Robert Henryson

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The Firth of Forth which separates Fife (north) and the Lothians (south). Dunfermline is close to the principal crossing point on the Fife side.

Robert Henryson (Middle Scots: Robert Henrysoun) was a poet who flourished in Scotland in the period c. 1460–1500. Counted among the Scots makars, he lived in the royal burgh of Dunfermline and is a distinctive voice in the Northern Renaissance at a time when the culture was on a cusp between medieval and renaissance sensibilities. Little is known of his life, but evidence suggests that he was a teacher who had training in law and the humanities, that he had a connection with Dunfermline Abbey and that he may also have been associated for a period with Glasgow University. His poetry was composed in Middle Scots at a time when this was the state language. His writing consists mainly of narrative works. His surviving body of work amounts to almost 5000 lines.

File:Dunfermline Abbey - entrance.jpg

The west door of Dunfermline Abbey.

File:Robert Henryson, as portrayed in the Abbot House, Dunfermline.jpg

Figure in Abbot House which purports to imagine Henryson; more strictly speaking, the image depicts Aesop as portrayed in Henryson's Morall Fabillis

File:Dunfermline Abbey by John Slezer.jpg

Dunfermline Abbey from a 17th-century engraving which gives a more complete impression of the original building complex than survives today.

WorksEdit

Henryson's surviving canon consists of three long poems and around twelve miscellaneous short works in various genres. The longest poem is his Morall Fabillis, a tight, intricately structured set of thirteen fable stories in a cycle that runs just short of 3000 lines. Two other long works survive, both a little over 600 lines each. One is The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene, his dynamic and inventive version of the Orpheus story. The other is his Testament of Cresseid, a tale of moral and psychological subtlety in a tragic mode founded upon the literary conceit of "completing" Criseyde's story-arc from Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde. Emily Wingfield has explored its significance in relation to the deployment of the Trojan Legend in political discourse between England and Scotland.<ref>Wingfield, Emily (2014), The Trojan Legend in Medieval Scottish Literature, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, Template:Isbn, pp. 121 - 149.</ref>

The range of Henryson's shorter works includes Robene and Makyne, a pastourelle on a theme of love, as well as a bawdy passage of comic flyting which targets the medical practises of his day, a highly crafted and compressed poem of Marian devotion, some allegorical works, some philosophical meditations, and a prayer against the pest. As with his longer works, his outward themes often carry important subtexts.Template:Fact

Constructing a sure chronology for Henryson's writings is not possible, but his Orpheus story may have been written earlier in his career, during his time in Glasgow, since one of its principal sources was contained in the university library. Internal evidence has been used to suggest that the Morall Fabillis were composed during the 1480s.Template:Fact

Biographical inferencesEdit

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Leuven's University Library in 1915, illustrating just one of the ways in which historical records can be lost.

There is no record of when or where Henryson was born or educated. The earliest found unconfirmed reference to him occurs on 10 September 1462, when a man of his name with license to teach is on record as having taken a post in the recently founded University of Glasgow. If this was the poet, as is usually assumed, then the citation indicates that he had completed studies in both arts and canon law.<ref>The University of Glasgow, Munimenta, II, 69, dated 10 September 1462, admits a Robert Henryson, licenciate in Arts and bachelor of Decreits (Canon Law), as a member of the University. It is considered strongly likely, from secondary evidence, that this was the poet.</ref>

Almost all early references to Henryson firmly associate his name with Dunfermline.<ref>These are all posthumous references, such as on the title pages of the early printed editions of his work that started to appear after his lifetime.</ref> He probably had some attachment to the city's Benedictine abbey,Template:Fact the burial place for many of the kingdom's monarchs and an important centre for pilgrimage close to a major ferry-crossing en route to St Andrews. Direct unconfirmed evidence for this connection occurs in 1478 when his name appears as a witness on abbey charters.<ref>The dates are 18 and 19 March and 6 July 1478 and the signature is Magistro Roberto Henrison publico notario. See McDiarmid, M.P. 1981: Robert Henryson, Scottish Academic Press, p.3.</ref> If this was the poet, then it would establish that one of his functions was as notary for the abbey, an institution which possessed and managed a vast portfolio of territory across Scotland.<ref>The scholar John MacQueen contextualises this record of the poet as a notary in Scotland against the Act of 1469 which gave James III power to appoint notaries public over and above the rights of the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor and the consequent expulsion of notaries appointed by the Emperor Frederick III of Germany. MacQueen, J. 2006: Complete and Full with Numbers: the Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson, Rodopi, Amsterdam, pp.10 and 12.</ref>

The almost universal references to Henryson as schoolmaster are usually taken to mean that he taught in and had some duty to run the grammar school for Dunfermline's abbatial burgh.<ref>The title page of the 1570 edition of Henryson's Fables, for instance, refers to the poet as "scholemaister of Dunfermeling".</ref> A partial picture of what this meant in practice may be derived from a confirmatio of 1468 which granted provision to build a "suitable" house for the habitation of a "priest" (as master of grammar) and "scholars" in Dunfermline, including "poor scholars being taught free of charge".<ref>Confirmatio, dated 26 November 1468. Published in Kirk, J. ed. 1997: Calendar of Scottish Supplications to Rome: 1447–1471, Scottish Academic Press. p.396.</ref>

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Abbot House Window, Dunfermline, depicting Henryson's Lion and the Mouse.

Dunfermline, as a royal burgh with capital status, was routinely visited by the court with residences directly linked to the abbey complex. There is no record of Henryson as a court poet, but the close proximity makes acquaintance with the royal household likely.Template:Fact He was active during the reigns of James III and James IV, both of whom had strong interests in literature.

According to the poet William Dunbar, Henryson died in Dunfermline. An apocryphal story by the English poet Francis Kynaston in the early 17th century refers to the flux as the cause of death, but this has not been established.<ref>See Robert L Kindrick, Introduction which quotes Kynaston's general thoughts on Henryson and the "merry, though somewhat unsauory tale".</ref> The year of death also is unknown, although c.1498-9, a time of plague in the burgh, has been tentatively suggested.<ref>See McDiarmid, M.P. 1981: Robert Henryson, Scottish Academic Press, p.12</ref> However, Dunbar gives the terminus ad quem in a couplet (usually considered to have been composed c.1505) which simply states that Death in Dunfermelyne

...hes done roune (has whispered in private)

with Maister Robert Henrysoun.

(William Dunbar, Lament for the Makaris, lines 81–2)<ref>The title maister is a further indication that the poet was indeed the university-educated Henryson associated with Glasgow University.</ref>

Almost nothing else is known of Henryson outside of his surviving writing. It is not known if he originated from Dunfermline and a suggestion that he may have been linked to the Fife branch of the Clan Henderson is not possible to verify,<ref>Laing, David (1865) The Poems and Fables of Robert Henryson pp. x-xii.</ref> although his name is certainly of that ilk.

General styleEdit

Henryson generally wrote in a first-person voice using a familiar tone that quickly brings the reader into his confidence and gives a notable impression of authentic personality and beliefs.Template:Fact The writing stays rooted in daily life and continues to feel grounded even when the themes are metaphysical or elements are fantastic. His language is a supple, flowing and concise Scots that clearly shows he knew Latin,Template:Fact while scenes are usually given a deftly evocative Scottish setting which can only have come from close connection and observation.<ref>See Wittig, K. 1958: The Scottish Tradition in Literature, Oliver and Boyd, chapter 2, for appraisals of Henryson's descriptive technique.</ref> This detailed, intimate and realistic approach, at times, strongly suggests matters of personal experience and attitudes to actual contemporary events, yet the specifics remain elusive in ways that tantalise readers and critics. Some of this sense of intrigue may be in part accidental, but it is also heightened by his cannily controlled application of a philosophy of fiction, a frequently self-proclaimed feature of the work.<ref>"Certainly the present writer would like to know more about Robert Henryson as he lived outside his verse than about any other Scots poet." (McDiarmid, M.P. 1981: Robert Henryson, Scottish Academic Press, p.1.) McDiarmid's first chapter goes on to develop a surprisingly full speculative picture of the poet's life gleaned from evidence in his poetry, secondary historical evidence for the period and the surviving citations of his name in an extremely broken record.</ref>

No concrete details of his life can be directly inferred from his works, but there are some passages of self-reflection that appear to contain autobiographical implications, particularly in the opening stanzas of his Testament of Cresseid.Template:Fact

Henryson's ScotsEdit

Henryson wrote using the Scots language of the 15th century. This was in an age when the use of vernacular languages for literature in many parts of Europe was increasingly taking the place of Latin, the long-established lingua franca across the continent.Template:Fact

LegacyEdit

Poet Seamus Heaney adapted Henryson's fables and they were published by Faber and Faber in 2010. The poems were made into a series of short, animated films, shortly before he died. Heaney worked with Scottish actor Billy Connolly in the production of the works, with a score composed for the project by pianist Barry Douglas. The films were broadcast on the BBC in 2014, shortly after Heaney's death - one of the last creations of Heaney's life.<ref>Seamus Heaney, Five Fables</ref><ref>Heaney's Five Fables, published by Faber and Faber, 2010</ref>

Extant poemsEdit

All known and extant writings attributed to Robert Henryson are listed here. In addition, the scholar Matthew P McDiarmid identified from an index a lost poem by Henryson which began: On fut by Forth as I couth found (not listed below).<ref>McDiarmid, M.P. 1981: Robert Henryson, Scottish Academic Press, p.4</ref>

Long worksEdit

The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian (See below for list of individual fables in the cycle)
The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene
The Testament of Cresseid

Short worksEdit

Individual fablesEdit

Seven of the stories in Henryson's cycle are Aesopian fables derived from elegiac Romulus texts, while the other six (given in italics) are Reynardian in genre. The three titles given with bold numbers provide evidence for the integral unity of the overall structure.

01 The Cock and the Jasp
02 The Twa Mice
03 The Cock and the Fox
04 The Confession of the Tod
05 The Trial of the Tod
06 The Sheep and the Dog
07 The Lion and the Mouse
08 The Preaching of the Swallow
09 The Fox the Wolf and the Cadger
10 The Fox the Wolf and the Husbandman
11 The Wolf and the Wether
12 The Wolf and the Lamb
13 The Paddock and the Mouse

BibliographyEdit

Gray, Douglas (1979), Robert Henryson, E.J. Brill, Template:Isbn
Barron, W.R.J. (ed.) (1981), Robert Henryson: Selected Poems, Carcanet New Press Template:Isbn
McDiarmid, Matthew P. (1981), Robert Henryson, Scottish Academic Press, Template:Isbn
Fox, Denton (ed.) (1981), The Poems of Robert Henryson, Clarendon Press, Template:Isbn
David Murison (ed.) (1989), Selected Poems by Robert Henryson, The Saltire Society, Template:Isbn
Fleming, Morna (ed.) (2003), The Flouer o Makarheid, The Robert Henryson Society, Dunfermline
Wingfield, Emily (2014), The Trojan Legend in Medieval Scottish Literature, D.S. Brewer, Template:Isbn