Heracleopolis Magna

Heracleopolis Magna (Template:Langx, Megálē Herakléous pólis), Heracleopolis ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Herakleópolis) or Herakleoupolis ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref name="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, H304.7</ref> is the Roman name of the capital of the 20th nome of ancient Upper Egypt, known in Ancient Egyptian as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The site is located approximately Template:Convert west of the modern city of Beni Suef, in the Beni Suef Governorate of Egypt.<ref name="An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Name

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In Ancient Egypt, Heracleopolis Magna was called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning Child of the King (appearing as hnn nswt or hwt nn nswt; also transcribed Henen-Nesut or Hut-Nen-Nesut). This later developed into Template:Langx (Template:Ipa), which was borrowed into early Template:Langx Ahnās. The site is now known as Ihnasiyyah Umm al-Kimam "Ihnasiyyah, Mother of the Shards" and as Ihnasiyyah al-Madinah "The City of Ihnasiyyah".<ref name="An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Greek name meant "City of Heracles", with the epithet "great" being added to distinguish it from other towns with that name. The Greek form became more common during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which came to power after the death of Alexander the Great. The Roman Empire used a Latinised form of the Greek name.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref>

Some Egyptologists and Biblical scholars connect the biblical city of Hanes (Template:Langx Ḥānês) mentioned in Template:Bibleverse with Heracleopolis Magna.<ref name = Budge1016/><ref name = Gauthier83/><ref name = Brugsch601/><ref>Orr, James, M.A, D.D. (1915). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.</ref>

History

Early Dynastic Period

The date of the earliest settlements on the site of Herakleopolis is not known, but an entry on the Palermo Stone reporting king Den's visit to the sacred lake of Heryshef at Nenj-neswt, the ancient name of the city, suggests that it was already in existence by the mid First Dynasty, c. 2970 BC.<ref>Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 1999, Template:ISBN p. 325.</ref><ref>Heinrich Schäfer: Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen, (= Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Anhang: Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter. Philosophische und historische Abhandlungen. 1902, 1. Quartal). Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1902, p. 18-21.</ref>

First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)

File:Relieve tumba Satbahetep (M.A.N. Inv.1976-114-A-2080) 02.jpg

Partial view of the bas-relief from the north wall of a funerary chapel containing the tombs of district governor Neferkhau-(Nfr-khaU) and a woman named Sat-Bahetep (probably his wife)-(Sa-t, Ba-htp), dated between 9th and 11th Dynasties. It shows a funerary food-offering ritual for Sat-Baheteps's ka (between 2160 and 1990 BC).

Herakleopolis first came to prominence and reached its apogee of power during the First Intermediate Period, between 2181 and 2055 BC.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref> Eventually after the collapse of the Old Kingdom, Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt. Herakleopolis became the principal city of Lower Egypt and was able to exercise its control over much of the region.<ref name="An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref> Herakleopolis exerted such great control over Lower Egypt during this time that Egyptologists and Egyptian archaeologists sometimes refer to the period between the 9th and 10th Dynasties (2160–2025 BC) as the Herakleopolitan Period.<ref name="An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref> During this period, Herakleopolis often found itself in conflict with the de facto capital of Upper Egypt, ancient Thebes.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC)

Between the latter part of the First Intermediate Period and the early Middle Kingdom, the city became the religious center of the cult of Heryshaf, and the Temple of Heryshaf was constructed.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref> Heracleopolis Magna and its dynasty was defeated by Mentuhotep II in c. 2055–2004 BC, which ushered in the Middle Kingdom period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC)

By the time of the Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC), Herakleopolis again rose in importance. There were many renovations and new constructions of the temple and mortuary centers that existed in the city, and it again became an important religious and political center.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ptolemaic Egypt (322–30 BC)

By the Ptolemaic Kingdom (332–30 BC), Herakleopolis was still an important religious and cultural center in Egypt. The Greek rulers of this period, in an attempt to find connections and comparisons between their own gods and the gods of the land that they were now ruling, associated Haryshef with Heracles in the interpretatio graeca, thus the name often used by modern scholars for Herakleopolis.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Roman Egypt (30 BC–390 AD)

The site of Herakleopolis was occupied even into Roman times. Near the Necropolis of Sedmet el-Gebel, houses dating to this period were found,<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref> which in and of itself implies a continued occupation of the area.

Notable people

• Theophanes (Θεοφάνης), a Physicist.<ref name="Stephanus of Byzantium"/>

Archaeological excavations

Sir Flinders Petrie and Edouard Naville

File:Pottery ushabti (shabti, shawabti) with linen grave clothes of T3y-ms. 19th Dynasty. From Heracleopolis Magna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg

Pottery ushabti from Heracleopolis Magna with linen grave clothes of T3y-ms. 19th Dynasty. (Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London)

Template:Sister project The first person to undertake an extensive excavation at Herakleopolis was the Swiss Egyptologist Edouard Naville. After excavating what he believed to be the entirety of the Temple of Heryshef, Naville came to the conclusion that he had found all that Herakleopolis had to offer.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref>

His friend Sir Flinders Petrie, on the other hand, “...in 1879 suspected that the region already cleared was only a part of the temple,”<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref> and thus Herakleopolis (or Ehnasya as he called it, a name harking back to the site's period of Roman occupation) had much left to be unearthed.

Petrie discovered a great deal that Naville had not believed existed. He completed the excavation of the temple of Heryshef, and attempted to find other remains in an area around the temple. In so doing, he succeeded in discovering such previously unknown features. such as a house's remains from the Roman period of occupation.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref> He also identified another temple that he attributed to the 19th Dynasty, as well as the aforementioned additions to the Temple of Heryshef associated with Ramesses the Great.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref> Other than archaeological features, the artefacts found by Petrie during his excavation are numerous, and span the entire chronological range of settlement. Relating specifically to artefacts found from the end of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, Petrie uncovered numerous pot sherds he associated with the 11th Dynasty.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref> From the later Roman periods, Petrie found numerous objects associated with many of the mortuary sites that he unearthed, including iron tools, pottery, and icons.<ref name="Ehnasya 1904">Template:Cite book</ref>

Recent excavations

While other excavations are not numerous and are naturally overshadowed by that of Flinders Petrie and his famous expedition, there have been several more recent excavations that have also increased knowledge of the site. During the 1980s, a Spanish team conducted excavations and uncovered such artefacts as a libation altar and a pair of decorated eyes, presumably from a statue, all attributed to a temple dated to the Third Intermediate Period.<ref name="The Princeton Dictionary of Ancient Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref>

A Spanish team also conducted excavations as recently as 2008, under the direction of María del Carmen Pérez-Die of the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid, Spain. Their efforts revealed a previously unknown tomb with several false doors dating to the First Intermediate Period, as well as funeral offerings, all of which had not been vandalized.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other finds include the funeral chapel of senior official Neferjau and his wife Sat-Bahetep,<ref>Juan Rodríguez Lázaro: Some blocks of the funeral chapel of Neferkhau and Sat-Bahetep in the MAN of Madrid , Bulletin of the Spanish Association of Orientalists, ISSN 0571-3692, Year 41, 2005, p.107-124.</ref> and the remains of tomb H.1 belonging to a late-11th Dynasty officier named Khety.<ref>Juan Rodríguez Lázaro: The ritual journey of Khety (H.1) of Herakleópolis, Newsletter of AE (BIAE), Year V- Number LI, October 2007.</ref>

External links

• Pleiades ID: https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/736920Template:S-start