Hilda Hilst

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Hilda de Almeida Prado Hilst (21 April 1930 – 4 February 2004) was a Brazilian poet, novelist, and playwright. Her work touches on the themes of mysticism, insanity, the body, eroticism, and female sexual liberation. Hilst greatly revered the work of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett, and the influence of their styles—like stream of consciousness and fractured reality—is evident in her own work.

Born in Jaú, São Paulo, Hilst graduated from the University of São Paulo in 1952. While studying there, she published her first book of poems, Omen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), in 1950. After a brief trip to Europe, Hilst was influenced by Nikos Kazantzakis' Report to Greco to move away from the São Paulo scene, and she secluded herself in an estate near the outskirts of Campinas. Deciding to devote her life to her literary creations, she constructed the House of the Sun ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), where she would invite several artists and intellectuals to live.

Writing forty works over her lifetime, she was one of the most prolific writers of her generation. Her works were mostly not well known outside of her home country until after her death, when several of her books were translated to English.

Life and careerEdit

Early yearsEdit

Hilda de Almeida Prado Hilst was the only daughter of Apolônio de Almeida Prado Hilst and Bedecilda Vaz Cardoso. Her father owned a coffee plantation and also worked as a journalist, poet, and essayist. He was affected by schizophrenia throughout his life. Her mother came from a conservative Portuguese immigrant family. The conditions of her parents' mental health (and the relationships they had with mental health) greatly influenced Hilst's writing, and her books describe several experiences she had with her father.<ref name="visnadi">Template:Cite journal</ref> Her parents separated in 1932 while she was still an infant, and three years later her father received the diagnosis of schizophrenia and thereafter spent much of his life in mental institutions.<ref name="palgrave" /> Her mother was also institutionalized at the end of her life, in the same institution as her husband.<ref name="clb">Template:Cite book</ref>

Hilst grew up in Jaú, a town in the state of São Paulo, with her mother and half brother from her mother's previous marriage. Hilst attended elementary and high school at Collegia Santa Marcelina in São Paulo before enrolling in a bachelor's degree program at Mackenzie Presbyterian University.<ref name="sadlier">Template:Cite book</ref> Before Hilst started college, her mother told her of her father's condition, and Hilst went to visit him in a mental institution for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref>

After graduating from Mackenzie, Hilst began studying for her second degree at the law school at the University of São Paulo,<ref name="palgrave" /> where she met her lifelong friend Lygia Fagundes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early careerEdit

Hilst published her first book of poetry in 1950, Omen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which received great acclaim from her contemporaries like Jorge de Lima and Cecília Meireles. It was not long before she published her second book, Ballad of Alzira ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in 1951. That same year Hilst took over guardianship of her father. Later in 1957, Hilst began her seven-month tour of Europe, traveling through France, Italy and Greece.<ref name="clb"/> There, she briefly dated singer-actor Dean Martin and impersonated a journalist, in an attempt to meet Marlon Brando. She asked him about his thoughts on Franz Kafka's works, to which he dismissively replied, "I won't think about Mr. Kafka".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Upon her return to São Paulo, she settled in the Sumaré neighborhood, and was frequently in the company of other artists, such as Gilka Machado and Bráulio Pedroso.<ref name="palgrave" /><ref name="musarara" /> However, after reading Nikos Kazantzakis' Report to Greco, and being influenced by its themes of self-isolation to achieve knowledge of the human being, Hilst decided to leave São Paulo in 1964 and return to her childhood home in Campinas.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

She ordered the construction of a new house on the same property, nicknamed the House of the Sun ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which she personally designed to be an artistic space for inspiration and creativity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When it was completed in 1966, she moved into the house with sculptor Dante Casarini,<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref> with whom she had a prior relationship.<ref name="musarara" /> In September of the same year, her father died.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Theater and proseEdit

At the House of the Sun, Hilst was particularly prolific as she started writing her first theater works, completing nine plays and one poetry compilation between 1967 and 1969.<ref name="palgrave" /> She married Casarini in 1968. Although the marriage only lasted twelve years, the two continued to live together in the House of the Sun.<ref name="musarara">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hilst lived somewhat secluded in Campinas for the rest of her life, accompanied by other artists. The House of the Sun became a hub for artists and writers, who were invited to spend time there and enjoy the creative atmosphere. Two prominent artists to do so were Bruno Tolentino and Caio Fernando Abreu. During her time at the House of the Sun, Hilst also engaged in her own experiments with electronic voice phenomena, an electronic recording method that supposedly interprets the voices of the dead.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1969, she built a second home, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Her theater writings finished in the same year, with her turning instead to prose fiction with her experimental text {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} a year later.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later yearsEdit

In the 1980s, due to increasing financial pressure from a lack of book sales, Hilst participated in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Artist-in-Residence program), at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, being the first artist to do so. The program was conceived as a way for students to meet established authors. She later held other teaching positions at the university.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hilst published Lori Lamby's Pink Notebook ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in 1990, the first book of a pornographic tetralogy. She announced her "goodbye to serious literature" in the 1990s because she was "irritated by the meager reaching of her writing".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
My books don't sell, they don't get reprinted, people find me difficult. I'm tired of this stigmaTemplate:Nbsp... I became desperate with the forgetfulness surrounding my name. I always wanted to be read, I didn't want to stay in the drawers.{{#if:Hilda Hilst|{{#if:yes|}}

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A number of Hilst's books were originally published by smaller Brazilian publishers, but beginning in 2001, Editora Globo, the publishing branch of the Brazilian media organization Globo, began reissuing nearly all her works, as part of its {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Diniz">Template:Cite book</ref> She stopped writing in the same year, telling an interviewer that she had said everything she wanted to say.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref>

DeathEdit

Hilst died on 4 February 2004, in Campinas at the age of 73. She had been hospitalized at the Hospital das Clínicas da Unicamp since 2 January, following surgery for a fractured femur.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her health sharply declined after contracting an infection, aggravated by a chronic heart and pulmonary condition, before she eventually passed away due to multiple organ failure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following her death, Hilst's friend Mora Fuentes created the Hilda Hilst Institute in her honor, an organization whose mission is to uphold the House of the Sun as a space for artistic creation and serves as a library and cultural center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Author Yuri Vieira, who lived in the House of the Sun for two years, wrote a book about his experiences there.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After her death, Hilst garnered more fame among English language readership as several of her novels were translated to the language, such as With My Dog Eyes, The Obscene Madame D., and Letters from a Seducer.<ref name="palgrave" />

ThemesEdit

Hilda Hilst wrote for almost 50 years, publishing forty books over her lifetime.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The different periods of her life are reflected in the phases of her work: she began as a poet, publishing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in 1950, through the time before she moved into the House of the Sun; around the death of her father and her marriage, she started publishing and staging plays in 1967; and shifted into prose in 1970, with her experimental text {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Throughout her career, beginning in 1958 with Adoniran Barbosa, musicians selected poems of hers to be set to music.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="sadlier" /> Relatively obscure in her lifetime, her work has since been extensively studied and analyzed after her death. She has been highly referenced in books, magazines, academic journals, and others.<ref name="Diniz" />

In several of her writings Hilst tackled politically and socially controversial issues, such as obscenity, queer sexuality, and incest. The tetralogy that comprises Lori Lamby's Pink Notebook ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Tales of Derision: Grotesque Texts ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) (1990); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1991); and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1992), includes overtly pornographic material, if not pornography per se.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Her pornographic work started as a response to the minimal popularity her previous works had with the general audience.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She explored theological issues in her work as well, particularly regarding God and the "search of the divine".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Albuquerque">Template:Cite book</ref> Other common themes in her writings include madness,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> old age,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> love, and death.<ref name="Albuquerque" />

In Hilst's prose fiction, she employs several narrative features to build the narrative, including passages of metanarrative discourse; soliloquies; simulacra of dramatic theatrical texts; colloquial register of regional linguistic variants; words, expressions and quotations from foreign literary works in the language of origin – in English and Latin; stream of consciousness and fractured reality; sparse notes; poems; letters and questions addressed directly to the reader.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She was greatly influenced by the works of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett, whom she greatly revered.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

HonorsEdit

In 1962 she won the Prêmio PEN Clube of São Paulo, for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Massao Ohno Editor, 1962). In 1969, the play {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} took the Prêmio Anchieta, one of the most important cultural awards in the country at the time. The Brazilian Association of Art Critics (APCA Prize) deemed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Edições Quíron, 1977) the best book of the year. In 1981, Hilda Hilst won the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, by the same association. In 1984, the Template:Interlanguage link awarded her the Jabuti Prize for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and the following year the same book claimed the Prêmio Cassiano Ricardo (Clube de Poesia de São Paulo). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, published in 1993, took the Jabuti Prize for best short story, and finally, on 9 August 2002, she was awarded at the 47th edition of Prêmio Moinho Santista in the poetry category.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TranslationEdit

Some of Hilst's texts have been translated from Brazilian Portuguese to French, English, Italian and German. In March 1997, her works {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were published by Éditions Gallimard, translated by Maryvonne Lapouge. The latter was translated into English as The Obscene Madame D collaboratively by Nathanaël and Rachel Gontijo Araújo, and published jointly by Nightboat Books in New York and A Bolha Editora in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. In 2014, Letters from a Seducer, John Keene's translation of the 1991 novel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, was published by Nightboat Books and A Bolha Editora, and With My Dog Eyes, Adam Morris's translation of Hilst's 1986 novella {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, was published by Melville House.<ref name="palgrave">Template:Cite book</ref>

PublicationsEdit

PoetryEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Omen). São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais (1950)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Ballad of Alzira). São Paulo: Edições Alarico (1951)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The Festival Ballad). Rio de Janeiro: Jornal de Letras (1955)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Script of Silence). Rio de Janeiro: Anhambi (1959)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Troves of Love for a Beloved Gentleman). São Paulo: Anhambi (1960)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Fragmentary Ode). São Paulo: Anhambi (1961)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Seven Songs from the Poet to the Angel). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1962)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Poetry). São Paulo: Editora Sal (1967)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Jubilation, Memory, Novitiate of the Passion). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1974)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Of Death. Minimal Odes). São Paulo: Massao Ohno/Roswitha Kempf (1980)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Poetry). São Paulo: Ed. Quíron/INL (1980)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Songs of Loss and Predilection). São Paulo: Massao Ohno/M. Lydia Pires e Albuquerque (1983)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Damned, Joyful and Devout Poems). São Paulo: Massao Ohno/Ismael Guarnelli (1984)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Upon Your Great Face). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1986)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. São Paulo: Massao Ohno. (1989)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Alcoholics). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1990)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1992)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Of Desire). Campinas: Pontes (1992)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Songs of the Nameless and of Departures). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1995)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Of Love). São Paulo: Edith Arnhold/Massao Ohno (1999)

Prose fictionEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. São Paulo: Perspectiva (1970) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2001) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. São Paulo: Edart (1973) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2001) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Fictions). São Paulo: Quíron (1977)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (You Don't Move from Yourself). São Paulo: Cultura (1980) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2004) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (The Obscene Miss D). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1982) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2001) Template:ISBN. English translation: The Obscene Madame D. Callicoon: Nightboat (2012)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (With My Dog Eyes and Other Novels). São Paulo: Brasilense (1986) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2012) Template:ISBN. English translation: With My Dog-Eyes. New York City: Melville House (2014)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Lori Lamby's Pink Notebook). São Paulo: Massao Ohno (1990)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Tales of Mockery: Grotesque Texts). São Paulo: Siciliano, (1990) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2001) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. São Paulo: Paulicéia (1991) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2001) Template:ISBN. English translation: Letters from a Seducer: Callicoon: Nightboat (2012)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Campinas: Pontes (1993) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2003) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Being. Having Been). São Paulo: Nankin (1997) / São Paulo: Editora Globo (2006) Template:ISBN
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Hooves and Caresses: Collected Chronicles). São Paulo: Nankin (1998)