Herodes Atticus
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Herodes Atticus (Template:Langx; AD 101–177) was an Athenian rhetorician, as well as a Roman senator. A great philanthropic magnate, he and his wife Appia Annia Regilla, for whose murder he was potentially responsible, commissioned many Athenian public works, several of which stand to the present day. He was one of the best-known figures of the Antonine Period,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and taught rhetoric to the Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, and was advanced to the consulship in 143. His full name as a Roman citizen was Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Philostratus, Herodes Atticus, in possession of the best education that money could buy, was a notable proponent of the Second Sophistic. Having gone through the cursus honorum of civil posts, he demonstrated a talent for civil engineering, especially the design and construction of water-supply systems. The Nymphaeum at Olympia was one of his dearest projects. However, he never lost sight of philosophy and rhetoric, becoming a teacher himself. One of his students was the young Marcus Aurelius, last of the "Five Good Emperors". M.I. Finley describes Herodes Atticus as "patron of the arts and letters (and himself a writer and scholar of importance), public benefactor on an imperial scale, not only in Athens but elsewhere in Greece and Asia Minor, holder of many important posts, friend and kinsman of emperors."<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>
Ancestry and familyEdit
Herodes Atticus was a Greek of Athenian descent. His ancestry could be traced to the Athenian noblewoman Elpinice, a half-sister of the statesman Cimon and daughter of Miltiades.<ref name="autogenerated1">Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity</ref> He claimed lineage from a series of mythic Greek kings: Theseus, Cecrops, and Aeacus, as well as the god Zeus. His father's family, known as the Claudii of Marathon, rose to prominence in the late first century BC, when his great-great-great grandfather Herodes and his great-great grandfather Eucles forged links with Julius Caesar and Augustus.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The family received Roman citizenship from Emperor Claudius, receiving the Roman nomen Claudius.Template:Sfn They were exceptionally wealthy.<ref>Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p.p. 349-350</ref>
Herodes' father, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes entered the Roman Senate and became Roman consul, the first Athenian to do so.Template:Sfn His mother was the wealthy heiress Vibullia Alcia Agrippina.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated349">Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 349</ref><ref name="autogenerated29">Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique p. 29</ref> He had a brother named Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodianus and a sister named Claudia Tisamenis.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> His maternal grandparents were Claudia Alcia and Lucius Vibullius Rufus, while his paternal grandfather was Hipparchus.<ref name="autogenerated29"/>
His parents were related as uncle and niece.<ref name="autogenerated349"/><ref name="autogenerated29"/><ref name="autogenerated243">Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination p. 243</ref> His maternal grandmother and his father were sister and brother.<ref name="autogenerated29"/><ref name="autogenerated243"/> His maternal uncle Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus was an Archon of Athens in the years 99–100<ref name="autogenerated29"/><ref name="sleepinbuff1">Sleepinbuff.com Template:Webarchive</ref> and his maternal cousin, Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus, was an Archon of Athens between 143–144.<ref name="autogenerated29"/><ref name="sleepinbuff1"/>
LifeEdit
Herodes Atticus was born in Marathon, Greece,<ref>Article, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, Microsoft Encyclopedia 2002</ref> and spent his childhood years between Greece and Italy. According to Juvenal<ref>Juvenal, Satire III</ref> he received an education in rhetoric and philosophy from many of the best teachers from both Greek and Roman culture.<ref name="autogenerated350">Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 350</ref> Throughout his life, however, Herodes Atticus remained entirely Greek in his cultural outlook.<ref name="autogenerated350"/>
He was a student of Favorinus and inherited Favorinus' library.<ref>Wytse Hette Keulen "Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights" p119</ref> Like Favorinus, he was a harsh critic of Stoicism.
these disciplines of the cult of the unemotional, who want to be considered calm, brave, and steadfast because they show neither desire nor grief, neither anger nor pleasure, cut out the more active emotions of the spirit and grow old in a torpor, a sluggish, enervated life.<ref>Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 19.12, translation by William O. Stephens, in Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed 2011, p 12</ref>
In 125, Emperor Hadrian appointed him prefect of the free cities in the Roman province of Asia. He later returned to Athens, where he became famous as a teacher. In the year 126-127, Herodes Atticus was elected and served as an Archon of Athens. Later in 140, the Emperor Antoninus Pius invited him to Rome from Athens to educate his two adopted sons, the future Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Sometime after, he was betrothed to Appia Annia Regilla, a wealthy aristocrat, who was related to the wife of Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Elder. When Regilla and Herodes Atticus married, she was 14 years old and he was 40. As a mark of his friendship, Antoninus Pius appointed Herodes Atticus consul in 143.
Herodes Atticus and Regilla controlled a large tract around the third mile of the Appian Way outside Rome, which was known as the "Triopio" (from Triopas, King of Thessaly). For his remaining years he travelled between Greece and Italy.
Some time after his consulship, he returned to Greece permanently with his wife and their children.
In 160, the year that her brother was consul, Regilla, while eight months pregnant, was brutally kicked in the abdomen by a freedman of Herodes Atticus named Alcimedon. This caused her to go into premature labor, killing her. Consul Appius Annius Atilius Bradua brought charges against his brother-in-law in Rome, alleging that Herodes Atticus had ordered her beaten to death; the emperor Marcus Aurelius exonerated his old tutor of his wife's murder.<ref>Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity p. 14</ref>
Herodes Atticus was the teacher of three notable students: Achilles, Memnon and Polydeuces (Polydeukes). "The aged Herodes Atticus in a public paroxysm of despair at the death of his perhaps eromenos Polydeukes, commissioned games, inscriptions and sculptures on a lavish scale and then died, inconsolable, shortly afterwards."<ref>Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, p. 143.</ref> He also taught many orators and philosophers such as Aristocles of Pergamon.
Herodes Atticus had a distinguished reputation for his literary work, most of which is now lost,<ref name="autogenerated350"/> and was a philanthropist and patron of public works. He funded more building projects in Roman Greece than anyone aside from the Roman emperors,<ref>Pomeroy, The Murder of Regilla, 2007, 10.</ref> including:
- The Panathenaic Stadium – Athens
- Odeon – Athens; built to honor the memory of his wife<ref name="EB1911"/>
- A theater at Corinth
- A stadium at Delphi
- The baths at Thermopylae
- An aqueduct at Canusium in Italy
- An aqueduct at Alexandria Troas
- A nymphaeum (monumental fountain) with his wife at Olympia
- various benefactions to the peoples of Thessaly, Epirus Euboea, Boeotia and Peloponnesus
He also contemplated cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth, but was deterred from carrying out the plan because the same thing had been unsuccessfully attempted before by the emperor Nero.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |
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Throughout his life, Herodes Atticus had a stormy relationship with the citizens of Athens, but before he died he was reconciled with them.<ref name="autogenerated350"/> When he died, the citizens of Athens gave him an honored burial, his funeral taking place in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, which he had commissioned.<ref name="autogenerated350"/>
ChildrenEdit
Regilla bore Herodes Atticus six children, of whom three survived to adulthood. They were:
- Son, Claudius – born and died in 141<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
- Daughter, Elpinice – born as Appia Annia Claudia Atilia Regilla Elpinice Agrippina Atria Polla, 142–165<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
- Daughter, Athenais (Marcia Annia Claudia Alcia Athenais Gavidia Latiaria), married Lucius Vibullius Rufus.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> They had a son, Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus, the only recorded grandchild of Herodes Atticus.<ref>Pomeroy, p. 48</ref>
- Son, Atticus Bradua – born in 145 as Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
- Son, Regillus – born as Tiberius Claudius Herodes Lucius Vibullius Regillus, 150–155<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
- Unnamed child who died with Regilla or perhaps three months later in 160<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
After Regilla died in 160, Herodes Atticus never married again. Sometime after his wife's death, he adopted his cousin's first grandson Lucius Vibullius Claudius Herodes as his son.<ref>Graindor, Un milliardaire antique p. 29</ref> When Herodes Atticus died in 177, his son Atticus Bradua and his grandchild survived him.
LegacyEdit
Herodes Atticus and his wife Regilla, from the 2nd century until the present, have been considered great benefactors in Greece, in particular in Athens. The couple are commemorated in Herodou Attikou Street and Rigillis Street and Square, in downtown Athens. In Rome, their names are also recorded on modern streets, in the Quarto Miglio suburb close to the area of the Triopio.
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
Primary sourcesEdit
- Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights
- Philostratus, Leben der Sophisten. Greek and German by Kai Brodersen. Wiesbaden: Marix 2014, Template:ISBN
- Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 2.1 (paragraphs 545–566)
Secondary materialEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination, Ayers Company Publishers, 1973
- Template:Cite book
- Gibbon, E., The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique, Ayers Company Publishers, 1979
- Kennell, Nigel M. "Herodes and the Rhetoric of Tyranny", Classical Philology, 4 (1997), pp. 316–362.
- Lambert, R., Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, Viking, 1984.
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 18–395, Routledge, 2004. Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite thesis
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite encyclopedia
- Tobin, Jennifer, Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens: Patronage and Conflict Under the Antonines, J. C. Gieben, 1997.
- Wilson, N. G., Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge 2006
External linksEdit
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