Hydrochlorothiazide

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Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Hydrochlorothiazide is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide medication which inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, causing a natriuresis.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=wright/> This initially increases urine volume and lowers blood volume.<ref name=Du2010/> It is believed to reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name=Du2010>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Potential side effects include poor kidney function, electrolyte imbalances, including low blood potassium, and, less commonly, low blood sodium, gout, high blood sugar, and feeling lightheaded with standing.<ref name=AHFS2015/>

Two companies, Merck & Co. and Ciba Specialty Chemicals, state they discovered the medication which became commercially available in 1959.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">Template:Cite book</ref> It is available as a generic drug<ref name=AHFS2015/> and is relatively affordable.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, it was the twelfth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 38Template:Nbspmillion prescriptions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Medical uses

Hydrochlorothiazide is used for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic edema, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis.<ref name=AHFS2015/> It is also used for the prevention of kidney stones in those who have high levels of calcium in their urine.<ref name=AHFS2015/>

Multiple studies suggest hydrochlorothiazide could be used as initial monotherapy in people with primary hypertension; however, the decision should be weighed against the consequence of long-term adverse metabolic abnormalities.<ref name="Suchard_2019">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Doses of hydrochlorothiazide of 50 mg or less over four years reduced mortality and development of cardiovascular diseases better than high-dose hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg or more) and beta-blockers.<ref name=wright/> A 2019 review supported equivalence between drug classes for initiating monotherapy in hypertension, although thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics showed better primary effectiveness and safety profiles than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.<ref name="Suchard_2019" />

Low doses (50 mg or less) of hydrochlorothiazide as first‐line therapy for hypertension were found to reduce total mortality and cardiovascular disease events over a four-year study.<ref name="wright">Template:Cite journal</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide appears be more effective than chlorthalidone in preventing heart attacks and strokes.<ref name="hrip">Template:Cite journal</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide is less potent but may be more effective than chlorthalidone in reducing blood pressure.<ref name=hrip/><ref name="Peterzan_2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> More robust studies are required to confirm which drug is superior in reducing cardiovascular events.<ref name="Dorsch_2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> Side effect profile for both drugs appear similar and are dose dependent.<ref name=hrip/>

Hydrochlorothiazide is also sometimes used to prevent osteopenia and treat hypoparathyroidism,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> hypercalciuria, Dent's disease, and Ménière's disease.

A low level of evidence, predominantly from observational studies, suggests that thiazide diuretics have a modest beneficial effect on bone mineral density and are associated with a decreased fracture risk when compared with people not taking thiazides.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Thiazides decrease mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention in the kidney, and by directly stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mineral formation.<ref name="pmid17656470">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The combination of fixed-dose preparation such as losartan/hydrochlorothiazide has added advantages of a more potent antihypertensive effect with additional antihypertensive efficacy at the dose of 100 mg/25 mg when compared to monotherapy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Musini_2014">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Adverse effects

• Hypokalemia, or low blood levels of potassium are an occasional side effect. It can be usually prevented by potassium supplements or by combining hydrochlorothiazide with a potassium-sparing diuretic
• Other disturbances in the levels of serum electrolytes, including hypomagnesemia (low magnesium), hyponatremia (low sodium), and hypercalcemia (high calcium)
• Hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid in the blood). All thiazide diuretics including hydrochlorothiazide can inhibit excretion of uric acid by the kidneys, thereby increasing serum concentrations of uric acid. This may increase the incidence of gout in doses of ≥ 25 mg per day and in more susceptible patients such as male gender of <60 years old.<ref name="Musini_2014" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Hyperglycemia, high blood sugar
• Hyperlipidemia, high cholesterol and triglycerides
• Headache
• Nausea/vomiting
• Photosensitivity
• Weight gain
• Pancreatitis

Package inserts contain vague and inconsistent data surrounding the use of thiazide diuretics in patients with allergies to sulfa drugs, with little evidence to support these statements.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A retrospective cohort study conducted by Strom et al. concluded that there is an increased risk of an allergic reaction occurring in patients with a predisposition to allergic reactions in general rather than cross reactivity from structural components of the sulfonamide-based drug.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Prescribers should examine the evidence carefully and assess each patient individually, paying particular attention to their prior history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity rather than relying on drug monograph information.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

There is an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In August 2020, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration required the Product Information (PI) and Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) for medicines containing hydrochlorothiazide to be updated to include details about an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updated the drug label about an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:PD-notice</ref>

In November 2024, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified hydrochlorothiazide, voriconazole and tacrolimus as group 1 carcinogens.<ref name=IARCarticle2024>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=IARClist>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Society and culture

File:Two boxes and a blister pack of Co-Diovan (Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide), Singapore - 20150210.jpg

Co-Diovan (valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide)

File:001850277lg Benazepril hydrochloride 20 MG Hydrochlorothiazide 25 MG Oral Tablet.jpg

Two generic benazepril HCl 20 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg oral tablets

Brand names

Hydrochlorothiazide is available as a generic drug under a large number of brand names, including Apo-Hydro, Aquazide, BPZide, Dichlotride, Esidrex, Hydrochlorot, Hydrodiuril, HydroSaluric, Hypothiazid, Microzide, Oretic and many others.Template:Medical citation needed

To reduce pill burden and in order to reduce side effects, hydrochlorothiazide is often used in fixed-dose combinations with many other classes of antihypertensive drugs such as:

• ACE inhibitors – e.g. Prinzide or Zestoretic (with lisinopril), Co-Renitec (with enalapril), Capozide (with captopril), Accuretic (with quinapril), Monopril HCT (with fosinopril), Lotensin HCT (with benazepril), etc.
• Angiotensin receptor blockers – e.g. Hyzaar (with losartan), Co-Diovan or Diovan HCT (with valsartan), Teveten Plus (with eprosartan), Avalide or CoAprovel (with irbesartan), Atacand HCT or Atacand Plus (with candesartan), etc.
• Beta blockers – e.g. Ziac or Lodoz (with bisoprolol),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nebilet Plus or Nebilet HCT (with nebivolol), Dutoprol or Lopressor HCT (with metoprolol), etc.

• Direct renin inhibitors – e.g. Co-Rasilez or Tekturna HCT (with aliskiren)
• Potassium sparing diuretics – Dyazide and Maxzide triamterene<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sport

Use of hydrochlorothiazide is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency for its ability to mask the use of performance-enhancing drugs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>