Hoorn
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}}Template:Main other Hoorn ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city and municipality in the northwest of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is the largest town and the traditional capital of the region of West Friesland.<ref name="WG-Historie">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hoorn is located on the Markermeer, 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Alkmaar and 35 kilometers (22 mi) north of Amsterdam. The municipality has just over 75,000 inhabitants and a land area of Template:Convert, making it the third most densely populated municipality in North Holland after Haarlem and Amsterdam.<ref name="kerncijfers"/> Apart from the city of Hoorn, the municipality includes the villages of Blokker and Zwaag, as well as parts of the hamlets Template:Ill, De Hulk and Template:Ill.
Hoorn is well known in the Netherlands for its rich history.<ref name="visit-holland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town acquired city rights in 1357 and flourished during the Dutch Golden Age.<ref name="goldenage"/> In this period, Hoorn developed into a prosperous port city, being home to one of the six chambers of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).<ref name="visit-holland"/> Towards the end of the eighteenth century, however, it started to become increasingly more difficult for Hoorn to keep competing with nearby Amsterdam.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Ultimately, it lost its function as port city and became a regional center of trade, mainly serving the smaller villages of West Friesland.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Nowadays, Hoorn is a city with modern residential areas and a historic city center that, due to its proximity to Amsterdam, is sometimes considered to be part of the Randstad metropolitan area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cape Horn and the Hoorn Islands were both named after this city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The origin of the name Hoorn – in archaic spelling Hoern, Horne or Hoirn(e) – is surrounded in myths.<ref name="etym-bank">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to old Frisian legends, the name comes from Hornus, a bastard son of King Redbad and brother of Aldgillis II, who presumably founded the city in 719 and named it after himself.<ref name="vdknaap">Template:Cite book</ref> A different theory claims that the name was derived from a sign depicting a post horn, which hung from one of the taverns established by brewers from Hamburg in the early fourteenth century.<ref name="volkoomen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to Hadrianus Junius, the name could also be a reference to the city's horn-shaped port.<ref name="volkoomen" /> Others believed that the name was derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a weed with a hollow stem that grew in the area at the time of the city's establishment.<ref name="halma">Template:Cite book</ref> The chronicler Template:Ill rejects this theory, as well as the assertion that the name comes from "Dampterhorn", which was thought to be the only remaining neighborhood of the flooded village of Template:Ill.<ref name="velius">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
One of the earliest mentions of Hoorn is found in a letter which states that in 1303, a merchant from Bruges was imprisoned in West Friesland near a place called "Hornicwed".<ref name="lesger">Template:Cite book</ref> This phrase – although it is uncertain whether it actually refers to Hoorn – is a compound of the Middle Dutch words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "corner", and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "shallow water".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is likely that the name Hoorn was indeed derived from Middle Dutch {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or simply {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and that the city was named for its location in a sharp bight of (the former) Lake Flevo.<ref name="etym-bank"/><ref name="halma"/>
As a descendant of the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ, the name Hoorn is a cognate with Danish and Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and West Frisian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which have all preserved the meaning of "corner".<ref name="etym-bank"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Modern Dutch, however, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} translates to "horn", both in an acoustic and anatomical sense.
HistoryEdit
Template:Historical populations
Early historyEdit
In the beginning of the eighth century, the threat of Viking raids led to unrest in the Frisian Kingdom, causing many people to leave their hometowns and settle elsewhere.<ref name="vdknaap"/> Following this example, Hornus – a bastard son of Redbad – allegedly moved westward along with his companions and, in 719, built a settlement west of the river Vlie, which he named after himself.<ref name="vdknaap"/> This legendary settlement did not exist for long, as it burnt down only a few years later.<ref name="vdknaap"/>
In the Late Middle Ages, the site of present-day Hoorn was a swampy area that was not at all suitable for agriculture, as opposed to the more fertile inland.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="oudhoorn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Here, overproduction of dairy products led to the establishment of a marketplace within the domain of Zwaag, where excesses could be traded for other goods.<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This marketplace was located near a sluice in the river Gouw, which was the most convenient passage into the Zuiderzee for the surrounding villages.<ref name="oudhoorn" />
The marketplace attracted many foreign traders, most notably from Hamburg and Bremen, who came to sell their goods (mostly beer) to the local population in return for butter and cheese.<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This also brought three brothers from Hamburg to the area, who recognized its convenient location and decided to each build an inn near the marketplace to increase the sale of their beers.<ref name="chroniick">Template:Cite book</ref> The construction of these buildings was completed in 1316 and led to the expansion of the settlement, as more merchants from Northern Germany and Denmark now visited the place to trade.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="chroniick" /> As a result, the settlement quickly developed into a village, which was then given the name of Hoorn.<ref name="halma" /> The town officially became a city in 1357, when Hoorn was awarded city rights by William V, Count of Holland, after a lump sum payment of 1,550 schilden.<ref name="WG-Historie" />Template:Refn
The Dutch RevoltEdit
The revolution in Hoorn occurred without bloodshed. The town’s middle classes, after a futile attempt to assert Hoorn’s wish to garrison neither the Spanish army nor the rebel Sea Beggars, and after much debate, voted to open the city’s gates to the Beggars. By that time, Hoorn had already been flanked by the Beggar control of nearby Enkhuizen and Medemblik, and many rebellious exiles from earlier troubles returned to influence the town’s politics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Dutch Golden AgeEdit
Hoorn rapidly grew to become a major port city and a prosperous center of trade, which flourished during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, also known as the Dutch Golden Age.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> It was the seat of the Committed Councils of West Friesland and the Noorderkwartier (Template:Langx) from 1573 to 1795, and the seat of the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier from 1589 to 1795, together with Enkhuizen.<ref name="WG-Historie" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Furthermore, the city was an important home base for the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and the Noordsche Compagnie.<ref name="WG-Historie" />
The city's fleet plied the seven seas and returned laden with precious commodities from the East Indies. Exotic spices such as pepper, nutmeg, cloves and mace were sold at vast profits.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> With their skill in trade and seafaring, sons of Hoorn established the city's name far and wide. In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), controversial for his violent raids in Southeast Asia, "founded" the capital of the Dutch East Indies, which he intended to name New Hoorn at first, though it was later decided that its name would be Batavia (present-day Jakarta).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A statue of Coen was placed on the city's central square Roode Steen in 1893.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1616, the explorer Willem Schouten, together with Jacob Le Maire, braved furious storms as he rounded the southernmost tip of South America. He named it {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Cape Horn) in honor of his home town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Eighteenth century to presentEdit
Hoorn's fortunes declined somewhat in the eighteenth century. The prosperous trading port became little more than a sleepy fishing village on the Zuiderzee.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Following Napoleonic occupation, there was a period during which the town gradually turned its back on the sea.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> It developed to become a regional center of trade, mainly serving the smaller villages of West Friesland.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Stallholders and shopkeepers devoted themselves to the sale of dairy products and seeds.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> After the introduction of railways and metalled roads in the late nineteenth century, Hoorn rapidly took its place as a conveniently located and easily accessible hub in the network of towns and villages of North Holland. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, and Hoorn was no longer a seaport.
The years after World War II saw a period of renewed growth.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> At the center of a flourishing horticultural region, the city developed a highly varied and dynamic economy.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> In the 1970s, Hoorn was designated as an "overflow" city ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) by the Dutch government to relieve pressure on the overcrowded Randstad region.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> As a consequence, thousands of people swapped their cramped little apartments in Amsterdam for a family house with a garden in one of Hoorn's newly developed residential areas.<ref name="WG-Historie" />
GeographyEdit
Hoorn is located in the east of the North Holland peninsula, on the northwestern shore of the Markermeer – the second largest freshwater lake of the Netherlands. The city occupies an arc of land in the south of West Friesland at the northernmost end of a small bay named Hoornse Hop. The landscape of Hoorn is mostly flat and the only elevated areas are the dikes on the southern outskirts of the city. The municipality is part of the safety region Template:Ill and the water board Template:Ill.
The harbor was enlarged in the mid-17th century by the construction of a peninsula, the Visserseiland (to the west of the harbor), and an artificial island, the Oostereiland (to the east).
ClimateEdit
Hoorn has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Both winters and summers are considered mild, although winters can get quite cold, while summers are quite warm occasionally.
Hoorn, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in USDA hardiness zone 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Hoorn is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, nights rarely fall far below Template:Convert.
Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is Template:Convert, and Template:Convert or higher is only measured on 1.8 days per year on average (2009–2018),<ref name="Weer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> placing Hoorn in AHS heat zone 2. It is also common to have at least a couple of snowy days each year.
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute has one of its weather stations located in Berkhout, a village situated west of Hoorn. Climatological data from this station can be found in the table below. The record extremes range from Template:Convert to Template:Convert. The average annual precipitation is Template:Convert.
DistrictsEdit
The municipality of Hoorn consists of the city of Hoorn (postal codes 1620–1628) and the villages of Zwaag (postal code 1689) and Blokker (postal code 1695), which are further divided into the following districts:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| No. | District | Population (2019) | Postal code |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Binnenstad (city center) | 5,570 | 1621 |
| 2 | Grote Waal | 7,680 | 1622 |
| 3 | Venenlaankwartier | 2,575 | 1623 |
| 4 | Hoorn-Noord | 5,460 | 1624 |
| 5 | Risdam-Zuid | 8,555 | 1625 |
| 6 | Nieuwe Steen | 1,250 | |
| 7 | Hoorn 80 | 10 | 1627 |
| 8 | Kersenboogerd-Zuid | 16,965 | 1628 |
| 9 | Kersenboogerd-Noord | 3,945 | |
| 10 | Risdam-Noord | 7,840 | 1689 |
| 11 | Zwaag | 3,145 | |
| 12 | Zevenhuis | 0 | |
| 13 | Bangert en Oosterpolder | 6,165 | 1689, 1695 |
| 14 | Westerblokker | 3,815 | 1695 |
CultureEdit
ArchitectureEdit
Many of the houses in the historical city center date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially in the area north of the harbor. Other notable buildings include:
- Hoofdtoren (1464), the former harbor control tower
- Maria-/Kruittoren (1508), a tower built in late gothic style as part of the city wall
- Oosterpoort (1578), the only remaining city gate
- Waag (1609), weigh house at the junction of Grote Oost and Roode Steen
- Statenlogement (1613), former city hall
- Burgerweeshuis (1620), the former orphanage in the Korte Achterstraat
- Statencollege (1632), which houses the Westfries Museum
- Koepelkerk (1882), a Roman Catholic basilica
- Claes Stapelhof (1682), a hofje
Hoorn has notable modern buildings as well, such as:
- Schouwburg Het Park, a theater and congress center that was opened on 25 June 2004 by Queen Beatrix. The opening was delayed, as the fly tower collapsed in the night of 20 April 2001 due to faulty construction work.
MuseumsEdit
Notable museums in Hoorn include:
CemeteriesEdit
Local governmentEdit
Municipal councilEdit
| Party | 2014 | 2018 | 2022 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | ||
| Fractie Tonnaer | FT | 4.93 | 2 | 10.33 | 4 | 14.59 | 5 |
| Hoorn Lokaal | HL | 2.48 | 1 | 4.36 | 1 | 11.25 | 4 |
| GroenLinks | GL | 8.77 | 3 | 10.97 | 4 | 10.21 | 4 |
| ÉénHoorn | 1H | — | — | — | — | 10.15 | 4 |
| Christian Democratic Appeal | CDA | 9.48 | 3 | 10.35 | 4 | 9.79 | 3 |
| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | VVD | 10.35 | 4 | 12.92 | 5 | 9.13 | 3 |
| Democrats 66 | D66 | 10.49 | 4 | 7.46 | 3 | 7.95 | 3 |
| Labour Party | PvdA | 14.69 | 5 | 9.12 | 3 | 7.84 | 3 |
| Sociaal Hoorn | SH | — | — | 5.74 | 2 | 6.70 | 2 |
| Liberaal Hoorn | LH | — | — | — | — | 6.39 | 2 |
| De Realistische Partij | DRP | — | — | 2.81 | 1 | 3.51 | 1 |
| Christian Union | CU | — | — | 2.79 | 1 | 2.48 | 1 |
| Hoornse Onafhankelijke Partij | HOP | 7.36 | 2 | 7.03 | 2 | — | — |
| V.O.C. Hoorn | VOC | 7.88 | 3 | 6.76 | 2 | — | — |
| Hoornse Senioren Partij | HSP | 5.32 | 2 | 5.01 | 2 | — | — |
| Hoorns Belang | HB | 5.24 | 2 | 4.35 | 1 | — | — |
| Socialist Party | SP | 12.02 | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| Hoorn+ | H+ | 0.99 | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Total | 100.0 | 35 | 100.0 | 35 | 100.0 | 35 | |
| Party | Seats |
|---|---|
| Fractie Tonnaer | 5 |
| Hoorn Lokaal † | 4 |
| GroenLinks † | 4 |
| ÉénHoorn † | 4 |
| Christian Democratic Appeal † | 3 |
| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy † | 3 |
| Democrats 66 † | 3 |
| Labour Party | 3 |
| Sociaal Hoorn | 2 |
| Liberaal Hoorn | 2 |
| De Realistische Partij | 1 |
| Christian Union | 1 |
| Template:Color box Coalition | 21 |
| Opposition | 14 |
| Total | 35 |
Municipal executiveEdit
As of 16 June 2022, the municipal executive of Hoorn consists of:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Mayor | Portfolio | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|
| style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| | Jan Nieuwenburg | Public Security, Regional Cooperation and Public Affairs | PvdA |
| Aldermen | Portfolio | Party | |
| René Assendelft | Education, Harbors, Traffic and Transportation | HL | |
| style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| | Axel Boomgaars | Finance, Income, Culture and Diversity | GL |
| Karin Hakhoff | Poverty Alleviation, Social Support, Elderly and Welfare | 1H | |
| style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | | Dick Bennis | Public Space, Environment, Neighborhood Affairs and Sport | CDA |
| style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | | Marjon van der Ven | Housing, Urban Development and Public Health | VVD |
| style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | | Arthur Helling | Economic Affairs, Tourism, Spatial Planning and Sustainability | D66 |
TransportEdit
RailwaysEdit
Hoorn is connected to the Dutch railway network and has two train stations: Hoorn and Hoorn Kersenboogerd. From these stations, it is possible to travel in the directions of Enkhuizen, Alkmaar and Amsterdam. It is also the starting point of the Hoorn–Medemblik heritage railway.
RoadsEdit
The A7 motorway, which runs from Zaandam to the German border via the Afsluitdijk, passes along Hoorn. The exit Hoorn North connects to the provincial road N302, also called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which runs from Hoorn to Lelystad via the Houtribdijk.
Notable peopleEdit
BornEdit
The following is a list of notable people who were born in Hoorn:
Public figuresEdit
- Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), humanist
- Cornelis Cort (ca. 1533 – ca. 1578), engraver
- Rombout Hogerbeets (1561–1625), jurist
- Willem Schouten (ca. 1567–1625), explorer
- Jonas Michaelius (1577 – after 1638), clergyman
- Cornelius Jacobsen May (ca. 1580 – after 1624), explorer
- Willem Bontekoe (1587–1657), explorer
- Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), colonial administrator
- Jacques Waben (ca. 1590 – ca. 1634), painter
- Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater (ca. 1610–1682), merchant
- Birgitta Durell (1619–1683), Swedish industrialist
- Pieter Coopse (Template:Circa–1673), painter and draughtsman
- Jacob Rotius (1644–1681), painter
- Martinus Houttuyn (1720–1798), botanist
- Adrianus Bleijs (1842–1912), architect
- Johan Messchaert (1857–1922), singer
- Aaf Bouber (1885–1974), actress
- Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen (1885–1980), composer
- Bart Bok (1906–1983), American astronomer
- Anton Quintana (1937–2017), writer
- Corine Rottschäfer (1938–2020), model<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Martin Brozius (1941–2009), actor
- George Baker (born 1944), singer
- Cees Renckens (born 1946), physician
- Joop van Wijk (born 1950), director
- Simone van der Vlugt (born 1966), writer
- Ron Blaauw (1967), chef
- Richard Tol (born 1969), economist
- Jan van Steenbergen (born 1970), linguist
- Maria Barnas (born 1973), writer and poet
- Wytske Postma (born 1977), politician
- Tim Knol (born 1989), singer-songwriter
- Stien den Hollander (born 2000), singer and rapper
SportspeopleEdit
- Johannes van Hoolwerff (1878–1962), Olympic sailor
- Frans Hoek (born 1956), football player
- Ruud Heus (born 1961), football player
- Stephan van den Berg (born 1962), Olympic windsurfer
- Silvan Inia (born 1969), football player
- Frank de Boer (born 1970), football player
- Ronald de Boer (born 1970), football player
- Minouche Smit (born 1975), swimmer
- Marja Vis (born 1977), speed skater
- Marcelien de Koning (born 1978), Olympic sailor
- Vera Koedooder (born 1983), racing cyclist
- Coen de Koning (born 1983), Olympic sailor
- Tine Veenstra (born 1983), bobsledder
- Adrie Visser (born 1983), track cyclist
- Wil Besseling (born 1985), golfer
- Willemijn Karsten (born 1986), handball player
- Robert Krabbendam (born 1986), basketball player
- Pim Ligthart (born 1988), road cyclist
- Ruud Vormer (born 1988), football player
- Maikel van der Werff (born 1989), football player
- Roland Alberg (born 1990), football player
- Nadine Broersen (born 1990), track and field athlete
- Marco Bizot (born 1991), football player
- Lorenzo Ebecilio (born 1991), football player
- Nicole Koolhaas (born 1991), volleyball player
- Brandley Kuwas (born 1992), football player
- Sonny Stevens (born 1992), football player
- Paul Kok (born 1994), football player
- Bas Schouten (born 1994), racing driver
- Nadine Visser (born 1995), track athlete
- Inessa Kaagman (born 1996), football player
- Maaike Boogaard (born 1998), racing cyclist
- Dani de Wit (born 1998), football player
- Dagmar Boom (born 2000), volleyball player
- Kenzo Goudmijn (born 2001), football player
- Sontje Hansen (born 2002), football player
ResidingEdit
The following is a list of people who were born elsewhere, but are notable (former) residents of Hoorn: Template:Colbegin
- David Pietersz. de Vries (ca. 1593–1655), explorer
- Andreas Cellarius (1596–1665), cartographer
- Jan Albertsz Rotius (1624–1666), painter
- Miep Gies (1909–2010), helper of the Frank family
- Edgar Vos (1931–2010), fashion designer
- Milly Scott (born 1933), singer and actress
- Bonnie St. Claire (born 1949), singer
- Ernesto Hoost (born 1965), kickboxer
- Sylvana Simons (born 1971), presenter and politician
- Steven van Weyenberg (born 1973), politician
- Lobke Berkhout (born 1980), Olympic sailor
- Dean Saunders (born 1981), singer
- Ben Saunders (born 1983), singer
International relationsEdit
Partner citiesEdit
Hoorn is twinned with the following cities and municipalities:
- Template:Flagicon Beersel, Belgium (since 1968)Template:Refn
- Template:Flagicon Příbram, Czech Republic (since 1992)
FriendshipsEdit
- Template:Flagicon Lewes, Delaware, United States
- Lewes was the site of the first European settlement in Delaware: a whaling and trading post that Dutch settlers led by David Pieterszoon de Vries established in 1631 and named Zwaanendael.<ref>Munroe, John A. Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press; 1978; pp. 9–12.</ref> Upon their arrival in the Delaware Bay, they entered a kill which De Vries named "Hoornkill" after his hometown Hoorn.<ref>Vincent, Francis. A history of the state of Delaware. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. Campbell; 1870; pp. 130.</ref> Nowadays, the city's Zwaanendael Museum is located in a replica of the Statenlogement, the former city hall of Hoorn. Although Hoorn and Lewes have never officially been partner cities, there is close informal relationship between the two towns. Delegations from Hoorn and Lewes have visited each other's cities in light of Lewes's 375th and Hoorn's 650th anniversary in 2006 and 2007 respectively.<ref name="Hoorngids2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Malacca City, Malaysia (since 1989)
- In 1641, the Dutch conquered the colony of Malacca from the Portuguese.<ref>Witt, Dennis de. "Malacca, a Dutch conquest forgotten". The Dutch Courier (May 2001). Malaysian Dutch Descendants Project. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</ref> During the Dutch rule, the iconic Stadthuys was built – a replica of the first city hall of Hoorn, which was demolished in 1797.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hoorn and Malacca became sister cities in 1989, but the partnership was officially ended in 2005.<ref name="Hoorngids2007" /> The cities still maintain an informal relationship as "friendship cities".
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
LiteratureEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage Template:Collier's Poster
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