Chamaecyparis obtusa

Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress, hinoki cypress<ref name=BSBI07>Template:BSBI 2007</ref> or hinoki; Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration) is a species of cypress native to central Japan in East Asia,<ref name=farjon>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=rushforthc>Template:Cite book</ref> and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high-quality timber and ornamental qualities, with many cultivars commercially available.

Description

It is a slow-growing tree which may reach Template:Convert tall<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with a trunk up to Template:Convert in diameter.Template:Citation needed The bark is dark red-brown. The leaves are scale-like, Template:Convert long, blunt tipped (obtuse), green above, and green below with a white stomatal band at the base of each scale-leaf. The cones are globose, Template:Convert in diameter, with 8–12 scales arranged in opposite pairs.

Related species

The plant is widespread in Japan. The related Chamaecyparis pisifera (sawara cypress) can be readily distinguished in its having pointed tips to the leaves and smaller cones.<ref name=farjon /><ref name=rushforthc /> A similar cypress found on Taiwan is treated by different botanists as either a variety of this species (as Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana) or as a separate species Chamaecyparis taiwanensis; it differs in having smaller cones (6–9 mm diameter) with smaller scales, and leaves with a more acute apex.<ref name=farjon /><ref name=rushforthc />

Timber

It is grown for its very high-quality timber in Japan, where it is used as a material for building palaces, temples, shrines, traditional noh theatres, baths, table tennis blades and masu. The wood is lemon-scented, light pinkish-brown, with a rich, straight grain, and is highly rot-resistant. For example, Horyuji Temple and Osaka Castle are built from hinoki wood. The hinoki grown in Kiso, used for building Ise Shrine, are called 御神木 go-shin-boku, or "divine trees".

Ornamental cultivation

It is also a popular ornamental tree in parks and gardens, both in Japan and elsewhere in temperate climates, including western Europe and parts of North America. A large number of cultivars have been selected for garden planting, including dwarf forms, forms with yellow leaves, and forms with congested foliage. It is also often grown as bonsai.Template:Citation needed

Cultivars

Over 200 cultivars have been selected, varying in size from trees as large as the wild species, down to very slow-growing dwarf plants under Template:Convert high. A few of the best known are listed below.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Tree Register of the British Isles</ref> Those marked Template:Smallcaps have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 'Crippsii'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> makes a broad conic golden-green crown with a vigorous leading shoot, growing to Template:Convert or more tall

• 'Fernspray Gold'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – Template:Convert, arching sprays of green/yellow branches

• 'Kamarachiba'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – spreading shrub, Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide, sprays of yellow-green

• 'Kosteri'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – sprawling dwarf to Template:Convert tall by Template:Convert wide, with brilliant green foliage

• 'Lycopodioides' reaches up to Template:Convert tall, with somewhat fasciated foliage
• 'Minima' – under Template:Convert after 20 years with mid-green foliage
• 'Nana'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – dark green, rounded dwarf shrub to Template:Convert

• 'Nana Aurea'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – Template:Convert, golden tips to the fans and a bronze tone in winter

• 'Nana Gracilis'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – crowded fans of tiny branches producing richly textured effects; often cited as dwarf but has reached Template:Convert tall in cultivation in Britain

• 'Nana Lutea'Template:Smallcaps – compact, slow-growing, golden yellow selection which has become very popular; yellow counterpart to 'Nana gracilis'
• 'Spiralis' is an erect, stiff dwarf tree
• 'Tempelhof' growing to Template:Convert with green-yellow foliage that turns bronze in winter
• 'Tetragona Aurea' grows to around Template:Convert tall, with a narrow crown and irregular branching, the scale leaves in 4 equal ranks and branchlets tightly crowded, green and gold
• 'Tsatsumi Gold'Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – Template:Convert, contorted branches, yellow-green foliage

Chemistry

The lignans chamaecypanones A and B, obtulignolide, and isootobanone can be found in the heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The biflavones sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, podocarpusflavone B, 7,7''-O-dimethylamentoflavone, bilobetin, podocarpusflavone A, 7-O-methylamentoflavone, amentoflavone, hinokinin and hinokiflavone have been confirmed in the leaves of the plant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Chamaecydin was first discovered in the seeds of C. obtusa.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The essential oil of Chamaecyparis obtusa contains a wide range of chemical compounds, including but not limited to the following: sabinene, elemol, myrcene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, eudesmols, α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpinolene, α-terpineol, 3-carene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, camphene, bornyl acetate, 1-methyladamantane, cuminol, eucarvone, 2-cyclopenten-1-one, 3,4-dimethyl-, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene, calamenene, τ-muurolol, borneol, α-cadinol, β-thujaplicin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of these compounds are fragrances or intermediates used in the fragrance industry. Thus, the C. obtusa essential oil is used in perfumery and personal care products, such as soaps, shampoos, cosmetics.<ref name="auto"/> Hinoki wood is used as a traditional Japanese stick incense for its light, earthy aroma.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Essential oil distilled from its wood is uniquely scented and highly valued.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pollen

Hinoki pollen can cause pollinosis, a specific type of allergic rhinitis. Chamaecyparis obtusa, along with Cryptomeria japonica (sugi, Japanese cedar), is the leading source of allergic pollen in Japan and a major cause of hay fever in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Gallery

• Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana gracilis'.jpg

  C. obtusa 'Nana Gracilis'

• Kyoto Toji Hiwadabuki C0990.jpg

  Cypress bark is used as a traditional roofing material (hiwadabuki) at Tō-ji in Kyoto

• Haeckel Coniferae Chamaecyparis obtusa.jpg

  Illustration

• Chamaecyparis Obtusa bonsai.JPG

  Bonsai

• Japanese cypress woods C032473.jpg
• Chamaecyparis obtusa 01.jpg

  Tanzawa Mountains, Japan

• Chamaecyparis obtusa2.jpg

  Foliage; underside showing white stomatal lines