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HejazTemplate:Efn is a historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the majority of the western region of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Al-Bahah. It is thus known as the "Western Province",<ref name="Mackey">Mackey, p. 101. "The Western Province, or the Hejaz[...]"</ref> and it is bordered in the west by the Red Sea, in the north by Jordan, in the east by the Najd, and in the south by Yemen.<ref name="MWGD2001">Template:Cite book</ref> Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being the third- and fourth-largest cities in the country.<ref name="Leatherdale1983">Template:Cite book</ref>

As the location of the holy cities of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> respectively the first and second holiest sites in Islam, the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with Hejazi Arabic being the most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins,<ref name="Leatherdale1983"/> although the vast majority are of Arab origin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Islamic tradition, this region is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, which was founded by his ancestors Abraham, Ishmael, and Hagar.<ref name="Lings1983">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Glasse1991">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The area became part of his empire through the early Muslim conquests, and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the Rashidun Caliphate, followed by the Umayyad Caliphate, and finally the Abbasid Caliphate. The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd, creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.<ref>Template:Citation (Pbk. ed.)</ref> In September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al-Hasa and Qatif, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref>Al-Rasheed, M. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Template:Verify source</ref><ref>A Brief overview of Hejaz - Hejaz history Template:Webarchive Template:Verify source</ref>

EtymologyEdit

The name of the region is derived from a verb ḥajaza ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), from the Arabic root ḥ-j-z ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning "to separate",<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihāmah in the west.

HistoryEdit

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File:Al Ula (6708283401).jpg
The city of al-Ula in 2012. The city's archaeological district is in the foreground, with the Hijaz Mountains in the background.

Prehistoric and ancient timesEdit

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One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Hejaz.<ref name="Scheltema2008">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Hejaz includes both the Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") (Template:Coord) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow Template:Convert north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wādi Al-Rummah and Wādi Al-Bātin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active in 2500–3000 BCE.<ref name=Sullivan2014>Template:Cite news</ref>

According to Al-Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of ancient Israel,<ref>Ibn Khaldun, "Kitāb al-ʿIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʾ wa-l-Khabar", Dar Al-Fikr publication. Beirut. 1988. volume 2 page 342</ref> and according to Butrus al-Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state.<ref>al-Bustani, Butrus. "Daerat Al-Maaref". Dar Al-Marifa Publication. Beirut. volume 11 page 672</ref> The German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.<ref>Wolfensohn, Israel. "Tarikh Al-Yahood Fi Belad Al-Arab". Al-Nafezah Publication. Cairo. 2006. page 68</ref>

Era of Abraham and IshmaelEdit

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According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The Adnanites were a tribal confederation of the Ishmaelite Arabs, who trace their lineage back to Ishmael son of the Islamic prophet and patriarch Abraham and his wife Hagar through Adnan, who originate from the Hejaz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the Ka'bah,<ref name="qref|2|127|t=y|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|3|96|t=y|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Glasse1991"/>

For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah,<ref name="qref|106|1-4|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. From the Period of Jāhiliyyah ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage, and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim.<ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y"/> It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca.<ref name="Ishaq">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="armstrong">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Firestone1990">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Tabari1987>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Haykal 1976">Template:Citation</ref>

Era of ShuaibEdit

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File:مدائن شعيب.jpg
Maghayir Shu'ayb in Midian, or what is now Tabuk Province

The Midianites of the Bible lived in Hejaz.<ref name="Rothenberg_2003">Template:Citation</ref> Shuaib, who is revered as a prophet by both Muslims and Druze,<ref name="Mackey_2009">Template:Cite book</ref> was from this community,<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-94|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> who are also known as the Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood").<ref name="qref|15|78-79|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|23|20|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|38|13-15|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|50|12-14|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="QA">Template:Cite book</ref> The historical area of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now region of Tabuk.<ref name="TheSaudi_Tabouk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Edwards2013">Template:Cite book</ref> Also, the northern part of the Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.<ref name=romans>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Era of SalehEdit

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File:Qasr al Farid.JPG
The rock-carved Qaṣr Al-Farīd at Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) or Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh")

Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr. The name Al-Ḥijr ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the Qur'an,<ref name="qref|15|80-84|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra.<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=unesco>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud. The location is also called Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh"),<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|54|23-31|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|89|6-13|b=y">Template:Qref</ref><ref name="qref|91|11-15|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans, whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca.<ref name=romans/><ref name=hidden>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=whs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=info>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Era of MuhammadEdit

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As the land of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y"/> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y"/><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y"/> the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of Al-Aḥzāb ("The Confederates"), Badr<ref name="qref|3|110-128|b=y">Template:Qref</ref> and Ḥunayn. They involved both Makkan companions, such as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ubayda ibn al-Harith and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, and Madani companions.<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="buk55774">Template:Hadith-usc</ref><ref name=pre-badr>Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"</ref> The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Ishaq"/><ref name="Firestone1990"/><ref name=Tabari1987/><ref name="EOIATMW">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="Holt (1977) p, 57">Holt (1977), p. 57</ref><ref name="Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32">Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32</ref>

Subsequent historyEdit

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File:Codice Casanatense Arabian Merchants.jpg
Hejazi Arabian merchant and wife (Códice Casanatense, c. 1540)
File:Hejaz Rail track laying near Tabuk 1906.jpg
Workers laying tracks for the Hejaz Railway near Tabuk, 1906

Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate, in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE. The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state.

Brief independenceEdit

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After the end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932.

File:Hejaz-English.jpg
Kingdom of Hejaz (green) with the modern-day region of Hejaz

In modern Saudi ArabiaEdit

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File:Kaust-night-view.jpg
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) campus in Jeddah at night

On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Britannica history">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CultureEdit

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ReligionEdit

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The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam, especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the Sharia is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage.

  • Mina 2.JPG

    The camp of Mina on the outskirts of Mecca, where Muslim pilgrims gather for the Hajj (Greater Pilgrimage). Masjid Al-Khayf is visible to the right.

  • Pilgrims must spend the time within a defined area on the plain of Arafat. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg

    Muslim pilgrims gathering at the plain of Mount Arafat

CuisineEdit

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Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia, Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like Saleeg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other Dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like Mantu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Yaghmush ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Ruz Bukhāri ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) from Central Asia, Burēk ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Šurēk {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Kabab almīru ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) from Turkey and the Balkans, Mandi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Mutabbag ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) from Yemen, Biryāni {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Kābli ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) rice dishes from South Asia. Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well-known in Hejaz. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice.

GeographyEdit

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The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its darker, more volcanic sand. Depending on the previous definition, the Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range, which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ḥarrāt ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, singular: ḥarrah ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some Template:Cvt, an area greater than the state of Missouri.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CitiesEdit

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Al Bahah Region:

  • Al-Bāḥah<ref name="Al-Bahah City Profile">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Medina:

  • Al-Madīnah Al-Munawwarah (Medina)<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
  • Badr<ref name="BadrMadinah">بـتـصـرف عـن مـجـلـة الأمـانـة الـعـدد عـشـرون شـوال 1419 تـصـدر عـن أمـانـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة

إمـارة مـنـطـقـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة </ref>

  • Yanbuʿ al-Baḥr (Yanbu)<ref name="MWGD2001"/>

Mecca Province:

  • Aṭ-Ṭāʾif<ref name="Ta'if Municipality">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Jiddah (Jeddah)<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
  • Makkah (Mecca)<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
  • Rābigh<ref name="GeoNamesRabigh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="HajjUmrahPlanner, Al-Juhfah">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tabuk Region:

  • Tabūk<ref name="TheSaudiNetwork, Tabouk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TourismEdit

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File:Al Wajh Beach.jpg
Beach promenade in Al-Wajh

As a component of Saudi Vision 2030, a tourist destination with an area of Template:Convert is under development,<ref name="Zawya 02-2019">Template:Cite news</ref> between the towns of Umluj (Template:Coord) and Al-Wajh (Template:Coord), on the coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands"<ref name="SaudiGazette 09-2017">Template:Cite news</ref> that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination",<ref name="ArabNews 01-2019">Template:Cite news</ref> and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards".<ref name="USAToday 08-2017">Template:Cite news</ref>

DemographicsEdit

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The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0" /> containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with a Shia minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the Umayyads to the Ottomans.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Beranek2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Notable peopleEdit

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  • Salih of Thamud<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010"/>Template:Efn
  • Shuaib of Midian<ref name="Rothenberg_2003" />

Al-Abwa'Edit

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  • Musa al-Kazim ibn Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad<ref name="Sheikh al Mufid">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MeccaEdit

Pre–6th century CEEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan the descendant of Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn Azar ibn Nahor ibn Serug ibn Reu ibn Peleg ibn Eber ibn Shelakh,<ref name="Cite Genesis, Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25">Book of Genesis, Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25</ref><ref name="Cite 1 Chronicles, Chapter 1">1 Chronicles, Chapter 1</ref> Chief of the Tribe of Quraysh, and an ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="IbnHisham">Template:Cite book</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Masud">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the father of Uthman the father of Abdul-Uzza the father of Barrah the maternal grandmother of Muhammad

  • Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, paternal ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SinceEdit

MedinaEdit

Pre–6th century CEEdit

SinceEdit

Ta'ifEdit

6th–7th centuries CEEdit

SinceEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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Explanatory notesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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