Hippophae
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Hippophae, from Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), meaning "horse", and φάος (pháos), meaning "light", is a genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae. They are deciduous shrubs. They are exceptionally hardy plants, able to withstand winter temperatures as low as Template:Convert. As Hippophae species develop an aggressive and extensive root system, they are planted to inhibit soil erosion and used in land reclamation for their nitrogen fixing properties, wildlife habitat, and soil enrichment. Hippophae berries and leaves are manufactured into various human and animal food and skincare products.Template:Clarification needed
Species and descriptionEdit
The shrubs reach Template:Convert tall, rarely up to Template:Convert in central Asia. The leaf arrangement can be alternate or opposite.<ref name=swenson/> 'Plants of the World Online<ref name = POWO>Plants of the World Online: Hippophae L. (retrieved 16 February 2025)</ref> includes the following species:
- Hippophae × goniocarpa Template:Au is a natural hybrid of H. neurocarpa and H. sinensis<ref>POWO: Hippophae × goniocarpa Y.S.Lian & al. ex Swenson & Bartish</ref> which grows in mountainous regions in Nepal, Mongolia and China.
- Hippophae gyantsensis Template:Au
- Hippophae litangensis Template:Au
- Hippophae neurocarpa Template:Au
- Hippophae rhamnoides Template:Au: Common sea buckthorn has dense and stiff branches, and are very thorny. The leaves are a distinct pale silvery-green, lanceolate, Template:Convert long, and less than Template:Convert broad. It is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The male produces brownish flowers which produce wind-distributed pollen. The female plants produce orange berries Template:Convert in diameter, soft, juicy, and rich in oils. The roots distribute rapidly and extensively, providing a nonleguminous nitrogen fixation role in surrounding soils.
- Hippophae salicifolia Template:Au (willow-leaved sea buckthorn) is restricted to the Himalayas, to the south of the common sea buckthorn, growing at high altitudes in dry valleys; it differs from H. rhamnoides in having broader (to Template:Convert)Template:Citation needed and greener (less silvery) leaves, and yellow berries. A wild variant occurs in the same area, but at even higher altitudes in the alpine zone.Template:Citation needed It is a low shrub not growing taller than Template:Convert with small leaves Template:Convert long.Template:Citation needed
- Hippophae sinensis Template:Au
- Hippophae tibetana Template:Au
Taxonomy and nameEdit
Hippophae is a small genus of Elaeagnaceae having a terminal taxon with seven species recognized, as of 2002.<ref name="swenson">Template:Cite journal</ref> Hippophae rhamnoides is a highly variable species with eight subspecies.<ref name=swenson/>
In ancient times, leaves and young branches from sea buckthorn were supposedly fed as a remedy to horses to support weight gain and appearance of the coat, leading to the name of the genus, Hippophae, from Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), meaning "horse", and φάος (pháos), meaning "light".<ref name=Li/>
DistributionEdit
Hippophae rhamnoides, the common sea buckthorn, is the most widespread of the species in the genus, with the ranges of its eight subspecies extending from the Atlantic coasts of Europe across to northwestern Mongolia, northwestern China and Northern Pakistan.<ref name=Li/><ref name=Bartish>Template:Cite journal</ref> In western Europe, it is largely confined to sea coasts where salt spray off the sea prevents other larger plants from outcompeting it. In central Asia, it is more widespread in dry semi-desert sites where other plants cannot survive the dry conditions.
In central Europe and Asia, it also occurs as a sub-alpine shrub above the tree line in mountains, and other sunny areas such as river banks where it has been used to stabilize erosion.<ref name=Li/> They are tolerant of salt in the air and soil, but demand full sunlight for good growth and do not tolerate shady conditions near larger trees. They typically grow in dry, sandy areas.
More than 90% or about Template:Convert of the world's natural sea buckthorn habitat is found in China, Mongolia, Russia, and most parts of Northern Europe.<ref name=Li/>
Sea buckthorn USDA hardiness zones are about 3 through 7.<ref name=Li/>
In some areas it is considered invasive, due to its ability to outcompete smaller native species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VarietiesEdit
During the Cold War, Russian and East German horticulturists developed new varieties with greater nutritional value, larger berries, different ripening months and branches that are easier to harvest. Over the past 20 years, experimental crops have been grown in the United States, one in Nevada and one in Arizona, and in several provinces of Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeneticsEdit
A study of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence data<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> showed that the genus can be divided into three clades:
- H. tibetana
- H. rhamnoides with the exception of H. rhamnoides ssp. gyantsensis (=H. gyantsensis)
- remaining species
A study using chloroplast sequences and morphology,<ref name=Bartish/> however, recovered only two clades:
- H. tibetana, H. gyantsensis, H. salicifolia, H. neurocarpa
- H. rhamnoides
Natural historyEdit
The fruit is an important winter food resource for some birds, notably fieldfares.Template:Citation needed
Leaves are eaten by the larva of the coastal race of the ash pug moth and by larvae of other Lepidoptera, including brown-tail, dun-bar, emperor moth, mottled umber, and Coleophora elaeagnisella.
UsesEdit
ProductsEdit
Sea buckthorn berries are edible and nutritious, though astringent, sour, and oily<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> unless bletted (frosted to reduce the astringency) and/or mixed as a drink with sweeter substances such as apple or grape juice. Additionally, malolactic fermentation of sea buckthorn juice reduces sourness, enhancing its sensory properties. The mechanism behind this change is transformation of malic acid into lactic acid in microbial metabolism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
When the berries are pressed, the resulting sea buckthorn juice separates into three layers: on top is a thick, orange cream; in the middle, a layer containing sea buckthorn's characteristic high content of saturated and polyunsaturated fats; and the bottom layer is sediment and juice.<ref name=Li/><ref name=seglina>Template:Cite journal (Suppl 2)</ref> The upper two layers contain fat sources applicable for cosmetic purposes and can be processed for skin creams and liniments, whereas the bottom layer can be used for edible products such as syrup.<ref name=seglina/>
Besides juice, sea buckthorn fruit can be used to make pies, jams, lotions, teas, fruit wines, and liquors.<ref name=Li/> The juice or pulp has other potential applications in foods, beverages or cosmetics products such as shower gel.<ref name="Li">Template:Cite book</ref> Fruit drinks were among the earliest sea buckthorn products developed in China. Sea buckthorn-based juice is common in Germany and Scandinavian countries. It provides a beverage rich in vitamin C and carotenoids.<ref name=Li/> Sea buckthorn berries are also used to produce rich orange-coloured ice-cream, with a melon-type taste and hints of citrus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For its troops confronting low winter temperatures (see Siachen), India's Defence Research and Development Organisation established a factory in Leh to manufacture a multivitamin herbal beverage based on sea buckthorn juice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The seed and pulp oils have nutritional properties that vary under different processing methods.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sea buckthorn oils are used as a source for ingredients in several commercially available cosmetic products and nutritional supplements.<ref name=Li/>
Landscape usesEdit
Sea buckthorn may be used as a landscaping shrub with an aggressive basal shoot system used for barrier hedges and windbreaks, and to stabilize riverbanks and steep slopes.<ref name=Li/> They have value in northern climates for their landscape qualities, as the colorful berry clusters are retained through winter.<ref name=Li/><ref name="li01">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Branches may be used by florists for designing ornaments.
In northwestern China, sea buckthorn shrubs have been planted on the bottoms of dry riverbeds to increase water retention of the soil, thus decreasing sediment loss.<ref name=Li/> Due to increased moisture conservation of the soil and nitrogen-fixing capabilities of sea buckthorn, vegetation levels have increased in areas where sea buckthorn have been planted.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sea buckthorn was once distributed free of charge to Canadian prairie farmers by PFRA to be used in shelterbelts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Folk medicine and researchEdit
Sea buckthorn has been used over centuries in traditional medicine.<ref name=Li/> Although sea buckthorn fruit extracts are under preliminary research for their pharmacological effects, there is no high-quality clinical evidence for the ability of Hippophae products to lower the risk of human diseases.<ref name="drugs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2022, no sea buckthorn products are approved as prescription drugs by any national regulatory agency.<ref name=drugs/>
Berry oil from seeds or fruit pulp, either taken orally as a dietary supplement or applied topically, is believed to be a skin softener or medicine, but there is inadequate clinical evidence of its effectiveness.<ref name=drugs/> There have been no systematic studies of toxicity and safety for any Hippophae product.<ref name=drugs/>
OrganizationsEdit
The International Seabuckthorn Association, formerly the International Center for Research and Training on Seabuckthorn (ICRTS), was formed jointly in 1988 by the China Research and Training Center on Seabuckthorn, the Seabuckthorn Office of the Yellow River Water Commission, and the Shaanxi Seabuckthorn Development Office. From 1995 to 2000, ICRTS published the research journal, Hippophae, which appears to be no longer active.
In 2005–2007, the "EAN-Seabuck" network between European Union states, China, Russia and New Independent States was funded by the European Commission to promote sustainable crop and consumer product development.<ref name="EAN-SEABUCK-report">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Mongolia, there is an active National Association of Seabuckthorn Cultivators and Producers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Sea buckthorn oil
- Wolfberry, a native Asian plant occasionally mistaken for sea buckthorn
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Todd, J. Introduction to sea-buckthorn, Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, August, 2022