Hurricane Fran
Template:Short description Template:Other hurricanes Template:Infobox weather eventTemplate:Infobox weather event/NWSTemplate:Infobox weather event/EffectsTemplate:Infobox weather event/Footer
Hurricane Fran caused extensive damage in the United States in early September 1996. The sixth named storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, Fran developed from a tropical wave near Cape Verde on August 23. Due to nearby Hurricane Edouard, the depression remained disorganized as it tracked westward, though it eventually intensified into Tropical Storm Fran on August 27. While heading west-northwestward, Fran steadily strengthened into a hurricane on August 29, but weakened back to a tropical storm on the following day. On August 31, Fran quickly re-intensified into a hurricane. By September 2, Fran began to parallel the islands of the Bahamas and slowly curved north-northwestward. Early on September 5, Fran peaked as a Template:Convert Category 3 hurricane. Thereafter, Fran weakened slightly, before it made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina early on September 6. The storm rapidly weakened inland and was only a tropical depression later that day. Eventually, Fran curved east-northeastward and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Ontario early on September 9.
In Florida, high tides capsized a boat with five people aboard, though all were rescued. No significant effects were reported in Georgia. The outer bands of Fran produced high winds and light to moderate rainfall in South Carolina. As a result, numerous trees and powerlines were downed, which damaged cars, left over 63,000 people without electricity. Large waves in North Carolina caused significant coastal flooding in some cities. Overall, 27 fatalities and $5 billion (1996 USD) in damage were attributed to Fran. Fran is also the most recent hurricane to make landfall in the Carolinas as a major hurricane.<ref name="Spectrum News">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="chron">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Meteorological historyEdit
Template:Storm path Hurricane Fran originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa, entering the Atlantic Ocean, on August 22, 1996. Not long after moving over water, convective banding features formed around a developing area of low pressure. Ships in the vicinity of the system confirmed that a surface circulation had formed later that day. After further development, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) initiated advisories on the system around 8:00 am EDT on August 23, designating it as Tropical Depression Six. At this time, the depression was situated to the southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. Over the following several days, little development took place as the system moved westward at Template:Convert. The westward motion and lack of development were attributed to the low-level inflow from Hurricane Edouard located roughly Template:Convert west-northwest of the depression.<ref name="tcr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By August 26, the depression had become significantly disorganized, prompting the NHC to issue their initial final advisory on the system.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> Despite this, the following day, satellite imagery depicted an improved circulation, leading to the re-issuance of advisories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, post-storm analysis indicated that the system maintained tropical depression status during the 24‑hour span. During the afternoon of August 27, the depression intensified further, becoming a tropical storm and receiving the name Fran. At this time, Tropical Storm Fran was located about Template:Convert east of the Lesser Antilles. Following a similar track as Edouard, the newly named storm maintained a west-northwest track while gaining strength.<ref name="tcr"/>
Following the development of deep convection around Fran's center of circulation on August 29, the NHC upgraded it to a Category 1 hurricane, the lowest ranking on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, with winds of Template:Convert. However, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm on August 30 as it became less organized, possibly due to an interaction with Hurricane Edouard to the north. During this time, the forward motion of the storm significantly decreased and it took a more northwestward track. However, this weakening was short-lived and Fran re-attained hurricane status the following day as Edouard moved towards the Mid-Atlantic coastline. The storm also resumed its west-northwest movement as a subtropical ridge to the north strengthened.<ref name="tcr"/>
Gradual reintensification took place for the first several days of September, with Fran attaining winds of Template:Convert on September 3. By this point, the storm began to develop an eye and a more rapid phase of strengthening took place. Early the next day, Fran attained Category 3 intensity as its maximum sustained winds increased to Template:Convert. A more northwesterly track also began to appear as it approached the Bahamas. Passing roughly Template:Convert east of the Bahamas, Fran attained its peak intensity on September 5 with winds of Template:Convert and a barometric pressure of 946 mbar (hPa; Template:Convert). The eye of Fran was roughly Template:Convert in diameter at this time.<ref name="tcr"/>
As a large hurricane, the storm's forward motion increased as it moved northwest towards The Carolinas. Around 7:30 PM EDT on Thursday, September 5,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the center of Hurricane Fran made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina with sustained winds of Template:Convert. Once overland, the storm began to rapidly weaken, degrading to a tropical storm within 12 hours. As the weakening storm moved through Virginia, the NHC further downgraded it to a tropical depression. Continuing on a northwestern track, the remnants of Fran persisted as a tropical depression through September 8, at which time it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over southern Ontario. After completing this transition, Fran turned northeastward and tracked near the Canadian-United States border before being absorbed by a frontal system on September 10.<ref name="tcr"/>
PreparationsEdit
Lesser Antilles and the BahamasEdit
As Hurricane Fran passed to the north of the Lesser Antilles on August 29, a hurricane watch was issued for the northernmost of the islands between Antigua and Saint Martin.<ref name=franserviceassesment>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, as the hurricane weakened and pulled away from the islands to the northwest, the watch was discontinued. At the same time, a hurricane watch and a tropical storm warning was declared for the central Bahamas. On September 3, the hurricane watch was extended to include the northern Bahamas and a hurricane warning was declared for the northwestern islands. All watches for the Bahamas were cancelled on September 4.<ref name=franserviceassesment /> No preparations were taken by the government of the Bahamas in anticipation of Fran.<ref name=bahamasdailycourier>Template:Cite news</ref>
FloridaEdit
Early in its span, Hurricane Fran was forecast to heavily impact Florida, and multiple watches and warnings were issued for the state as Hurricane Fran neared the United States.<ref name=franserviceassesment /> As the hurricane progressively moved further to the north, watches and warnings imposed on Florida continued to move further north along the coast. On September 4, a tropical storm warning was issued, but only from Brunswick, Georgia to Flagler Beach, Florida, located in the northern parts of the state. All watches and warnings on the state were discontinued by September 5.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Before the hurricane neared the coast, civil defense authorities conducted statewide conference calls in order to create preliminary plans in case Fran caused impacts on Florida.<ref name=miamiheraldflorida>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, beach patrols were kept on high alert as Fran generated large waves on the Florida beaches.<ref name=augustachroniclefran>Template:Cite news</ref>
GeorgiaEdit
The first hurricane watches and warnings for Georgia were first imposed on September 4 as Hurricane Fran became a major hurricane with a watch extending from Florida through Georgia and into South Carolina<ref name=franserviceassesment /> The watch was upgraded to a warning later that day as Fran moved closer to the coast. While areas south of Brunswick, Georgia were only issued a tropical storm warning, areas north of the city were declared under a hurricane warning until September 5, when it was downgraded into a tropical storm warning. All watches and warnings on the Georgia coast were discontinued by the end of September 6.
On September 4, while much of Georgia was under a hurricane watch, multiple emergency operation centers were activated. When the watch was upgraded, the state declared a mandatory evacuation for Chatham County while Liberty County issued a voluntary evacuation order for its residents.<ref name=franserviceassesment /> The state's electric membership corporations began cooperating with other utility companies in preparation for the storm.<ref name=emcgeorgia>Template:Cite news</ref>
ImpactEdit
| Region | Fatalities | Damage |
|---|---|---|
| Florida | 0 | None |
| South Carolina | 0 (2) | $48.5 million |
| North Carolina | 13 (1) | >$2.4 billion |
| Virginia | 5 | $350 million |
| Maryland | 0 | $100 million |
| District of Columbia | 0 | $20 million |
| West Virginia | 2 | $40 million |
| Pennsylvania | 2 (2) | $80 million |
| Ohio | 0 | $40 million |
| Total | 22 (5) | ~$5 billion |
Throughout the eastern United States, Fran produced strong winds and heavy rainfall, leading to widespread flash flooding and wind damage. The most severe damage took place in North Carolina where 14 people died, one of which was from a heart attack, and the storm left over $2.4 billion in losses. Throughout other states, 13 other people lost their lives and an additional $800 million in damage was caused. Overall, Hurricane Fran was directly responsible for 22 fatalities and indirectly for five others as well as $5 billion in damage.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> At the time, Fran was one of the ten costliest hurricanes to strike the United States; however, several other storms have since surpassed it.
Florida and South CarolinaEdit
Prior to moving over The Carolinas, large swells produced by Hurricane Fran impacted the Florida coastline. Along the beaches of Palm Beach County, five people aboard an Template:Convert fishing boat were knocked into the water by the rough seas. However, the Coast Guard rescued all five persons without incident.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
As Fran made landfall in North Carolina, the outer bands of the storm brought heavy rains and gusty winds to eastern South Carolina. Several areas reported winds in excess of Template:Convert, leading to numerous downed trees and power lines. Some cars and homes were damaged after being struck by fallen trees.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In Dillon County, winds gusting up to Template:Convert caused significant damage to many homes. Debris was left in the wake of Fran across the county than during Hurricane Hugo in 1989. One person was injured and damage to crops and infrastructure reached $6.5 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Marlboro County, roughly 3,200 people were left without power and two sheriffs were injured after their car struck a fallen tree.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> The most severe damage in South Carolina took place in Horry County where winds reached Template:Convert. Numerous trees were felled by the winds, leaving roughly 60,000 residents without power. One person was killed after her car fell down an embankment. Extensive agricultural losses were sustained in the area, estimated at $19.8 million. Structural damage was less severe, with losses estimated at $1 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> A second car-related fatality during Fran took place in Williamsburg County.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Combined economic losses in Berkeley and Charleston counties reached $20 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Throughout South Carolina, Fran was responsible for two fatalities, five injuries and roughly $48.5 million in damage.
North CarolinaEdit
Fran caused coastal damage from the South Carolina border to Topsail Island, North Carolina. Its 12-foot storm surge carried away a temporary North Topsail Beach police station and town hall, housed in a double-wide trailer since Hurricane Bertha's rampage across the same area in July. The Kure Beach Pier was destroyed during the storm as well. Extensive flooding struck the coast around Wrightsville Beach, just up the coast from Cape Fear. In Jacksonville, North Carolina, three schools and several homes were damaged. The storm was most damaging to the barrier islands on the North Carolina coastline.
Further inland, the storm caused damage on its way north from Wilmington to Raleigh. Unexpectedly, high wind damage extended along the I-40 corridor up through Raleigh and points north and as far west as Guilford County, damaging historic buildings and trees throughout the Triangle including at North Carolina State University and the University of North Carolina<ref name="daviepoplar">Davie Poplar</ref> Classes were canceled for the day at UNC due to a state of emergency in Chapel Hill, and it was almost a week before the university's water supply was drinkable again.
Rain of up to 16 inches (406 mm) deluged interior North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia,<ref name="rain">David M. Roth. Hurricane Fran Rainfall Page. Retrieved on 2007-12-25.</ref> bringing dangerous river flooding to much of the mid-Atlantic. Hurricane Fran's thrashing of North Carolina aggravated the state's problems caused by numerous weather disasters in 1996.
At least six people were killed in the Carolinas; most of them were from automobile accidents and more died as a result of the shock from the damage of the storm. In North Carolina, 1.3 million people were left without powerTemplate:Citation needed. In North Topsail Beach and Carteret County, there was over $500 million (1996 USD) in damage and 90% of structures were damaged.<ref name="assess"/> One male teenager died from drowning caused by flooding of Crabtree Creek at Old Lassiter Mill in Raleigh. Fran also destroyed the basketball gym on the campus of St. Andrews College in Laurinburg, North Carolina as well as 3 piers in Surf City.
Total damage in North Carolina amounted to over $2.4 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
This was the second hurricane to make landfall on North Carolina that year. The first was Hurricane Bertha, which hit the state a few weeks prior.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VirginiaEdit
In Virginia, tropical storm-force winds lashed Chesapeake Bay and increased water levels in the Potomac River around the nation's capital, where it backed up into Georgetown and Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. There was severe damage to power lines that left 415,000 people without electricity, making it the largest storm related power outage in history until Hurricane Isabel in 2003.<ref name="assess"/> Along the Rappahannock River, a storm surge of 5 ft (1.5 m) damaged or sank several small boats and damaged wharfs and bulkheads. This was the highest tide in the state since Hurricane Hazel of 1954.<ref name="assess"/>
Rain up to Template:Convert fell in the western part of Virginia, making Fran the fourth wettest known tropical cyclone to impact Virginia and causing major flash flooding. The floods shut down many of the primary and secondary roads and closed Shenandoah National Park.<ref>Hurricane Fran, NWS Newport/Moorhead, NC</ref> Fran destroyed about 300 homes, mostly from flooding, and 100 people had to be rescued.
Page County, downslope of the 16" of rainfall from Big Meadows, was the hardest hit locality in the state of Virginia with regards to damage. Three days after the storm had passed, "hundreds" of people were still stranded. Some 78 homes were destroyed and 417 were damaged, however there were no deaths. At one point on Friday every town in the county was isolated due to high water.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
.jpg){kind=link}
In the county seat of Luray, the Hawksbill Creek cut the town in half for much of the day, and the strong current forced a house off its foundation and placed in the endzone of Luray High School's football field. Water from the Hawksbill reached Template:Convert from the top of the field goal upright— Template:Convert of water covered the ground. Bulldog field was flooded for over a week after the storm, until finally the standing water was pumped across U.S. Route 340 back into the Hawksbill Creek. Also in downtown Luray, the large flood-driven waves of the creek demolished three buildings, including the Adelphia Cable building. The creek, typically less than a foot deep, overtook the downtown Main Street Bridge, which rises some Template:Convert above the creek bed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Shenandoah River crested some Template:Convert above flood stage. The South Fork of the Shenandoah River recorded its highest crests ever, Template:Convert in Luray and Template:Convert in Front Royal, Virginia, which was Template:Convert above the 15 ft (4.6 m) flood stage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In Rockingham County, Virginia, over 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes, however most were allowed to return to their homes after the water subsided.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
West VirginiaEdit
Up to 7 inches (178 mm) of rain fell,<ref name="rain"/> causing widespread flash flooding. Pendleton and Hardy County were the hardest hit as the floods swept away several bridges, damaged several water plants and caused a reported gas leak.<ref name="assess"/>
MarylandEdit
Western Maryland was hard hit by Fran, mostly from flash flooding. About 650 homes were damaged and there was $100 million (1996 USD) in damage. This was the worst flooding event to hit Maryland since Hurricane Hazel and the January flood of 1996.<ref name="assess"/>
District of ColumbiaEdit
In the District of Columbia, Fran produced gusty winds and moderate rainfall. Gusts in the area were recorded in excess of Template:Convert and rainfall peaked near Template:Convert. Minor flash flooding was reported on many streets, hampering travel and leaving several roads were closed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> These winds downed several trees in saturated soil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> A strong southerly wind and high tide led to a Template:Convert storm surge in Washington Harbor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In addition to the storm surge, a river flood rivaling that of the January 1996 flood took place in the metropolitan area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Throughout Washington, D.C., Fran left roughly $20 million in damage.<ref name="assess">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PennsylvaniaEdit
About 15 Western Pennsylvania counties were impacted by flash flooding as rainfall up to 7 inches (178 mm) caused the Juniata River to overrun its banks.<ref name="rain"/>
Ohio, Michigan, New England, and CanadaEdit
The remnants of Fran brought moderate to heavy rainfall to parts of eastern Ohio, especially along the coast of Lake Erie, as the storm moved through the region.<ref name="rain"/> A maximum of Template:Convert of rain fell near Elyria in relation to Fran.<ref name="HPCMW">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sustained winds in the state were recorded around Template:Convert and gusts reached Template:Convert. These winds downed numerous trees and power lines, some of which fell on cars and homes. Agricultural land and the region sustained significant damage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In Cleveland, the city zoo sustained some flood damage and the monkey island was completely inundated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In Cuyahoga County at least 90 homes reported basement flooding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Widespread street and basement flooding took place across Lorain County, with some areas reporting standing water several days after Fran's passage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Throughout Ohio, the remnants of Fran left roughly $40 million in damage and no loss of life.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="NCDC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Continuing northward, Fran moved into southern Canada on September 7; however, the outer bands of the storm brought some rainfall to extreme eastern Michigan. In Port Huron, a state maximum amount of Template:Convert of rain fell during the storm's passage.<ref name="HPCMW"/> No known flooding or damage took place throughout the state.<ref name="NCDC"/> Turning northeast and becoming extratropical, Fran brought scattered rainfall to parts of New England. A small area around Boston, Massachusetts received the heaviest rain in the region, peaking at Template:Convert in East Wareham. Isolated areas of Template:Convert of rain fell across portions of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine before Fran dissipated over eastern Canada on September 8.Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for New England In nearby southern Canada, the remnants of Fran had little impact in Ontario, other than causing rain delays in a minor t-ball tournament, producing light to moderate rainfall between 1.8 and 2.6 in (45 and 65 mm).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AftermathEdit
The Cape Fear River watershed was devastated by Fran. Severe water quality problems persisted for weeks. The Northeast Cape Fear river suffered a massive fish kill. Sewage treatment plant failures led to millions of gallons of raw and partially treated human sewage to flow into area rivers. Dissolved oxygen content fell to nearly zero across the Cape Fear and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers for over three weeks, which led to hypoxia in the Cape Fear estuary for several weeks. Ammonium and phosphorus levels increased, with concentrations of phosphorus reaching a 27-year high.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
RetirementEdit
Template:See also Because of the damage caused by the hurricane, the name Fran was retired in the spring of 1997 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used for another North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Fay for the 2002 season.<ref name="2002–07names">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- 1933 Outer Banks hurricane
- 1996 Lake Huron cyclone
- Hurricane Florence
- Hurricane Isabel
- Hurricane Bertha (1996)
- Timeline of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season
- List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–1999)
- List of Virginia hurricanes
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Virginia
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes Template:1996 Atlantic hurricane season buttons Template:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes Template:Authority control