cite news</ref> Eastman continued to serve as publisher of the magazine (until early 2020)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was a minority investor in the new Heavy Metal,<ref name=Variety2014 /> which became at that point published by Heavy Metal Media, LLC.

In late 2019, Krelitz was no longer with the magazine, which was undergoing leadership churn.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In early 2020, Heavy Metal saw a regime change to CEO Matthew Medney and "Creative Overlord" David Erwin (formerly of DC Entertainment).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Medney and Erwin announced two new comics publishing ventures, Virus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Magma Comix,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though neither line produced much material.

Heavy Metal's 300th issue, published in 2021, featured work by Tanino Liberatore, Mark Bodé, and Kent Williams, among others; and posthumous work by Richard Corben, Moebius, and Vaughn Bodē. It had interviews and testimonials from writers discussing the impact the magazine had on them as teenagers.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

CancellationEdit

In the fall of 2022, the magazine entered into an agreement with online marketplace Whatnot to publish the following 12 issues of the magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Soon afterward, the magazine announced it was "ceasing publication of what they described as the first volume of the magazine, which had been published continuously since 1977. The last issue of the first volume, number 320, was scheduled for publication in late October 2022 and the successor, Volume 2, would be published by WhatNot Publishing starting with issue 1 in February 2023."<ref name=Beat2023>Template:Cite news</ref>

Amid cash flow problems, however, Heavy Metal shut down in December 2022. Initially intended to be a temporary suspension, the magazine worked to rectify subscription non-fulfillments and non-payments to artists and vendors. Medney stepped down as CEO, replaced by Marshall Lees and Jamie Penrose.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2023, with Whatnot's publishing division, Massive Publishing, only having produced one issue of Heavy Metal—#320, released in April of that year and still listing Heavy Metal Entertainment LLC in the indicia—it was announced that the publisher had decided to cancel the magazine and that #320 had been the final issue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

RelaunchEdit

On October 15, 2024, Heavy Metal International, LLC announced that they would be relaunching the magazine in 2025, and began a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the first issue on November 25, 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Artists and featuresEdit

Heavy MetalTemplate:'s high-quality artwork was notable. Work by international fine artists such as H. R. Giger, Frank Frazetta, and Esteban Maroto were featured on the covers of various issues. Stefano Tamburini and Tanino Liberatore's RanXerox series debuted in the States. Terrance Lindall's illustrated version of Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost appeared in the magazine in 1980.<ref>Williamsburg Art & Historical Center with Lindall's illustrations for Paradise Lost</ref> Many stories were presented as long-running serials, such as those by Richard Corben, Pepe Moreno and Matt Howarth. Illustrators like Luis Royo and Alex Ebel contributed artwork over the course of their careers. An adaptation of the film Alien named Alien: The Illustrated Story, written by Archie Goodwin and drawn by Walter Simonson, was published in the magazine in 1979.

Here is a starting list of contributing artists featured in Heavy Metal: Template:Div col

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EditorsEdit

The founding editors of the American edition of Heavy Metal were Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant. Over the life of the magazine, the two editors with the longest tenures were Julie Simmons-Lynch (who was publisher Matty Simmons' daughter)<ref name="nyt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Kevin Eastman, who was also the magazine's owner/publisher for more than 20 years.

The founding design director was Peter Kleinman (who served in the same capacity for National Lampoon). He created the original Heavy Metal logo design, at the request of Mogel, and was responsible for the launch and art direction of the first issue. Kleinman later hired designer and letterer John Workman, who brought to the magazine a background of experience at DC Comics and other publishers. Workman served as the magazine's art director from 1977 to 1984.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (His comics art, writing, lettering, coloring, and design work are evident throughout issues from that period.)

Founding editors Kelly and Marchant were replaced in August 1979<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> by Ted White,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who was hired to introduce non-fiction and prose fiction into the magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> White was fired<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in August 1980,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> replaced as editor by magazine founder Leonard Mogel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Julie Simmons-Lynch took over from Mogel in late 1981,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> serving as Heavy Metal's editor-in-chief for more than eleven years, stepping down when Kevin Eastman bought the magazine.

With a few breaks, Eastman was chief editor for Heavy Metal from early 1993 until mid-2016. Most of these breaks were packaged and edited by A1 co-creator Dave Elliott. Comics writer Grant Morrison became the magazine's editor-in-chief beginning with the April 2016 issue,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=NYT20160904>Template:Cite news</ref> serving through 2018. They later served as creative advisor.

By issue #298 (2020), Tim Seeley had become editor-in-chief but was out by the end of that year.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2021, Joseph Illidge took over as Executive Editor but left the company entirely by the end of 2022.<ref name=BC2023>Template:Cite news</ref>

Following the hiatus, all employees were let go and the company was dissolved. Heavy Metal International, LLC revived the brand in 2024 and subsequently announced new editors Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson would helm the magazine going forward.

LegacyEdit

Heavy Metal was widely credited for exposing many Americans/English-speakers to European comics<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and the continent's top cartoonists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As cartoonist and publisher Kevin Eastman said of the magazine, "Heavy Metal published European art that had not been previously seen in the United States, as well as demonstrating an underground comix sensibility that nonetheless wasn't as harsh or extreme as some of the underground comix – but ... definitely intended for an older readership".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Creators like George Lucas,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Neil Gaiman,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Steven Lisberger<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> have all discussed the influence of Heavy Metal on their later work.

The magazine was taken to task, however, for its juvenile stories,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> violence, and misogynist portrayals of women. Entertainment Weekly described the magazine as, "a legendary sci-fi and fantasy comic magazine for adults... and perhaps precocious teens interested in more daring material, or who consider Wonder Woman a tad underdressed."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Critic R. M. Rhodes pointed out "the abundance of breasts in the magazine [was] somewhat of a running joke over the years."<ref name=THU />

Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Heavy Metal had "charm" but decried its "sadism."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Writing about the magazine's early years, Rhodes discussed the voluminous number of pieces in which "the amount of rape (and stories where attempted rape drives the action).... I really didn't keep track of how often it happens, but any number more than 'none' is usually a bad sign. Tragically, it's mostly used as just another plot point, with no mention or indication of the consequences."<ref name=THU>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In other mediaEdit

FilmsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1981, an animated feature film was adapted from several of the magazine's serials. Made on a budget of U.S. $9.3 million and under production for three years, Heavy Metal features animated segments from several different animation houses, with each contributing a single story segment. Another house animated the frame story which ties all the disparate stories together. Another animated feature film called Heavy Metal 2000 was released in 2000.

During 2008<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and into 2009,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> reports circulated that David Fincher and James Cameron would executive produce and, each, direct two of the eight to nine segments of a new animated Heavy Metal feature. Kevin Eastman was to also direct a segment, as well as animator Tim Miller, Zack Snyder, Gore Verbinski and Guillermo del Toro. Paramount Pictures decided to stop funding the film by August 2009<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and no distributor or production company has shown interest in the second sequel, since.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2011, filmmaker Robert Rodriguez purchased the film rights to Heavy Metal and planned to develop a new animated film at the new Quick Draw Studios.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

An animated 3D film entitled War of the Worlds: Goliath, created as a sequel to H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds and based on a story previously published in the magazine, was produced by The Tripod Group and released in Malaysia in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The series "Interceptor" is being adapted into a film.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In March 2019, the Fincher project was released as a reimagining television series, titled Love, Death & Robots.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In March 2021, Heavy Metal announced its first move into television with an adaptation of Blake Northcott's trilogy of novels, the Arena Mode Saga. The first book was in active development after optioning the rights to the sci-fi thriller.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Video gamesEdit

Heavy Metal 2000 inspired a video game sequel released in 2000, the PC action-adventure Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.². It was developed by Ritual Entertainment.

In 2001, Capcom released Heavy Metal: Geomatrix, an arcade fighting game that later made its way to Sega's Dreamcast console. Though not based on any specific material from Heavy Metal, it featured character designs by frequent contributor Simon Bisley and a style generally inspired by the magazine.

In 2020, Stern Pinball and the production company Incendium released a pinball machine commemorating the 300th issue of Heavy Metal, featuring Taarna and Cold Dead War (2021).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The made to order machine, with a playfield based on the Stern Star Wars release, sold for eight-thousand dollars and shipped in late 2020 along with an exclusive variant cover edition of Heavy Metal issue #300.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Podcast networkEdit

In 2021, Heavy Metal launched a podcast network featuring scripted and unscripted shows that focused on horror, fantasy, sci-fi, comedy, and pop culture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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