Hijrah

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The HijrahTemplate:Efn, (Template:Langx) also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.<ref name=FazlurRehman51>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the epoch of the Lunar Hijri Template:Efn and Solar Hijri calendars; its date equates to 16 July 622 in the Julian calendar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn

Early in Muhammad's preaching of Islam, his followers only included his close friends and relatives. Most of his tribesmen, the Quraysh, however, were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings, and accordingly, Muhammad did not encounter any serious opposition from them; that was the case until he began to challenge their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp

In May 622, after having convened twice with members of the Medinan tribes of Aws and Khazraj at al-'Aqabah near Mina, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to their city, along with his friend, father-in-law and companion Abu Bakr.<ref>Moojan Momen (1985), An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism, Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.</ref>

EtymologyEdit

Template:Transliteration is a romanization of the Arabic word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to depart to', 'to migrate to' or 'to move away from'.<ref name="Schacht">Template:Harv</ref><ref name="Holt">Template:Harv</ref> The first stem of the verbal root H-J-R, Template:Transliteration, means 'to cut off someone from friendly association; to avoid association with'; the third stem, Template:Transliteration, means 'a mutual termination of friendly relations by leaving or departing'. The word has been mistranslated, without proper context, as 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'.<ref>Template:Harv</ref> Since 1753, the word has also been used to refer to an exodus in English.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BackgroundEdit

Situation in MedinaEdit

Located more than Template:Convert north of Mecca, Medina is a verdant oasis.Template:Sfnp According to Muslim sources, the city was founded by Jews who had survived the revolt against the Romans.Template:Sfnp While agriculture was far from the domain of the Arab tribes, the Jews were excellent farmers who cultivated the land in the oases.Template:Sfnp In addition to several smaller Jewish clans, there were three major Jewish tribes in the city: Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza.Template:Sfnp Over time, Arab tribes from southern Arabia migrated to the city and settled alongside the Jewish community.Template:Sfnp The Arab tribes comprised Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj, both known collectively as Banu Qayla.Template:Sfnp Prior to 620, these two Arab tribes had been fighting for nearly a hundred years.Template:Sfnp Each of them had tried to court the support of the Jewish tribes, which occasionally led to infighting among the latter.Template:Sfnp

Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu KhazrajEdit

In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages.Template:Sfnp During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the Banu Khazraj tribe who were visiting Mecca, on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These six individuals had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn had warned them that a prophet would come, and with his help, the Jews would obliterate them. Upon hearing Muhammad's religious message, the six individuals said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us; don't let them get to him before us!" After embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp

In February 621, five earlier converts met with Muhammad again.Template:Sfnp Template:Pn They were accompanied by seven new converts, including two people from the Banu Aws tribe. This gathering took place at the al-'Aqaba mountain pass, located just north of Mecca near the trade route. At the meeting, they took a pledge to Muhammad, known as the "pledge of women."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was so called because it contained no obligation to fight for Islam. One of the main tenets of this pledge was to renounce idols and affirm Allah as the only deity, with Muhammad as their leader. Muhammad then entrusted Mus'ab ibn Umayr to accompany them on their return to Medina to promote Islam.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp

In the pilgrimage season of 622, Muhammad had another meeting in Aqaba with the Medinan converts;Template:Sfnp this time, there were 75 of them, including 2 women.Template:Sfnp Muhammad's uncle al-Abbas, who accompanied him, made a speech at the beginning, declaring that Muhammad was "the most respected person among his kinsmen." This is quite in contrast with the fact that Muhammad had received strong opposition from his other uncle, Abu Lahab, as well as Abu Jahl and other Quraysh leaders. Al-Abbas also falsely stated that Muhammad had rejected offers from all but the men of Medina in an apparent attempt to create a sense of exclusivity and importance among them. Historical records, however, show that they were among the last groups Muhammad had tried to approach and that he had no other offers available.Template:Sfnp

Muhammad himself then spoke and invited their allegiance, asking them to protect him as they would their women and children.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp One of them, al-Bara, readily agreed, emphasizing the military prowess of his people. The other however, Abu al-Haytham, expressed concern that if they took the pledge and severed their ties with the Jews, Muhammad would return to his people after they gave him victories. Muhammad assured them that he was now one with them and would share their fate in war and peace.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Twelve delegates, three from the Aws and nine from the Khazraj, were then selected to oversee the implementation of this pact.Template:Sfnp When the group inquired about the reward for their loyalty, Muhammad simply replied, "Paradise." They then took the oath, also known as the pledge of war.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp

MigrationEdit

File:Quba Mosque.JPG

Quba Mosque, the first mosque in the history of Islam, at the outskirts of Medina. It was founded by Islamic prophet Muhammad when he immigrated to Medina

Not long after receiving the pledges, Muhammad instructed his Meccan followers to relocate to Medina. The whole departure spanned about three months. To ensure that he did not arrive in Medina alone while his followers remained in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed behind to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant.Template:Sfnp Some of the Quraysh tried to dissuade their family members from leaving,Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca.Template:Sfnp Muhammad regarded this migration as an expulsion by the Quraysh.Template:Sfnp

Islamic tradition relates that, in light of the unfolding events, one of the Quraysh chiefs, Abu Jahl, Muhammad's childhood friend-turned-enemy,Template:Sfnp proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each Quraysh clan. Having been informed of this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin Ali to lie on his bed covered with his green hadrami cloak, assuring him that it would keep him safe.Template:Sfnp Muhammad then went with Abu Bakr to a cave in Mount Thawr, about an hour's walk south of Mecca, and hid there.Template:Sfnp Abu Bakr's children and servants, who were still in Mecca, regularly brought them food.Template:Sfnp After three days in hiding, they set out for Medina on camels that Abu Bakr had bought in advance, and accompanied by a guide, Abdallah ibn Arqat, who was a pagan.Template:Sfnp

Aftermath and legacyEdit

Muhammad's followers suffered from poverty after fleeing persecution in Mecca and migrating with Muhammad to Medina. Their Meccan persecutors seized their wealth and belongings left behind in Mecca.<ref name="Esposito4" /> Beginning in January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the Red Sea. Members of different tribes were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship.<ref name="Esposito4">John Esposito, Islam, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.</ref><ref>William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.</ref><ref name="Rue">Template:Cite book p. 224.</ref>

The second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, designated the Muslim year during which the Hegira occurred the first year of the Islamic calendar in 638 or the 17th year of the Hegira. This was later Latinized to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the abbreviation of which is still used to denote Hijri dates today.<ref name="Shamsi">Template:Cite journal
Template:Cite journal</ref> Burnaby states that: "Historians in general assert that Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, Template:Transliteration. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it was on the first or second day of the month".<ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901).</ref>

Several Islamic historians and scholars, including Al Biruni, Ibn Sa'd, and Ibn Hisham, have discussed these dates in depth.<ref>Caussin de Perceval writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901) 374–75.</ref>