Hyderabad
Template:Short description {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:Featured article Template:Pp Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Main other{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_blank1_acre | area_blank1_dunam | area_blank1_ha | area_blank1_km2 | area_blank1_sq_mi | area_blank1_title | area_blank2_acre | area_blank2_dunam | area_blank2_ha | area_blank2_km2 | area_blank2_sq_mi | area_blank2_title | area_code | area_code_type | area_codes | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_dunam | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_metro_acre | area_metro_dunam | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rural_acre | area_rural_dunam | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_dunam | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_dunam | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_dunam | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_alt | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | caption | code1_info | code1_name | code2_info | code2_name | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | demographics_type1 | demographics_type2 | demographics1_footnotes | demographics1_info1 | demographics1_info10 | demographics1_info2 | demographics1_info3 | demographics1_info4 | demographics1_info5 | demographics1_info6 | demographics1_info7 | demographics1_info8 | demographics1_info9 | demographics1_title1 | demographics1_title10 | demographics1_title2 | demographics1_title3 | demographics1_title4 | demographics1_title5 | demographics1_title6 | demographics1_title7 | demographics1_title8 | demographics1_title9 | demographics2_footnotes | demographics2_info1 | demographics2_info10 | demographics2_info2 | demographics2_info3 | demographics2_info4 | demographics2_info5 | demographics2_info6 | demographics2_info7 | demographics2_info8 | demographics2_info9 | demographics2_title1 | demographics2_title10 | demographics2_title2 | demographics2_title3 | demographics2_title4 | demographics2_title5 | demographics2_title6 | demographics2_title7 | demographics2_title8 | demographics2_title9 | dimensions_footnotes | dunam_link | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | footnotes | founder | geocode | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | government_blank1_title | government_blank1 | government_blank2_title | government_blank2 | government_blank2_title | government_blank3 | government_blank3_title | government_blank3 | government_blank4_title | government_blank4 | government_blank5_title | government_blank5 | government_blank6_title | government_blank6 | grid_name | grid_position | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map1 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | length_km | length_mi | map_alt | map_alt1 | map_caption | map_caption1 | mapsize | mapsize1 | module | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_name | other_name | p1 | p10 | p11 | p12 | p13 | p14 | p15 | p16 | p17 | p18 | p19 | p2 | p20 | p21 | p22 | p23 | p24 | p25 | p26 | p27 | p28 | p29 | p3 | p30 | p31 | p32 | p33 | p34 | p35 | p36 | p37 | p38 | p39 | p4 | p40 | p41 | p42 | p43 | p44 | p45 | p46 | p47 | p48 | p49 | p5 | p50 | p6 | p7 | p8 | p9 | parts | parts_style | parts_type | pop_est_as_of | pop_est_footnotes | population | population_as_of | population_blank1 | population_blank1_footnotes | population_blank1_title | population_blank2 | population_blank2_footnotes | population_blank2_title | population_demonym | population_demonyms | population_density_blank1_km2 | population_density_blank1_sq_mi | population_density_blank2_km2 | population_density_blank2_sq_mi | population_density_km2 | population_density_metro_km2 | population_density_metro_sq_mi | population_density_rank | population_density_rural_km2 | population_density_rural_sq_mi | population_density_sq_mi | population_density_urban_km2 | population_density_urban_sq_mi | population_est | population_footnotes | population_metro | population_metro_footnotes | population_note | population_rank | population_rural | population_rural_footnotes | population_total | population_urban | population_urban_footnotes | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | timezone3 | timezone3_DST | timezone3_location | timezone4 | timezone4_DST | timezone4_location | timezone5 | timezone5_DST | timezone5_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset3 | utc_offset3_DST | utc_offset4 | utc_offset4_DST | utc_offset5 | utc_offset5_DST | website | width_km | width_mi | mapframe | mapframe-area_km2 | mapframe-area_mi2 | mapframe-caption | mapframe-coord | mapframe-coordinates | mapframe-custom | mapframe-frame-coord | mapframe-frame-coordinates | mapframe-frame-height | mapframe-frame-width | mapframe-geomask | mapframe-geomask-fill | mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity | mapframe-geomask-stroke-color | mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour | mapframe-geomask-stroke-width | mapframe-height | mapframe-id | mapframe-length_km | mapframe-length_mi | mapframe-marker | mapframe-marker-color | mapframe-marker-colour | mapframe-point | mapframe-shape | mapframe-shape-fill | mapframe-shape-fill-opacity | mapframe-stroke-color | mapframe-stroke-colour | mapframe-stroke-width | mapframe-switcher | mapframe-width | mapframe-wikidata | mapframe-zoom }}{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check | template = Infobox settlement | cat = Template:Main other | population; population_total | image_size; imagesize | image_alt; alt | image_caption; caption }}{{#if:
|
HyderabadTemplate:Efn is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It occupies Template:Cvt on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of Template:Cvt, much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of Template:Nowrap residents within the city limits, and has a population of Template:Nowrap residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of Template:US$ 95 billion,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hyderabad has the sixth-largest urban economy in India.
The Qutb Shahi dynasty's Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states until 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India.
Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing prominent even today. For its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India Template:As of.
Until the Template:Nowrap, Hyderabad was known for its pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the Template:Nowrap attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and information technology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.
HistoryEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
ToponymyEdit
The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from Haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.<ref name="Everett-Heath2005">Template:Cite book</ref> The city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens).<ref name="AnPet">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Holister">Template:Cite book</ref> The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.<ref name="Lach&Kley">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="TH-Hyd name">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="McCann(1994)">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city")<ref name="Bernier">Template:Cite book</ref> after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal, the city being subsequently named Hyderabad in her honour.<ref name="McCann(1994)" />Template:Rp<ref name="Hyderabad_and_Bhagmati">Template:Cite book
In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the epithet Farkhunda Bunyad (Template:Literal translation). Following the Mughal conquest of Hyderabad, emperor Aurangzeb changed the epithet to Dar-ul-Jihad (Template:Literal translation), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and Kam Bakhsh. The later Mughal emperor Shah Alam returned the city to its older epithet of Farkhunda Bunyad, and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and Muhammad Shah feature this title as the city's mint-name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Early and medieval historyEdit
| Historical affiliations |
|
The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the Stone Age.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="yimene">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.<ref name="Hyd_BC">Template:Cite news</ref> The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.<ref name="kolluru">Template:Cite book</ref> Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal—Template:Cvt northeast of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Golctime">Template:Harvtxt</ref> The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva (1199–1262) built a hilltop outpost—later known as Golconda Fort—to defend their western region.<ref name="yimene" />
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Khalji's general.<ref name="medival India">Template:Cite book</ref> During this period, Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty; Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga—Template:Cvt west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Mainak">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Golctime" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,<ref name="James">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort.<ref name="Richards1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Waldemar Hansen">Template:Cite book</ref> The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),<ref name="TH&Journal">Template:Cite news</ref> whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24).<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
Modern historyEdit
In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.<ref name="Richards">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Mehta&Roy">Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book</ref> His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Roy">Template:Cite book</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.<ref name="Mehta" />Template:Rp In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI">Template:Cite book
Template:Cite news</ref> The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) and Salabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">Template:Cite book
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" /> In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" />
Post-IndependenceEdit
After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union or newly formed Dominion of Pakistan.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" /> The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.<ref name="columbia&TOI" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.<ref name="Mahesh Ambedkar">Template:Cite book</ref>
On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,<ref>Template:Cite news
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.
GeographyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Hyderabad is Template:Cvt south of Delhi, Template:Cvt southeast of Mumbai, and Template:Cvt north of Bangalore by road.<ref>Template:Cite Google Maps</ref> It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,<ref name="Hyderabad_tg_location">Template:Cite journal</ref> along the banks of the Musi River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India.<ref name=area>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Hyderabad_Geo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greater Hyderabad covers Template:Cvt, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.<ref name=":0" /> With an average altitude of Template:Cvt, Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at Template:Cvt.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /> The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /><ref name="rainwaterharvesting">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).<ref name="Sreoshi Singh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimateEdit
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).<ref>Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book</ref> The annual mean temperature is Template:Cvt; monthly mean temperatures are Template:Cvt.<ref name="weatherbase hyd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;<ref name="imd hyd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> maximum temperatures often exceed Template:Cvt between April and June.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to Template:Cvt.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from Template:Cvt; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from Template:Cvt.<ref name="imd hyd" />
Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.<ref name="imd hyd" /> Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was Template:Cvt on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was Template:Cvt on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was Template:Cvt on 8 January 1946.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Hyderabad weatherboxHyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ConservationEdit
-_Male_%26_female_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_7268.jpg){kind=link}
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. Template:As of, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's largest zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about Template:Cvt from the city.
The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Ameenpur Lake, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world.<ref name="hyd-wildlife">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref> Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.<ref name="hyd-wildlife" />
AdministrationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Common capital statusEdit
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.
Local governmentEdit
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally), North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote, Template:As of the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.<ref name="news18">Template:Cite news</ref> The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.<ref name="citi charter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of Template:Cvt.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of Template:Cvt,<ref name="Wba ci rep">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp where there are several military camps.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.<ref name="Wba ci rep" />Template:Rp Appointed in February 2021, Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, the oldest police commissionerate in India<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home Ministry.<ref name="hp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).<ref name="HMDA1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana, Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="toi her">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).<ref name="GHMC-The Hindu">Template:Cite news</ref>
Utility servicesEdit
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a Template:Cvt water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CSE">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" />
Pollution controlEdit
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.<ref name="Bh Gur">Template:Cite book</ref> Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5's.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.<ref name="TOI wa sup">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="TOI wa sca">Template:Cite news</ref> This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.<ref name="TOI wa pol">Template:Cite news</ref>
HealthcareEdit
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ruet and Tawa">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:As of–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,<ref name="hospital_beds_ratio">Template:As of, the census city population was 6,809,970 and there were 12,000 available hospital beds, giving the derived rate.</ref> 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital" /> The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.<ref name="TheHindu_Health">Template:Cite news</ref> Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,<ref name="NFHS-3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The cities surveyed were Delhi, Meerut, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Nagpur, Chennai and Hyderabad.</ref>Template:Rp despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp Template:As of, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.<ref name="TheHindu_Health" /> Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.<ref name="NFHS-3" />Template:Rp
DemographicsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Historical population
When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 Template:As of census to 6,809,970 Template:As of census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />Template:Rp making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city.<ref name="greater Hyderabad" /><ref name="2011UA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of, the population density is Template:Cvt<ref name="TOI_City Density">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.<ref name="2011UA" /> Template:As of census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.<ref name="Census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Among children aged Template:Nowrap years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.<ref name="Census" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EthnicityEdit
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Arab, Marathi, Marwari, and Pathan communities.<ref name="krank freitag">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people were present before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="krank freitag" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Bennett, Coleman">Template:Cite book</ref>
ReligionEdit
Template:Bar box Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples.<ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:As of census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.<ref name="census2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "GHMC (M Corp. + OG)" is at row 11 of the downloaded excel file.</ref>
LanguagesEdit
Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani.<ref name="James Minahan">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.<ref name="TOI_Language">Template:Cite news</ref>
SlumsEdit
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />Template:Rp Overall literacy in the slums is Template:Nowrap and female literacy is Template:Nowrap. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.<ref name="GHMC_Slums">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to Template:INRConvert per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is Template:INRConvert per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />Template:Rp
CityscapeEdit
NeighbourhoodsEdit
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.<ref name="pulol">Template:Cite news</ref> Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.<ref name="Alam&Reddy">Template:Cite book</ref>
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum, Nizam Museum, Telangana High Court, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the India Government Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, Shahi Masjid, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gop to fati">Template:Cite book
North of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station.<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /> Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here.<ref name="Hussain Sagar">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news</ref> In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairtabad, Tolichowki, Jagannath Temple and Miyapur.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally, Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri, Neredmet, A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal.<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Gop to fati" /> In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The west and southwest regions of the city, dubbed "Cyberabad", have grown rapidly since the 1990s and are home to several information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies. Numerous skyscrapers and high-rise buildings have been constructed in key economic corridors such as Gachibowli, the Financial District, HITEC City, and Kukatpally.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The rapid vertical development in these localities has propelled Hyderabad to become the city with the second-highest number of skyscrapers in India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several landmarks such as the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park are also located in the west and southwest regions of the city.<ref name="roy aih">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="toi chary">Template:Cite news</ref>
LandmarksEdit
Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles.<ref name="AnPet" /><ref name="Bur Mic">Template:Cite book</ref> After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="musi flood">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".<ref name="Best_Heritage_City">Template:Cite news</ref>
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.<ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall">Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite news</ref> The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides Template:Cvt long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a Template:Cvt-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="UNESCO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Tourist guide">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="Qutb shahi style architecture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi Palace and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, City College and the Kacheguda railway station, all designed by Vincent Esch.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the State Central Library, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad railway station.<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall" /><ref name="UNESCO_Asia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Palaces of the Nizam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.<ref name="Tourist guide" />Template:Rp<ref name="paigah palaces">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="The Paigah Palaces">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EconomyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from Template:US$40-Template:US$74 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India.<ref name=gdp>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news</ref> Its per capita annual income in 2011 was Template:INRConvert.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> Template:As of, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.<ref name="delhi_gov">Template:Cite conference</ref> The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.<ref name="MIT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda diamonds.<ref name="Waldemar Hansen" /><ref name="Saudi-aramco">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="From pearls">Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite news</ref> Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.<ref name="Albion CX19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Neelakantan">Template:Cite conference</ref> From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB)<ref name="Rao" /> were established in the city.<ref name="TOI_EcoGrow">Template:Cite news</ref> The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),<ref name="HSE-TOI">Template:Cite news</ref> and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).<ref name="SEBI-TOI">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014.<ref name="BSE">Template:Cite news</ref> The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.<ref name="Rao" /> Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.<ref name="Neelakantan" /> Template:As of, the IT exports from Hyderabad were Template:Indian Rupee 1,45,522 crore (Template:US$19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.<ref>Template:Cite news
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,<ref name="TOICBD&THCBD">Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref> sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.<ref name="Peter Scott">Template:Cite book</ref> Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.<ref name="TheHindu_LB">Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.<ref name="Kenneth&WB">Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:As of, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,<ref name="hyd pharma">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="biotech">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India".<ref name="Gen Tgr hp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref> Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).<ref name="roy aih" /><ref name="toi chary" /> Template:As of, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors<ref name="toi-it">Template:Cite news</ref> and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.<ref name="roy aih" /> The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Oracle Corporation, Dell, Facebook, CISCO,<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />Template:Rp<ref name="goo bus">* Template:Cite news
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news</ref> and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />Template:Rp In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business.<ref name="Doing Business">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy">Template:Cite news</ref>
The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and making it an automobile hub.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Automobile companies including as Hyundai, Hyderabad Allwyn, Praga Tools, HMT Bearings, Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />Template:Rp According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.<ref name="wipper&Christoph">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />Template:Rp Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />Template:Rp Vendor earnings vary from Template:INRConvert to Template:INRConvert per day.<ref name="wipper&Christoph" />Template:Rp Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />Template:Rp<ref name="Kumar-Business Line">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2024, the World Economic Forum established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CultureEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.<ref name="TOI-culture">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Court">Template:Cite book</ref> This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.<ref name="NS&voyager">Template:Cite book </ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lynton1987">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.<ref name="TOI_fest">Template:Cite news</ref>
Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta–paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="TOI_Culture">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Karen Leonard">Template:Cite book</ref> Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
LiteratureEdit
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).<ref name="Int Mushaira">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="qawwali">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.<ref name="Masud">Template:Cite book</ref> Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.<ref name="Lizzat-un-nisa">Template:Cite book</ref> The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.<ref name="Datta">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.<ref name="Mah laqa bai">Template:Cite book</ref> Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,<ref name="Asifia_library">Template:Cite news</ref> and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.<ref name="dsal and sundarayya">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Wide image
Music and filmsEdit
South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their cultural policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,<ref name="Nigam&Bhatnagar">Template:Cite book</ref> and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.<ref name="rekha">Template:Cite journal</ref> This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.<ref name="thehindu_marfa">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dholak ke geet">Template:Cite book</ref> The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.<ref name="TOI and NYT_Culture">Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref>
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,<ref name="TheHindu_Theatere">Template:Cite news</ref> the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals<ref name="The Hindu_theater2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in such venues as the Ravindra Bharathi, Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music-oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.<ref name="siasat numaish">Template:Cite news</ref>
The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood—Template:As of it is the highest-grossing Indian film industry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1970s, Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed Shyam Benegal started a movement of coming of age art films in India, which came to be known as parallel cinema.<ref name="cinema-in-Hyderabad">Template:Cite book
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Template:Cite news</ref> The Deccani film industry ("Dollywood") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005.<ref name="City_movies">Template:Cite news</ref> The city has hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival.<ref name="IBN&TH">Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref> In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Art and handicraftsEdit
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting.<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.<ref name="1 Mark_Zebrowski and 2 Ralph and Lefèvre">Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book</ref> The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in" />
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Wootz steel, Filigree work, Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act;<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bidriware">Template:Cite news</ref> and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Chintz—a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques.<ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite book</ref> Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>), the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.<ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref>
CuisineEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
.jpg){kind=link}
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices.<ref name="Elsa Hahne">Template:Cite book</ref> Hyderabad is listed by UNESCO as a creative city of gastronomy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines,<ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor" /> carry the national Geographical Indications tag.<ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref> Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by French,<ref name="TNE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> but more by Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines.<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor">Template:Cite book</ref> Popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref>
MediaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Sakshi and Namasthe Telangana, while major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,<ref name="Wavescan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000.<ref name="CIA_India">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM, Big FM and Fever FM.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the government of India's public service broadcaster,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.<ref name="CIA_India" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.<ref name="Fortner and Fackler">Template:Cite book</ref> The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
EducationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Board of Secondary Education, Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education, depending on the affiliation and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.<ref name="TNYT_School">Template:Cite news</ref> Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate<ref name="ssc">Template:Cite news</ref> or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enrol in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).<ref name="ouwebsite">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: six private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities, and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad Central University, HCU),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University.<ref name="central_univ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and Template:As of is India's second most popular institution for international students.<ref name="IBN_Edu">Template:Cite news</ref> The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance-learning open university in India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,<ref name="rediff">Template:Cite news</ref> such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hyderabad has five major medical schools—Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.<ref>Indian Heart Association Webpage Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 30 April 2015.</ref>
Notable central institutions in Hyderabad include the NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad (NLU), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), National Geophysical Research Institute, National Institute of Rural Development, Indian Air Force Academy, National Industrial Security Academy, Central Institute of Tool Design, Institute of Public Enterprise, Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and research institutions include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Pilani), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University.Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including NIFT Hyderabad, management schools including the Indian School of Business, ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education, and the National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
SportsEdit
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts several venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football,<ref>Template:Cite news
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team competes in the first-class cricket tournament Ranji Trophy, List A Vijay Hazare Trophy and Twenty20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. Hyderabad is home to the Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad, champion of 2016 Indian Premier League. Previous franchise Deccan Chargers was the champion of 2009 Indian Premier League.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The professional football club of the city Hyderabad FC competes in Indian Super League (ISL) and was the champions of 2021–22 Indian Super League.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.<ref name="Prasad1986">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan Template:Fraction Mile Drag,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at the Hyderabad Street Circuit, was the first FIA Formula E World Championship race in India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TransportEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Multiple image
Template:As of, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.<ref name="transport">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Hyderabad Metro, a light-rail rapid transit system, was inaugurated in November 2017. Template:As of it is a 3-track network spread upon Template:Cvt with 57 stations and is the third-largest metro rail network in India after Delhi Metro and Namma Metro. Hyderabad's Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.<ref name="transport" /> Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad railway station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Template:Stnlnk, Template:Stnlnk, Template:Stnlnk, Template:Stnlnk and Template:Stnlnk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:As of, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.<ref name="transport" /> The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area<ref name="Wba ci rep" />Template:Rp—has led to widespread traffic congestion<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} pp. 2–3</ref> especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are Template:Cvt for two-wheelers and cars, Template:Cvt for auto rickshaws and Template:Cvt for light commercial vehicles and buses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-44 runs Template:Cvt from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-65, runs Template:Cvt east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune, Maharashtra; Template:Cvt NH-163 links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh; Template:Cvt NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, Template:Cvt SH-1 links Hyderabad, to Ramagundam, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp
Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) Template:Airport codes in 2008,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the Template:Nowrap passenger category.<ref>Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
- List of people from Hyderabad
- List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad
- List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad
Explanatory notesEdit
ReferencesEdit
General and cited referencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External linksEdit
Template:Adjacent communities Template:Navboxes Template:Subject bar Template:Authority control